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目录
Table of Contents
语音和说话技巧傻瓜®
Voice & Speaking Skills For Dummies®
语音和说话技巧傻瓜®
Voice & Speaking Skills For Dummies®
由
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
出版The Atrium
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British Library Cataloging in Publication Data:大英图书馆提供了本书的目录记录
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国际标准书号:978-1-119-94512-3 (pbk);978-1-119-94381-5 (ebk); 978-1-119-94382-2 (ebk); 978-1-119-94383-9 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-119-94512-3 (pbk); 978-1-119-94381-5 (ebk); 978-1-119-94382-2 (ebk); 978-1-119-94383-9 (ebk)
由 TJ International Ltd, Padstow 在英国印刷和装订
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
关于作者
About the Author
Judy Apps是一位国际语音专家、教练、作家和鼓舞人心的会议发言人。多年来,她一直在揭开伟大领导者如何激发灵感的秘密,并在 20 年的时间里指导过各行各业的人——从大型国际公司的领导者到高管、政治家、媒体人以及所有想要更好地理解声音和沟通的人具有更大的影响力。Judy 是国际教练联合会的专业认证教练,也是一名完全合格的 NLP 培训师,也是 NLP 大学全球培训师和顾问网络的成员。她在伦敦流行的“影响力之声”开放项目包括关于教练、声音和影响力、领导力和沟通以及 NLP 的研讨会。
Judy Apps is an international voice specialist, coach, author and inspirational conference speaker. She has spent many years unravelling the secrets of how great leaders inspire and for 20 years has coached people from all walks of life – from leaders in major international corporations to executives, politicians, media people and all who want to understand the voice better and communicate with more influence. Judy is a Professional Certified Coach with the International Coaching Federation and a fully qualified NLP Trainer and member of the NLP University Global Trainers’ and Consultants’ Network. Her popular ‘Voice of Influence’ open programmes in London include workshops on coaching, voice and influence, leadership and communication, and NLP.
Judy 是两本书的作者:影响力之声——如何让人们喜欢听你说话 和Butterflies and Sweaty Palms – 25 Sure-Fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence – 对于任何曾经面临公开演讲恐惧的人来说都是无价之宝。
Judy is the author of two books: Voice of Influence – How to get people to love to listen to you, a fascinating mind-body approach to finding your authentic voice and expressing yourself with integrity, presence and passion; and Butterflies and Sweaty Palms – 25 Sure-Fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence – invaluable reading for anyone who’s ever faced the fear of public speaking.
Judy 对声音充满热情,她知道通过改变你的声音,你的信心就会增强,奇迹就会开始在你的生活中发生。她将全面的声乐知识与引人入胜且高效的整体身心方法相结合。她的活力和幽默具有感染力,她的动态技巧和与人们内在潜能联系起来的高度直觉方式使数百人在演讲、魅力以及最重要的是个人自信方面实现了巨大飞跃。
Judy is passionate about voice, knowing that by changing your voice you grow in confidence and miracles begin to happen in your life. She combines a thorough vocal knowledge with a whole mind-body approach that’s fascinating and highly effective. Her energy and humour are infectious, and her dynamic techniques and highly intuitive way of connecting with people’s inner potential have enabled hundreds of people to achieve great leaps in their speaking, charisma and, above all, personal confidence.
奉献精神
Dedication
对于那些用真实的声音说话的人——我们当然需要更多这样的人!
To those who speak with a voice of truth – we surely need more of them!
作者致谢
Author’s Acknowledgements
我要感谢 Wiley 的 Kerry Laundon 最初相信一本关于声音的书的重要性和时事性,并委托我写这本书。我还要感谢 Rachael Chilvers 和 Brian Kramer 在写作过程中对我的支持,以及 Wiley 的所有制作团队。他们是一群了不起的人,都高度专注于制作一本尽可能最好的书。
I would like to thank Kerry Laundon at Wiley for her initial belief in the importance and topicality of a book on voice and in commissioning me to write the book. My grateful thanks too to Rachael Chilvers and Brian Kramer for supporting me through the writing, and to all the production team at Wiley. They are a fantastic lot, all highly focused on producing a book that’s the best it possibly can be.
一本书从哪里来?这么多线程聚集在一起创建了这个。很久以前,我记得有一天下午从传统的歌唱课中跳出来,和一位同事一起自由地尝试新的想法——非常有成果,谢谢卡尔!我记得有一次在一次会议上听了一位雄辩的演讲者,他的声音浑厚,突然意识到他华丽的声音让我感到厌烦——反思这带来了重要的新见解,所以谢谢,不管你是谁。我记得开始通过生物能量学探索身心联系时的兴奋——谢谢亚历山大·洛文。如此珍贵的丝线多得无法一一列举。他们包括我的许多成功和失败的教练。他们当然包括来自令人兴奋的书籍世界的许多明智的声音。
Where does a book come from? So many threads came together to create this one. Long ago, I remember breaking out from the conformity of traditional singing lessons one afternoon and experimenting freely with new ideas with a colleague – very fruitful, thank you Carl! I remember listening to an eloquent speaker with a rich voice at a conference on another occasion and suddenly realising that his opulent voice was boring me – reflecting on that brought important new insights, so thanks, whoever you were. I remember the excitement of beginning to explore mind-body connections through bio-energetics – thank you Alexander Lowen. Such precious threads are too plentiful to enumerate. They include many of my coachees through both their successes and failures. They certainly include many wise voices from the exciting world of books.
非常感谢与我分享他们的声音智慧的人:Jessica、Mario、Gus 和 Peter。也非常感谢那些给了我关于沟通的重要见解的人。他们包括 Robert、Ian、Judy、Stephen、Suzi、Deepak 和 Jan。还要感谢在这个企业中给予我很多帮助的朋友和同事。谢谢 Kate、Elizabeth、Kit、Jenny、Jackee、Phil、Celia、Gale、Arielle、Richard、Neil、John、Stewart、Alison 和 Jane。
Many thanks to the people who shared their voice wisdom with me: Jessica, Mario, Gus and Peter. Many thanks too to those who gave me important insights about communication. They include Robert, Ian, Judy, Stephen, Suzi, Deepak and Jan. Also to friends and colleagues who have given me much in this enterprise. Thank you Kate, Elizabeth, Kit, Jenny, Jackee, Phil, Celia, Gale, Arielle, Richard, Neil, John, Stewart, Alison and Jane.
我要感谢我的朋友和家人,他们在我专注于写作的时候一直支持我并鼓励我。特别感谢 John,无论何时何地,他都能敏锐地出现在我身边,还要感谢 Chris 和 Rosie,他们总是给我加油打气。还有 Keith、Di、Sue 和 John,他们要求定期更新!感谢我的父亲,他很早就教会我要保持好奇心并独立思考。
I would like to thank my friends and family who have been there for me and encouraged me while I’ve been focused on writing. Special thanks to John who has the sensitivity to be there at every turn with whatever is needed, and to Chris and Rosie who always cheer me on. Also Keith, Di, Sue and John who ask for regular updates! Thanks to my father, who taught me early on to be curious and think for myself.
出版商的致谢
Publisher’s Acknowledgements
我们为这本书感到自豪;请通过位于www.dummies.com/register/的 Dummies 在线注册表将您的意见发送给我们。
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/.
帮助将本书推向市场的一些人包括:
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
调试、编辑和垂直网站
Commissioning, Editorial and Vertical Websites
项目编辑: Rachael Chilvers
Project Editor: Rachael Chilvers
委托编辑: Kerry Laundon
Commissioning Editor: Kerry Laundon
开发编辑: Brian Kramer
Development Editor: Brian Kramer
助理编辑:本·肯布尔
Assistant Editor: Ben Kemble
技术评审: Cath Baxter,伦敦芒特维尤戏剧艺术学院声乐部主任
Technical Reviewer: Cath Baxter, Head of Voice, Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts, London
校对: Kim Vernon
Proofreader: Kim Vernon
制作经理:丹尼尔·默西
Production Manager: Daniel Mersey
出版商:大卫·帕尔默
Publisher: David Palmer
封面照片: © iStock / selimaksan
Cover Photo: © iStock / selimaksan
卡通片: Rich Tennant ( www.the5thwave.com )
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com)
音频录制和制作: Heavy Entertainment
Audio Recording and Production: Heavy Entertainment
组合服务
Composition Services
项目协调员:克里斯蒂里斯
Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees
布局和图形: Carrie A. Cesavice、Jennifer Creasey、Joyce Haughey
Layout and Graphics: Carrie A. Cesavice, Jennifer Creasey, Joyce Haughey
校对人员: Melissa Cossell、Susan Moritz
Proofreaders: Melissa Cossell, Susan Moritz
索引器: Estalita Slivoskey
Indexer: Estalita Slivoskey
消费者傻瓜的出版和编辑
Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies
Kathleen Nebenhaus,副总裁兼执行发行人
Kathleen Nebenhaus, Vice President and Executive Publisher
Kristin Ferguson-Wagstaffe,产品开发总监
Kristin Ferguson-Wagstaffe, Product Development Director
Ensley Eikenburg,旅游副出版商
Ensley Eikenburg, Associate Publisher, Travel
凯利·里根 (Kelly Regan),旅行社编辑总监
Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel
技术傻瓜出版
Publishing for Technology Dummies
Andy Cummings,副总裁兼发行人
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
组合服务
Composition Services
Debbie Stailey,作曲服务总监
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
介绍
Introduction
你的声音是你的一部分!没有它,你就不能离开家,每次你张开嘴,都会发出你的声音。你可能已经很清楚这个事实,因为你拿起了这本书。如果你张开嘴,人们会注意你的每一个字怎么办?如果人们能更好地理解你——甚至在你说话时欣赏你,那会怎样?如果您喜欢这些想法,请继续阅读!
Your voice is so much part of who you are! You can’t leave home without it, and every time you open your mouth it’s your voice that comes out. You’re probably already well aware of this fact because you picked up this book. What if you opened your mouth and people hung on your every word? What if people understood you better – and even appreciated you when you spoke? If you like these ideas, read on!
我在一对一的咨询和研讨会中与数百人一起工作,并有幸一次又一次地见证当你成功发展自己的声音时,生活会发生积极的变化。有些人带着恐惧和恐惧来找我,他们几乎无法走进门;其他人咨询我以准备重要的国际演讲或媒体采访。在每种情况下,声音的改善都伴随着新的内心自信。他们在各个方面都找到了自己的声音。那也会发生在你身上。
I’ve worked with literally hundreds of people in one-to-one consultations and in workshops, and had the pleasure of witnessing again and again the positive life changes that come when you successfully develop your voice. Some people come to me in such fear and trepidation, they can scarcely walk through the door; others consult me to prepare for important international presentations or media interviews. In each case, voice improvement is accompanied by a new inner confidence. They find their voice in every sense. That will happen for you too.
当您的声音有力且富有表现力时,大门就会为您打开。大多数职业都欢迎听起来不错、能说会道的人。人们会根据你的声音形成非常固定和强烈的意见。我敢肯定,您不时听到过类似“她听起来很聪明”或“他听起来很友善”之类的评论。晋升往往取决于你的声音。关系在其上开花或破裂。
When your voice is strong and expressive, doors open for you. Most professions welcome people who sound good and can speak well. People form remarkably fixed and strong opinions based on your voice. I’m sure that you’ve heard remarks from time to time like, ‘she sounds intelligent’ or ‘he sounds friendly’. Promotion often depends on your voice. Relationships blossom or founder on it.
但你也可能认识一些人,他们并没有意识到他们的声音在多大程度上是一种负担。你想花更多的时间和他们在一起,但他们的声音!也许你会发现某个男人很消极,因为他呻吟的语气真的让你感到厌烦。或者你觉得那个女人太尖锐了,因为她的语气短促。或者某些人的高分贝和尖叫声会让您四处逃窜!
But you also probably know several people who are unaware of just how much their voices are liabilities. You’d like to spend more time with them, but their voices! Maybe you find a certain man negative when his moaning tone is really what puts you off. Or you find that woman too sharp because of her clipped tones. Or the sheer decibels and shrieking pitch of certain people have you running for cover!
研究和个人经验证实,肢体语言具有很强的影响力。你的声音同样有力,甚至更有力。声音的音调会通过其振动影响其他人。令人不快的大声说话感觉就像是对您本人的攻击。但同样,这种影响可能低于意识水平,在你没有意识到原因的情况下影响你对一个人的看法。
Research and personal experience confirms that body language has a strong impact. Your voice is equally powerful and maybe even more so. The tone of a voice affects others physically with its vibrations. A loud unpleasant voice can feel like an assault on your very person. But equally, the impact can be below the level of consciousness, influencing your view of a person without your realising why.
当你发现如何说得好时,你会发现人们对你的态度不同,你会吸引不同的人脉。寻找你的声音是一段超越声音世界的旅程。当您通读这些章节或与语音教练一起工作时,您会发现真实地说出自己想法的能力可以增强您的信心并让您更好地了解自己。在找到你独特的声音时,你会发现你在这个世界上的存在方式。你意识到你有话要说。最初是对好声音的追求,后来变成了发现你天生就是这样的人。您对自己的皮肤变得更加自在,并且更能够成功地与他人联系。这是成功的秘诀。
When you discover how to speak well, you find that people treat you differently, and that you attract different connections. Finding your voice is a journey that takes you beyond the world of sound. As you read through these chapters or work with a voice coach, you find that the ability to speak your mind authentically builds your confidence and allows you to know yourself better. In finding your unique voice, you discover your way of being in the world. You realise that you have something to say. What starts as a quest for a good voice, becomes the discovery of the person you were born to be. You become more at ease in your own skin, and more able to connect successfully with other people. This is a great recipe for success.
因此,深入阅读这本书;周围看看。用你的声音演奏乐器是一件有趣的事情,结果肯定会令人惊叹。你可以从书中的任何地方开始。. . 或者,如果您愿意,只需翻页即可。
So, dip into this book; have a look around. Playing with the instrument that is your voice is a fun thing to do, and the results are sure to be awe inspiring. You can start at any place in the book . . . or if you prefer, just turn the page.
关于本书
About This Book
这本书探讨了如何在各种情况下更有效、更有影响力地使用你的声音。有很多关于公开演讲的书籍,但它们主要集中在创建演示文稿的技巧上。本书为您提供实用的帮助,帮助您在亲密的一对一对话、在大量听众面前的演示以及介于两者之间的一切中有力地使用您的声音。
This book explores how to use your voice more effectively and influentially in every context. Plenty of books on public speaking exist, but they concentrate mostly on tips for creating presentations. This book gives you the practical help to use your voice powerfully in intimate one-to-one conversations, presentations before enormous audiences and everything in between.
无论您是想与其他人建立良好的联系,还是被安排在成千上万的听众面前演讲,拥有好嗓子的基本要素都是一样的。我希望你能够自由、真实地、有趣地、多变地使用你的声音,这样它在任何场合都能很好地为你服务。
The basics of a great voice are the same whether you wish to connect well with one other person or are booked to speak to an audience of thousands. What I want for you is the ability to use your voice freely and authentically with interest and variety, so that it serves you well on all occasions.
这本书适合所有希望提高嗓音的人——您不需要任何以前的专业知识。您已经拥有了所需的一切,那就是您的声乐乐器。也就是说,如果您是演员或专业演讲者,您仍然可以在这里找到许多有用的小块来增强您的表演并为您的声音带来更多的范围和微妙之处。
This book is for anyone who wishes to improve their voice – you don’t need any previous know-how. You already have all you need, and that’s your vocal instrument. That said, if you’re an actor or professional speaker you can still find plenty of useful nuggets here to enhance your performance and bring added range and subtlety to your sound.
获得一副好嗓子的旅程包括许多有用的技巧,但您主要需要考虑摆脱自己的方式,让您自然饱满而有力的声音响起。
The journey to acquiring a great voice includes many helpful techniques, but you mainly need to think about getting out of your own way to enable your natural full and powerful voice to ring out.
我包括音轨,以便您在练习练习时可以准确地听到我正在描述的内容并理解您的目标。
I include audio tracks so that you can hear exactly what I’m describing and understand what you’re aiming for as you practise the exercises.
本书中使用的约定
Conventions Used in This Book
你会认出本书中的术语;我不会使用任何医学或其他行话来打扰您。我在电影和书籍的标题以及当我很兴奋并想强调某些内容以引起您的注意时使用斜体文本。列表中的关键概念和编号步骤的标题以粗体显示。网址和电子邮件地址在monofont. 仅此而已!
You’ll recognise the terms in this book; I don’t use any medical or other jargon to put you off. I use italic text for titles of films and books and for when I get excited and want to emphasise something for your attention. The key concepts in a list and the headings for numbered steps are in bold. Web and email addresses are in monofont. And that’s about it!
你不应该阅读的内容
What You’re Not to Read
For Dummies书籍的伟大之处在于,您无需费力地浏览大量无趣的信息即可获得所需内容。通过使用目录,您可以轻松地转到对您最有用的页面并从那里获取。
The great thing about For Dummies books is that you don’t have to wade through loads of uninteresting information to get to what you need. By using the Table of Contents, you can easily turn to the pages that are going to be most useful to you and take it from there.
在与客户打交道多年后,我忍不住时不时地向您提供背景信息或相关的有趣故事;这些引人入胜但非必需的项目都已标记,因此您可以随时跳过它们。他们包括:
After years of working with clients, I can’t resist giving you background information or related stories of interest from time to time; these fascinating but not-essential items are marked so that you can skip them whenever you want. They include:
侧边栏中的文本:侧边栏是随处可见的阴影框。它们通常包含历史信息、背景或个人故事。
Text in sidebars: The sidebars are shaded boxes that appear here and there. They often contain historical information, background or personal stories.
版权页:除非您决心从头到尾阅读,否则您可以跳过此页的法律语言和转载信息!
The Copyright page: Unless you’re determined to read from cover to cover, you can skip this page of legal language and reprint information!
愚蠢的假设
Foolish Assumptions
我还没有见过你本人,所以我在写这本书时对你做了一些假设。我假设:
I’ve yet to meet you personally, so I’ve made a few assumptions about you in writing this book. I’m assuming:
你有发言权!
That you have a voice!
你真的想做些什么来提高你的声音和说话技巧。
That you genuinely want to do something about improving your voice and speaking skills.
你愿意试一试。
That you’re willing to have a go.
您将本着好奇和实验的精神轻松地进行练习。
That you’ll approach the exercises with a light heart in a spirit of curiosity and experimentation.
你愿意对你的努力感到惊喜。
That you’re willing to be pleasantly surprised by your efforts.
我想知道这是否愚蠢。. . 我认为不是!
I wonder if that’s foolish . . . I’m thinking not!
本书是如何组织的
How This Book is Organised
我将《傻瓜语音与口语技巧》分为六个部分。每个部分都涵盖一系列主题,以帮助您了解语音,并提供练习供您练习。每个部分都分为几章,其中包含将您的技能提升到高水平所需的所有信息。目录为您提供了所有标题,以便您找到自己的出路。如果您在目录中看不到特定主题,索引也很有用。
I organised Voice and Speaking Skills For Dummies in six parts. Each part covers a range of subjects to help you find out about voice, with exercises for you to practise. Each part is divided into chapters, which contain all the information you need to build your skill to a high level. The Table of Contents gives you all the headings to find your way around. The Index is also helpful if you don’t see a particular topic in the Table of Contents.
第一部分:介绍人声
Part I: Introducing the Human Voice
在这部分中,我为探索语音和说话技巧奠定了基础。您会了解语音训练,探索成功声音的特征,并发现在您自己的声音和他人的声音中应该注意什么。您将有机会真正倾听自己的声音并决定自己的发展方式。
In this part I lay the foundations for exploring voice and speaking skills. You find out about voice coaching, explore the characteristics of successful voices and discover what to listen out for in your own voice and others’ voices. You get the opportunity to really listen to your own voice and decide how you want to develop.
第二部分:从语音基础开始
Part II: Beginning with Voice Basics
在这里,您将着手打造好嗓子的最重要基础——如何在保持开放和放松的同时良好呼吸。您会发现您的整个身体如何在产生声音中发挥作用。通过这些技巧,您可以练习释放您的声音并改善声音。准备好享受元音和辅音的乐趣,让您的语言充满活力。你还会发现如何清晰地说话,这样就不会再有人误解你了。如果您愿意,这也是您擅长绕口令的机会!
Here you embark upon the all-important foundation of a good voice – how to breathe well while staying open and relaxed. You discover how your whole body has a part to play in producing the sound. With these skills, you can practise freeing your voice and improving its sound. Get ready to have fun playing with vowels and consonants that bring your language alive. You also discover how to speak with clarity so that nobody ever misunderstands you again. Here’s your opportunity to get good at tongue twisters as well if you wish!
第三部分:演奏好你的乐器
Part III: Playing Your Instrument Well
现在乐趣开始了!您可以调高或调低音量,用响亮的声音给人们惊喜,用柔和的声音引诱他们——以及介于两者之间的一切。了解如何保持缓慢的权威步伐或以更快的步伐激发听众的活力。我向您介绍共鸣,这是专业演讲者梦想的秘诀,让您听起来自信、兴奋、坚定、政治家风范或充满激情。当您获得对乐器的控制权时,您会发现您开始超越技术,让声音听起来真实而轻松。
Now the fun starts! You’re able to turn your volume up and down, surprise people with a loud voice, seduce them with a soft voice – and everything in between. Discover how to sustain a slow authoritative pace or energise your listeners with a faster pace. I introduce you to resonance, the professional speaker’s dream secret for sounding confident, excited, firm, statesmanlike or passionate. As you gain control of your instrument, you discover that you’re beginning to move beyond technique to sound authentic and at ease.
第四部分:打败语音小魔怪
Part IV: Beating the Voice Gremlins
在这一部分中,我将指出并羞辱过去困扰您声音的小鬼!你会发现如何克服任何阻碍你说话的因素,包括恐惧和其他情绪,并且你会暴露你的各种诡计。我将引导您了解口音这个棘手的话题,并向您展示如何吃蛋糕和吃蛋糕——换句话说,保持您的口音,但让其他人倾听并清楚地理解您。我为口吃和犹豫提供帮助,包括关于解决停止反射和变得流利的最新想法的信息。
In this part, I name and shame the gremlins that have beset your voice in the past! You discover how to overcome whatever blocks you from speaking well, including fear and other emotions, and you expose your various subterfuges. I guide you through the tricky topic of accents and show you how you can have your cake and eat it – in other words, keep your accent but have others listen and clearly understood you. I offer help for stuttering and hesitation, including information on the latest thinking around tackling the stop reflex and becoming fluent.
第五部分:与更广泛的公众接触
Part V: Engaging with a Broader Public
如果您必须进行演示或演讲,请参阅此部分,这样您既可以吸引听众,又可以进入最佳状态。我将向您展示如何用您的声音来领导和影响,以及如何言出必行——或者更确切地说,言出必行!如果您在工作中经常使用声音,那么这部分适合您。您会找到有关保持声音良好状态的令人放心的建议,以及有关如何在不同职业中有效使用声音的有用材料。
This section is the one to consult if you have to give a presentation or speech, so you can both engage your audience and enter the state of mind where you’re at your best. I show you how to lead and influence with your voice and how to walk your talk – or rather talk your walk! If you use your voice a lot in your work, this part is for you. You find reassuring advice on keeping your voice in good condition as well as useful material on how to use your voice effectively in different professions.
第六部分:十的部分
Part VI: The Part of Tens
这些简短有趣的章节是每本傻瓜书的著名部分。在这里,您可以找到让您听起来像是认真的重要提示、增强您的魅力的鼓舞人心的想法,以及保护您的声音的宝贵提示。我还分享了我最喜欢的十个例子——现在!– 美妙的声音供您欣赏。看看你是否同意我的选择。
These short fun chapters are a famous part of every Dummies book. Here you find top tips for sounding as if you mean business, inspirational ideas for increasing your charisma, and invaluable hints for looking after your voice. I also share my ten favourite examples – at the moment! – of great voices for you to enjoy. See whether you agree with my selection.
本书中使用的图标
Icons Used in This Book
在整本书中,您会发现以下图标可以引导您找到重要部分并集中注意力:
Throughout the book you find the following icons to guide you to the important bits and focus your attention:
从这往哪儿走
Where to Go from Here
跳到你想要的书的任何部分。我写它是为了让你可以从任何时候开始,然后根据自己的需要深入和退出。如果您不知道从哪里开始,第 I 部分将概述所有语音要素,然后您可以从那里扩展。看看是什么引起了您的兴趣。依靠目录来指导您。
Jump into any part of the book you wish. I wrote it so that you can start at any point and then dip in and out as suits you. If you don’t know where to start, Part I gets you going with an overview of all the voice essentials, and then you can broaden out from there. See what grabs your interest. Rely on the Table of Contents to guide you around.
如果你不把它弄得一团糟,变声是最容易发生的。因此,本着好奇和玩耍的精神尝试本书中的任何建议,你会从中得到最大的收获,就像人们在我的研讨会上所做的那样。享受这本书,享受你的声音带来的乐趣!
Voice change happens most easily if you don’t make heavy weather of it. So try out any of the suggestions in this book in a spirit of curiosity and play and you’ll get the most out of it, just as people do in my workshops. Enjoy the book and have fun with your voice!
第一部分
Part I
引入人声
Introducing the Human Voice
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
当你与人交谈时,你会发现你的声音对你的影响有多大的影响,你会明白为什么那么多杰出人物决定努力改善他们的声音。您将探索语音的许多不同的令人兴奋的可能性,并发现语音教练可以为您做些什么。我为发展你的声音成为一名出色的演讲者奠定了基础,你会了解自己的声音,为激动人心的发现之旅做好准备。
You find out what a huge difference your voice makes to your impact when you speak to people, and you realise why so many prominent figures have decided to work on their voice. You explore the many different exciting possibilities of voice, and discover what voice coaching can do for you. I lay the groundwork for developing your voice to become an excellent speaker, and you get to know your own voice to be ready for an exciting voyage of discovery.
第1章
Chapter 1
有一个伟大的声音
Having a Great Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
发现你的声音能提供什么
Discovering what your voice has to offer
了解语音训练
Finding out about voice coaching
识别最佳声音的品质
Identifying the qualities of the best voices
当您想象一个伟大的声音时,您会想到什么?浪漫电影中美丽动人的场景?一位魅力四射的领导者向狂喜的听众讲话?一位商业领袖巧妙地说服了董事会?父母给孩子读睡前故事?在所有这些情况下,拥有鼓舞人心的声音会有多大的不同!
When you imagine a great voice, what springs to mind? A beautifully touching scene in a romantic film? A charismatic leader addressing an enraptured audience? A business leader skilfully persuading the board? A parent reading a bed-time story to a child? What a difference having an inspiring voice makes in all these scenarios!
也许你拿起这本书是因为你不喜欢你的声音。许多人出于不同的原因有这种感觉。也许您不喜欢自己的口音或语气、音量不足或说话会导致身体出现问题。也许你很好奇,因为目前你认为自己的声音是理所当然的,并假设你被现有的东西所束缚,即使你不是特别喜欢你的声音。也许你内心深处知道你可以自信而有效地说话——如果你只是从经验丰富的专业人士那里得到一些建议?
Maybe you picked up this book because you don’t like your voice. Many people feel this way for different reasons. Perhaps you dislike your accent or your tone, your lack of volume or the fact that speaking causes you physical problems. Maybe you’re curious because currently you take your voice for granted and assume that you’re stuck with what you’ve got, even if you don’t particularly like the way you sound. Maybe you know in your heart of hearts that you can speak confidently and effectively – if you just had some advice from a seasoned professional?
好吧,您来对地方了!你的声音很重要。它对其他人有很大的影响。每次你开口,都会对你在人际关系和事业上的成功产生深远的影响。发展你的声音是你可以做的最有用的事情之一,可以改善你在许多不同领域的前景。你可以改变你的声音。
Well, you’ve come to the right place! Your voice matters. It has a big impact on other people. Each time you open your mouth, you can have a profound influence on your success in personal relationships and in your career. Developing your voice is one of the most useful things you can do to improve your prospects in many different arenas. And you can change your voice.
吹喇叭的声音
Trumpeting the Voice
每个人都有发言权,您的发言权就是您的千载难逢的机会。你的声音是你拥有的最强大的沟通工具——如果它能如你所愿地为你工作。
Everyone has a voice, and your voice is your golden opportunity. Your voice is the strongest communication tool you have – if it’s working for you as you intend.
另一方面,请某人描述他们所爱的人,很多时候你会听到“我就是喜欢听他说话”或“她的声音最美”。声音中的某些东西会到达你生命的最深处,并发挥它的魔力。
On the other hand, ask someone to describe the person they love, and many times you hear, ‘I just love to listen to him,’ or ‘She has the most beautiful voice.’ Something about the voice reaches the innermost recesses of your being and works its magic.
我经常将声音称为乐器,但实际上,拥有声音更像是拥有整个管弦乐队,可能性如此多样。因此,如果您的声音总是听起来像刺耳的短号或吱吱作响的长笛,那么您就错过了声乐管弦乐队的其他乐器——所有其他可能以不同方式影响人们的表达方式。
I often refer to the voice as an instrument, but really, having a voice is more like having a whole orchestra, the possibilities are so varied. So if your voice sounds permanently like a strident cornet or a squeaky flute, you’re missing out on the other instruments of your voice orchestra – all those other possibilities of expression that can affect people in different ways.
探索你声音的力量
Exploring the power of your voice
你对他人的印象与他们的声音息息相关。人们的声音印象深刻。他们是他们真实生活的一部分,并提供有关他们性格、价值观、态度和当前心理状态的线索。
Your impressions of others are bound up with how they sound. People’s voices impress deeply. They’re a living part of who they are and give clues to their character, values, attitudes and current state of mind.
和其他人一样,您的语调具有鼓舞人心或贬低他人的力量。
Like everyone else, your tone of voice has the power to lift people up or put them down.
作为经理,您可以用您的声音恐吓他人——或者让他们感谢您的支持。
As a manager, you can intimidate others with your voice – or make them appreciate your support.
作为看护者,您可以吓唬或给其他人带来压力——或者让他们安心,让他们在靠近您时感觉更好。
As a caregiver, you can frighten or stress other people – or give them such peace of mind that they feel better just being near you.
作为领导者,您可以激励您的部队,让他们跟随您投入战斗——或者让他们失去动力,让他们想要除掉您。
As a leader, you can energise your troops so that they follow you into battle – or so demotivate them that they want to get rid of you.
作为老师或家长,您可以给孩子们发挥最大潜力的信心——或者您可以剥夺他们所有的信念和自尊。
As a teacher or parent, you can give children the confidence to achieve their highest potential – or you can strip them of all belief and self-respect.
作为一名教练,您可以用您的声音号召他人采取行动,鼓励反思性思维或开启感受和情绪的途径——否则您的声音听起来可能令人压抑并削弱他人的信心。
As a coach, you can use your voice to call others to action, to encourage reflective thinking or to open the way to feeling and emotion – or your voice can sound oppressive and sap others of confidence.
诗人亨利·朗费罗说:“人声是灵魂的器官。” 有时,一个人说话后很长一段时间,他的声音仍会留在您的身边。凭借您的声音,您拥有说服、影响和启发的巨大潜力;吸引某人,深深地影响人们或使他们的心欢欣鼓舞。
The poet Henry Longfellow said, ‘The human voice is the organ of the soul.’ Sometimes the living sound of a voice stays with you long after the person speaks. With your voice you have the glorious potential to persuade, to influence and inspire; to woo someone, to affect people deeply or to make their hearts rejoice.
收获伟大声音的回报
Reaping the rewards of a great voice
我认为今天的声音比以往任何时候都更重要。说话得体、口才好的人,似乎在生活中获得的机会更多。他们的话流动起来,人们对他们感到温暖。今天,你不会经常发现公司首席执行官或高级政治家的发言权不足。巴拉克奥巴马、戴维卡梅伦和其他杰出政治家的迅速政治崛起以精彩的演讲开始并蓬勃发展。看看那些口才出众的面试官,比如 Jonathan Ross 或 Ellen DeGeneres。请注意对那些有趣的主播的尊重,例如沃尔特克朗凯特和黛安索耶。
I contend that sound matters today more than ever. People who speak easily and well seem to get more opportunities in life. Their words flow and people warm to them. You don’t often find a corporate chief executive or senior politician today with an inadequate voice. The rapid political rise of Barack Obama, David Cameron and other prominent politicians started and flourished with brilliant speeches. Look at the popularity of interviewers with the gift of the gab, like Jonathan Ross or Ellen DeGeneres. Note the respect given to anchors who are interesting to listen to, such as Walter Cronkite and Diane Sawyer.
没有人可以避免口语。工作场所的谈话比以往任何时候都多——团队会议、电话会议和演示;办公室被安排为全天不断沟通的开放式计划。工作对口头要求更高。这是声音咬合的时代。你需要听起来不错。
No one can avoid the spoken word. More talking than ever goes on in the workplace – team meetings, conference calls and presentations; offices are arranged open plan for all-day constant communication. Jobs are more vocally demanding. This is the age of the sound bite. You need to sound good.
鲍威尔绝不是第一个靠公开演讲技巧升任高级职位的人。几个世纪以来,它一直是一个不变的模式。甚至在 2000 年前,西塞罗虽然不是出身于上层阶级,却凭借其演讲的影响力升至罗马帝国执政官的崇高级别(见第 8 章)。从那时到现在,口才一直是政治成功的重要因素。
Powell is by no means the first person whose rise to high office was facilitated by his skill in public speaking. It has been a constant pattern through the centuries. Even 2000 years ago, Cicero, though not from the leading class, rose to the exalted rank of consul of the Roman Empire through the power of his speeches (see Chapter 8). From that time to this, eloquence continues to be an important factor in political success.
小改变大影响
Making small changes for big impact
您可能了解声音会对人产生重大影响,但怀疑改变或改进您的声音是否可能。您已经和自己的声音一起生活了很长时间,现在您可能会觉得它就像一双旧鞋一样舒服。您的家人和朋友可能都以同样的方式说话。也许到现在为止,您的声音已经成为您的一部分,以至于您无法想象如何改变它。
You may understand that a voice can have a big impact on people but doubt that changing or improving yours is possible. You’ve lived with your voice for a long time, and now it may feel as comfortable as an old shoe. Your family and friends may all speak in the same way. Perhaps by now your voice feels so much part of who you are that you can’t imagine how to change it.
让我在这里鼓励你。您只需稍微改变说话方式即可享受丰厚的回报。例如,如果您的声音听起来稍微强一点,其他人就会开始将您视为一个更强大的人,然后您会觉得自己更强大并开始表现得更强大——在您不知不觉中,人们对您的尊重比对您的尊重更多前。当你的声音听起来更积极、更善解人意、更关心或更真诚时,就会出现同样的循环。就您对他人的影响而言,微小的变化会带来巨大的影响,因此也会影响您的自信心和自尊。
Let me encourage you here. You only have to make minor changes to how you speak in order to enjoy big rewards. For example, if your voice sounds just a little bit stronger, other people begin to see you as a stronger person, and then you feel stronger in yourself and begin to act stronger – before you know it, people are treating you with more respect than before. The same cycle plays out when your voice sounds a little more positive, empathetic, caring or genuine. Slight changes bring big results in terms of the impact you have on others – and also therefore on your self-confidence and esteem.
冒险去发现你真实声音的力量。以下部分是一段语音之旅,在此期间,我将向您展示如何发挥声音的内在力量,以及如何与人们建立联系,让他们听到您的热情、同理心、活力和智慧。
Take the plunge to discover the power of your authentic voice. The following sections are a voice journey during which I show you how to bring out the innate power of your voice and how to connect with people so that they hear your passion, your empathy, your energy and intellect.
享受说得好带来的好处
Enjoying the Advantages of Speaking Well
当你的声音完全表达了你想说的细微差别时,你就实现了与他人的真正交流,所有的互动都变得更加轻松愉快。发生这种情况时,其他人会开始以不同的方式看待您,并且各种可能性都会向您敞开。
When your voice expresses fully the nuances of what you want to say, then you achieve real communication with others, and all your interactions become easier and more enjoyable. When that happens, other people begin to view you differently, and all manner of possibilities open themselves to you.
在接下来的部分中,我将带您了解口语流利的一些主要优势。
I take you through some of the principal advantages of speaking well in the following sections.
被清楚地理解
Being understood clearly
当人们很容易理解您时,您可能会惊讶于您拥有的额外影响力。
You may be surprised at the additional clout you have when people can understand you easily.
喃喃自语肯定会给人一种你不想待在那里的印象!就好像你在说,‘我有点想让你听到我在说什么;不,我根本不想让你听到,或者我可能会听到;不,不,我不!
Mumbling is a sure way to give people the impression that you don’t want to be there! It’s as if you’re saying, ‘I sort of want you to hear what I’m saying; no I don’t want you to hear after all, or maybe I do; no, no, I don’t!’
当你能清楚地表达出来时,人们会毫不费力地倾听你的声音,除此之外,他们还会与你互动。第 6 章为您提供了许多建议和练习,使您的演讲更清晰、更易于聆听。
When you can articulate clearly, people listen to you without strain, and beyond that, they engage with you. Chapter 6 gives you lots of advice and exercises for making your speech clearer and easier to listen to.
聆听是一种享受
Being a pleasure to listen to
当人们告诉您他们可以听您讲几个小时因为他们喜欢您的声音时,这是一种极好的赞美。当观众享受这种体验时,将您的信息传达给他们会容易得多!
It’s a wonderful compliment when people tell you that they can listen to you for hours because they love your voice. Getting your message across to an audience is so much easier when they’re enjoying the experience!
张力永远是好声音的敌人。当您感到压力或紧张时,您的声音通常会收紧并且听起来更细更细。您几乎可以肯定地发现,当您感到轻松自在、感到快乐和满足时,例如在朋友的舒适陪伴下,您的声音最好。
Tension is always the enemy of a good sound. When you’re stressed or nervous, your voice usually tightens up and sounds thinner and tinnier. You almost certainly find that you sound best when you’re at ease, feeling happy and content, in the comfortable companionship of friends for instance.
感觉更有信心
Feeling more confident
当我与紧张的人一起工作时,他们有时会告诉我,如果他们获得自信,他们相信他们会说得更好。可能是这样——反之亦然。如果你提高了你的口语技巧,你会立即获得更多的信心。对听众说得好并得到积极的回应是极大的信心助推器。
When I work with people who are nervous, they sometimes tell me that if they gained in confidence they believe they would speak better. That’s probably so – and the reverse is also true. If you improve your speaking skills, you gain added confidence straightaway. Speaking well to an audience and receiving a positive response is a great confidence-booster.
在尝试调整语气或语速之前,您可能不会意识到当您说话不同时人们对您的反应会发生怎样的变化。你的调整形成了一个循环:他们反应越好,你就会感觉越自信,你的表现就越有力——这会产生更好的反应,进而让你感觉更加自信。. . 你明白了!
Until you try adjusting your tone or pace, you probably don’t realise just how people’s reaction to you changes when you speak differently. Your adjustments create a circle: the better they react, the more confident you feel and the more powerfully you present – which creates an even better reaction, which in turn makes you feel even more confident which . . . you get the idea!
传达权限
Conveying authority
您的声音可以通过许多不同的方式影响人们。当你用更稳定、更低调的声音说话时,你听起来很有权威,人们会更加关注和尊重你。高亢的声音并不能传达出强烈的形象。当你知道如何用低沉的声音舒服地说话时,你语调的简单改变可以让人们对你的看法产生惊人的差异。
Your voice can influence people in many different ways. When you speak with a steadier and lower-pitched voice, you sound authoritative and people pay you more attention and respect. A high squeaky voice just doesn’t convey a strong image. When you know how to speak comfortably in a deeper voice, the simple change in your tone can achieve amazing differences in people’s perception of you.
实现改变只是调整你的音量和速度,并降低你的语调的问题。第 7 章包含有关如何更有力和稳定说话的有用建议,第 9 章向您展示如何在不强迫声音的情况下用更深沉的语调说话。在第 17 章中,我给了你一整章现成的提示和技巧,让你听起来更权威。
Achieving the change is just a matter of adjusting your volume and speed, and pitching your tone of voice lower. Chapter 7 contains helpful advice on how to speak more strongly and steadily, and Chapter 9 shows you how to speak in deeper tones without forcing your voice. In Chapter 17, I give you a whole chapter of ready hints and tips for sounding more authoritative.
影响他人
Influencing others
语音指导技巧可以让您清晰地表达自己并产生强大的影响力。但真正的影响是微妙的,它会把你带到另一个层次,在那里你会发现如何通过你的声音与人建立密切的联系。通过联系,人们会被吸引来跟随你的领导,然后你开始更深入地影响他们。第 15 章向您展示了如何更准确地调准您的听众并建立更密切的关系。
Voice coaching techniques can enable you to come across clearly and create a powerful impact. But real influence is subtler and takes you to another level, where you discover how to make a close connection with people through your voice. Through connection people are attracted to follow your lead, and then you begin to influence them more deeply. Chapter 15 shows you how to tune in more accurately to your listeners and create closer rapport.
影响力还取决于你的意图的强度——你的内在能量和目标感——我将在第 10 章中探讨这一点。强烈的意图使你可以用安静的声音和大声的声音一样影响别人。这种内在能量是有影响力的人的秘密之一,您可以轻松获得。
Influence also depends on the strength of your intent – your internal energy and sense of purpose – which I explore in Chapter 10. Strong intent allows you to influence people with a quiet voice just as much as with a loud one. This inner energy is one of the secrets of influential people that you can readily acquire yourself.
激励他人
Inspiring others
有时,当我问教练客户他们想从我们的课程中得到什么时,他们的脸都亮了起来,他们告诉我他们希望人们对他们的每一个字都保持警惕。声音有潜力做到这一点。
Sometimes when I ask coaching clients what they want from our sessions, their faces light up and they tell me they want people hanging on their every word. Sound has the potential to do this.
你有可能通过你的声音在人们中引发积极的状态。一个人的声音让你感到温暖和安慰;另一个激发热情;第三种诱导平静的状态。这种技能不同于拥有优美音调的声音,如魅力四射的电影明星。当然,优美的嗓音可能会让您心情愉快。但更多时候,灵感是关于使用你的声音,让你的听众抓住你的情绪并被它点燃,而不是仅仅拥有优美的音调。
You have the possibility of inducing positive states in people by the sound of your voice. One person’s voice makes you feel warm and comforted; another arouses enthusiasm; a third induces a state of calm. This skill isn’t the same as having a voice with a beautiful tone, like a charismatic film star. Of course, a beautiful voice may well put you in a good frame of mind. But more often, inspiration is about using your voice so that your audience catches your emotion and becomes fired up by it, rather than just having a beautiful tone as such.
娱乐人
Entertaining people
在公开演讲课程中,很少提及笑声。我确实曾经听到一位培训师以非常严肃的声音宣布,成功开始演示的唯一方法是先讲一个精心准备的笑话来打破僵局。但是一个预先准备好的笑话并不是真正的重点——而且一开始他们往往就失败了。
In public-speaking courses, laughter is rarely mentioned. I did hear a trainer once who announced in a highly serious voice that the only way to begin a presentation successfully was to start with a well-prepared joke to break the ice. But a single pre-prepared joke is not really the point – and right at the start they often fall flat.
是什么让我的听众对这次演讲感兴趣?
What is going to make this presentation interesting for my audience?
我怎样才能在这次演讲中介绍轻松的时刻?
How can I introduce moments of lightness in this speech?
我怎样才能让我的听众玩得开心?
How can I give my audience a good time?
自由洒以下帮助:
A liberal sprinkling of the following helps:
多样性:通过包含一系列主题、节奏、音量、音调等来保持人们的清醒和兴趣。
Variety: Keep people awake and interested by including a range of subject matter, pace, volume, tone and more.
自发性:不要害怕发表即兴评论并对问题做出真诚的反应。敢于真实。
Spontaneity: Don’t be afraid to make an off-the-cuff comment and to react genuinely to questions. Dare to be real.
幽默:你不需要记住笑话或做聪明的角色。准备好看到事物有趣的一面(当然要保持适当!)。有些演讲者非常拘谨和僵硬,以至于他们甚至对显而易见的事情都没有反应。如果你允许的话,很多幽默就会发生。
Humour: You don’t need to memorise jokes or do clever characters. Just be ready to see the funny side of something (staying appropriate of course!). Some speakers are so buttoned-up and stiff that they don’t even respond to the obvious. Much humour just happens if you allow it to.
享受:玩得开心——不要让自己厌烦!这样其他人也会喜欢您的演示文稿。
Enjoyment: Have a good time – don’t bore yourself ! Then other people will enjoy your presentation too.
故事:使用您自己经历中的轶事和相关示例来使您的演示文稿生动活泼。翻阅第 14 章,了解许多将隐喻和故事融入演讲的有效方法。
Stories: Use anecdotes, and relevant examples from your own experience to liven your presentation. Turn to Chapter 14 for lots of effective ways to incorporate metaphors and stories into your speaking.
连接更好
Connecting better
您的声音具有与他人建立融洽关系的巨大潜力。通过你的声音,你可以调谐到别人身上,向他们表明你理解他们的观点,安抚他们,关心他们,鼓励他们并吸引他们进入你的世界。
Your voice has enormous potential to create rapport with other people. Through your voice you can tune in to others, show them that you understand their points of view, reassure them, care for them, encourage them and attract them into your world.
带着温暖的声音,你可以促进人际关系。
With warmth in your voice, you can promote relationships.
你的声音坚定,人们会注意你的话。
With firmness in your voice, people heed your words.
带着兴奋的声音,他们抓住了你的心情。
With excitement in your voice, they catch your mood.
声音平静下来,气氛就变了,安静了下来。
With calm in your voice, the atmosphere changes and becomes quieter.
以声音表达你内心的情感能量——你的温暖、坚定等等——的技巧可以改变你作为老师、教练、培训师、商业领袖或父母的工作。它可以从根本上改变你生活各个方面的人际关系。
The skill to express the emotional energy within you – your warmth, firmness and so on – in the sound of your voice can transform your work as a teacher, coach, trainer, business leader or parent. And it can fundamentally change personal relationships in every part of your life.
当您记得与某人的激烈或情绪化的交流时,您可能会记得所说的话。但是这些词的影响是由于它们被说出来的方式而不是词本身。你可以说“这太离谱了!” 带着世俗的愤世嫉俗,带着笑声或充满激情的毒液——表达是承载评论能量的东西,赋予它抚慰或伤害的力量。
When you remember a heated or emotional exchange with someone, you probably remember the words that were said. But the impact of the words was due to the way in which they were said rather than the words themselves. You can say ‘that’s outrageous!’ with worldly cynicism, with laughter in your voice or with passionate venom – the expression is what carries the energy of the comment, giving it the power to sooth or wound.
第 9 章将带您了解使用不同音调改变声音的方法。请注意第 9 章中的“心声” ,它向您展示了如何用您的声音表达真正的个人联系。您可能还会发现第 15 章对发现如何用您的声音巧妙地调谐到其他人很有帮助。
Chapter 9 takes you through ways to vary your voice with different tones. Take note of the ‘heart voice’ in Chapter 9, which shows you how to express genuine personal connection in your voice. You may also find Chapter 15 useful for discovering how to tune in to other people subtly with your voice.
了解语音训练
Finding Out about Voice Coaching
发展你的声音最明显的方法是通过声音训练,在本书中我是你的私人声音教练。
The most obvious way to develop your voice is through voice coaching, and I am your personal voice coach throughout this book.
声乐教练也可称为声乐教练或老师,这三个术语有时都用于歌唱教练。口语训练的旧词是“演讲”,它的重点是让学生通过用“正确”的发音朗诵诗歌来清晰和“正确”地发音。
A voice coach may also be called a voice trainer or teacher, and all three terms are sometimes used for singing coaching. The old word for spoken voice coaching was ‘elocution’, which focused on getting students to pronounce words clearly and ‘correctly’ by reciting poetry with ‘correct’ pronunciation.
今天的语音训练是不同的。今天的语音教练不是在口音和发音上花费大部分精力,而是专注于解放您的自然声音(请参阅下一节),以赋予您力量和流利度。几十年来,政治家和公共生活中的人们一直使用语音教练来达到这个目的。这种做法曾经是一个保守的秘密。语音指导似乎很不寻常,甚至有点可耻。确实,乔治六世国王的语音训练因为电影《国王的演讲》的成功而引起了公众的注意, 但当时当权者向公众隐瞒了国王正在接受训练的事实。(有关乔治国王和他的教练莱昂内尔·洛格的更多信息,请参阅第 13 章。)
Voice coaching today is different. Instead of spending most effort on accent and articulation, a voice coach today focuses on liberating your natural voice (see the following section) in order to give you power and fluency. Politicians and those in public life have used voice coaches for this purpose for many decades. The practice used to be a well-kept secret. Voice coaching seemed unusual and even a bit shameful. Indeed, King George VI’s voice coaching has caught the public’s attention now because of the successful film, The King’s Speech, but at the time the establishment hid from the public the fact that the King was being coached. (See Chapter 13 for more on King George and his coach Lionel Logue.)
语音教练已经变得受人尊敬并且非常普遍。公众眼中的许多人——戴安娜王妃和大卫贝克汉姆,仅举两个例子——都接受过语音训练。从约翰肯尼迪和希拉里克林顿到玛格丽特撒切尔和约翰梅杰,许多政治家也曾与语音教练合作过。政客们定期接受指导,以在会议演讲和其他重要场合创造他们需要的影响力。
Voice coaching has become respectable and remarkably common. Many people in the public eye – Princess Diana and David Beckham, as just two examples – received voice coaching. Numerous politicians from John Kennedy and Hillary Clinton to Margaret Thatcher and John Major have worked with voice coaches too. Politicians regularly have coaching to create the impact they need in conference speeches and on other important occasions.
发现你的自然声音
Discovering your natural voice
有语音指导和语音指导!你可以从教练或书本上学习如何大声说话,甚至在你努力之后让人们欣赏你的声音,但这并不是你的声音对人们产生强大影响的原因。获得有影响力的声音的方法是通过发现和发展你天生的声音——在你养成在生活的起起落落中以各种方式限制和扭曲你的声音的习惯之前你天生就有的声音。
There’s voice coaching and voice coaching! You can learn from a coach or a book how to speak loudly and strongly and even have people admire your voice after your efforts, but that is not what gives your voice a powerful impact on people. The way to an influential voice is through discovering and developing your natural voice – the voice you were born to have before you developed the habits of constricting and contorting your voice in various ways through life’s ups and downs.
面对挑战
Facing the challenge
与正确发音的简单演讲任务不同,语音训练是包罗万象的,有时是情绪化的工作。声音仍然存储在您的潜意识中,有时,说话会激起情绪化的——甚至是痛苦的——记忆。同时,恢复声音的自由度会以一种非常自由的积极方式改变你对自己的整体感觉。
Unlike the simple elocution task of just pronouncing your words properly, voice coaching is all-encompassing and, sometimes, emotional work. Voice sounds remain stored in your sub-conscious, and at times, speaking can stir up emotional – even painful – memories. At the same time, recovering freedom in your voice changes your whole feeling about yourself, in a positive way that is wonderfully liberating.
处理你的声音的旅程是一个非常实用的旅程,它的主要成分(我在不同的章节中探讨)包括:
The journey of working on your voice is a highly practical one, and its main ingredients (which I explore in various chapters) include:
发现良好的呼吸控制,使您的声音富有表现力和弹性(第 4 章)
Discovering good breath control to make your voice expressive and resilient (Chapter 4)
释放会阻塞呼吸的紧张(第 5 章)
Releasing the tensions that can block the breath (Chapter 5)
让你的演讲清晰明了(第 6 章)
Making your speech clear and distinct (Chapter 6)
在大声说话和小声说话时投入精神能量(第 7 章)
Investing mental energy in speaking loudly as well as quietly (Chapter 7)
添加重点和强节奏(第 8 章)
Adding emphasis and strong cadence (Chapter 8)
发现演讲的音乐(第 8 章)
Discovering the music of speech (Chapter 8)
探索整个乐器的可能性(第 9 章)
Exploring the possibilities of your whole instrument (Chapter 9)
在演讲中表达你的感受和热情(第 9 章)
Expressing your feeling and passion in speaking (Chapter 9)
让你的内在自我通过你的声音说话(第 10 章)
Allowing your inner self to speak through your voice (Chapter 10)
通过本书的章节,您可以发现很多可以改善您的声音的方法,如果您在不紧张或强迫的情况下进行练习,您自己的声音就可以取得很大的进步。如果您决定联系语音教练,请参阅附录以获取提示和资源。
You can discover much to improve your voice through the chapters of this book, and if you practise without straining or forcing you can make excellent progress with your voice on your own. If you decide to contact a voice coach, see the Appendix for tips and resources.
用你自己的声音思考你想要发展的东西
Thinking About What You Want to Develop in Your Own Voice
在开始一系列的语音训练课程之前——甚至是本书的其余部分——想一想你想在你的声音中发展什么。
Before jumping into a series of voice coaching sessions – or even the rest of this book – think about what you want to develop in your voice.
您是否说了些什么,然后发现似乎没有人听到您的声音,或者您是否怀疑有时您说话时人们会停下来?
Do you say something and then find that no one seems to have heard you, or do you suspect that people switch off when you talk sometimes?
你是否觉得人们不喜欢你的口音或语气,即使他们没有达到取笑你或评论它的程度?
Do you get the feeling that people dislike your accent or tone, even when they don’t go to the extent of teasing you or commenting upon it?
您是否对生活的某个方面充满自信,但对另一个方面却缺乏信心?例如,您很乐意在工作中向同事解释一个系统,但在社交场合一对一交谈时却舌头打结?或相反亦然?
Do you feel confident speaking in one part of your life but lack confidence in another? For example, you’re happy to explain a system to a colleague at work but get tongue-tied talking one-to-one on a social occasion? Or vice versa?
有时您是否说了一些话却让人们误解了您的意思,从而让您感到被误解?
Do you sometimes say something only to have people take it the wrong way so you feel misunderstood?
你的声音是否时常让你感到身体不适,哪怕是轻微的?例如,您痰多或想清嗓子。
Does your voice let you down physically from time to time, even mildly? For example, you get too much phlegm or find you want to clear your throat.
你是否发现有时很难说出你的话?
Do you find it hard to get your words out sometimes?
记下你的想法。您对前面问题的回答为您提供了有关如何继续发展您的声音的线索。无论您遇到什么特殊问题,从一开始就掌握良好声音制作的基础知识会对您有所帮助。基础知识包括呼吸良好(第 4 章)、放松身体(第 5 章)和说话清晰(第 6 章)。
Jot down your thoughts. Your answers to the preceding questions give you clues as to how to proceed with developing your voice. Whatever your particular issues, working on the basics of good voice production helps you at the outset. The basics consist of breathing well (Chapter 4), freeing up your body (Chapter 5) and speaking clearly (Chapter 6).
在您考虑了基础知识之后,请考虑您希望您的声音更好地为您工作的特定场合。以下是我最常从客户那里听到的要求。
After you consider the basics, think about the particular occasions when you want your voice to work better for you. The following are requests I hear most often from clients.
让人们听你的
Getting people to listen to you
没有什么比没有人倾听更令人沮丧的了——尤其是当你有话要说的时候。有些人除了足够好听、足够清楚之外,就是吸引听众。尝试做他们做的事:
Nothing is as frustrating as not being listened to – particularly if you’ve something worth saying. Apart from being audible enough and clear enough, some people just attract listeners. Try doing what they do:
说话要慢到足以被听到和理解。你是不是急于把你的话说出来,所以他们互相翻滚?请查看第 7 章,了解保持更稳健步伐的技巧。
Speak slowly enough to be heard and understood. Are you rushing to get your words out so they tumble over each other? Have a look at Chapter 7 for techniques to sustain a more measured pace.
通过多样性和重点来增加兴趣。如果你含糊不清或说话单调,请转到第 8 章,我将在其中解释如何强调和影响你的演讲。如果您倾向于含糊不清,第 11 章会提供帮助。
Increase interest with variety and emphasis. If you mumble or speak in a monotone, go to Chapter 8 where I explain how to add emphasis and impact to your speech. Chapter 11 offers a helping hand if you tend to mumble.
用成人的声音说话。如果您的声音听起来相当高亢和年轻,请努力让您的声音在您的身体中产生共鸣。第 9 章向您展示如何操作。
Speak in an adult voice. If your voice sounds rather high and young, work on allowing your voice to resonate lower in your body. Chapter 9 shows you how.
坚定地进入对话。如果您发现别人在替您说话,请使用对比鲜明的语调来介绍您所说的内容。
Break into conversations firmly. If you find that people speak over you, use a contrasting tone of voice to introduce what you say.
相信你会被听到。这句话听起来像是第 22 条军规——如果您知道自己会被听到,您就会充满信心!有信心是关于你的意图和态度。在第 10 章中了解更多信息。
Have confidence that you’ll be heard. This sentence sounds like a Catch 22 – if you knew you’d be heard, you’d be confident! Having confidence is about your intention and attitude. Find out more about it in Chapter 10.
让别人听你说话的技巧在工作场所是至关重要的,对于在会议上发言、向董事会做报告、进行推销、投标和无数其他场合都是如此。如果这项技能与你相关,请查看第 14 章关于培养你的公共话语权和第 16 章关于培养专业话语权。
The skill of getting others to listen to you is vital in the workplace, for addressing a meeting, presenting to the board, making a sales pitch, bidding for a tender and countless other occasions. If this skill is relevant for you, check out Chapter 14 on developing your public voice and Chapter 16 on developing a professional voice.
用你的口音工作
Working with your accent
如果您不喜欢自己的口音,或者因为担心自己的口音而犹豫要不要开口,请振作起来——您不必完全改变自然的说话方式来获得想要的结果。
If you dislike your accent or hesitate to open your mouth because you worry about your accent, take heart – you don’t have to entirely change your natural way of speaking to get the results you want.
说出你的意思和意思你说的
Saying what you mean and meaning what you say
好吧,你当然打算说出你的意思!然而,有时人们会误会你。他们没有认真对待你,或者当你不生气时认为你生气了。或者,当您根本不在意时,他们会称您为高人一等。更有可能的是,他们从你的语气中听出了一些东西。
Well, of course you intend to say what you mean! Yet sometimes people get you wrong. They fail to take you seriously, or think that you’re angry when you’re not. Or they call you patronising when that is farthest from your mind. More than likely, they’re picking up something in your tone of voice.
感到紧张或难为情会影响您的声音,您可能听起来吱吱作响,或者您可能会含糊不清并被您的话绊倒。当你太想取悦他人并付出太多努力时,你的声音也会“错误”。有些人在说话或扮演虚假角色时努力不表现出情绪,结果听起来像无人机或机器人。在第 11 章中,我会为您提供克服这些说话“小怪兽”的策略,并向您展示如何通过更加真实来发现您声音的真正力量。
Feeling nervous or self-conscious affects your voice, and you may sound squeaky, or you may mumble and trip over you words. Your voice also comes out ‘wrong’ when you’re too eager to please and put in too much effort. Some people make earnest efforts not to show emotion when they speak or play an artificial role, and as a result sound like drones or automatons. In Chapter 11, I give you strategies for overcoming some of these ‘gremlins’ of speaking and show you how to find the true power of your voice through being more authentic.
培养强健、健康的嗓音
Developing a robust, healthy voice
歌手和演员会照顾他们的声音,如果您从事任何会说话的职业,您需要特别小心。如果您从事谈话行业,第 16 章会为您提供特定指标。如果您经常失声、喉咙痛、下巴疼痛或完全失声,那么您做错了什么,需要采取一些措施!第 19 章为您提供保护声音的技巧,附录列出了在您遇到严重问题时可以联系的专业人士和组织。
Singers and actors look after their voice, and if you’re in any sort of talking profession you need to take special care. Chapter 16 gives particular indicators for you if you work in a talking profession. If, on a regular basis, your voice breaks, your throat hurts, your jaw aches or you lose your voice entirely, you’re doing something wrong and need to do something about it! Chapter 19 offers you tips for looking after your voice and the Appendix has lists of professionals and organisations to contact if you have serious problems.
变得流利
Becoming fluent
大多数人都渴望能够在任何场合都能流利、轻松地说话。如果你觉得自己不流利,原因可能是身体上的或精神上的——或两者兼而有之。
Most people aspire to be able to speak fluently and easily whenever the occasion arises. If you feel that you aren’t fluent, the reasons can be physical or mental – or both.
在身体上,缺乏流畅性通常与呼吸不畅有关。呼吸急促会导致您急促、喃喃自语、尾巴、犹豫、口吃,甚至听起来很困惑。良好的呼吸有很大的不同。简单地放慢速度,跟着你的呼吸走(见第 4 章)。
Physically, lack of fluency is often connected with poor breathing. Shortness of breath can cause you to rush and mumble, tail off, hesitate, stutter and even sound confused. Good breathing makes a huge difference. Simply slow down and follow through with your breath (see Chapter 4).
如果您称自己为口吃者,流利程度似乎遥不可及。帮助就在第 13 章中!我借鉴了一些关于口吃的最新研究,为您提供获得流利度的成功策略。
If you call yourself a stutterer, fluency may seem out of reach. Help is at hand in Chapter 13! I draw on some of the latest research into stuttering to give you successful strategies for attaining fluency.
识别好声音
Identifying Good Voices
发展你的声音涉及技巧,但仅靠技巧并不能使声音具有影响力和魔力。
Developing your voice involves technique, but technique alone doesn’t give a voice its impact and magic.
好声音由什么组成?我在第 20 章中举了 10 个伟大声音的例子,它们都具有超越技巧的特殊品质。在我看来,伟大的声音充满活力,充满活力,听起来很真实。它与听众建立联系,并在演讲者和听众之间建立联系。这种声音背后有一种目的感。所有这些品质都有助于打造出色的嗓音,我将在以下部分中逐一探讨这些品质。
What does a great voice consist of? I give you ten examples of great voices in Chapter 20, and they all have special qualities that go well beyond technique. In my view, a great voice is vibrant and alive and sounds genuine. It connects with an audience and creates a bond between speaker and listener. This kind of voice has a sense of purpose behind it. All these qualities contribute to a great voice and I explore each of them in the following sections.
活着的声音
The alive voice
优秀的嗓音颤动着千变万化的活着的感觉。声音可以是有力的、响亮的,甚至是令人印象深刻的,而不是伟大的。一个伟大的声音通过不断变化的表达的细微差别来传达——这里轻微强调,那里轻声调,这里坚定确定,那里暗示犹豫——并以这种方式表达了一系列的感受和思想。生动的声音依次说服、鼓舞、安慰、惊奇、安抚和影响。
An excellent voice vibrates with an ever-changing sense of being alive. A voice can be strong, loud and even impressive without being great. A great voice communicates through constantly varying nuances of expression – a slight emphasis here, a light tone there, firm certainty here, a suggestion of hesitation there – and in this way expresses a whole range of feelings and thoughts. The alive voice convinces, inspires, comforts, amazes, reassures and influences in turn.
真实的声音
The authentic voice
当你聆听过去伟大的声音时,真实的品质总是闪耀着光芒。一个伟大的声音永远不会伪造它。听听纳尔逊·曼德拉 (Nelson Mandela) 在 1962 年的审判中,或小说家托尼·莫里森 (Toni Morrison) 在 1993 年的诺贝尔演讲。
When you listen to great voices of the past, the quality of authenticity is one that always shines out. A great voice never fakes it. Listen to Nelson Mandela at his trial in 1962, or the novelist Toni Morrison’s Nobel lecture in 1993.
真实性是身体和精神上的事情。你的身体需要足够放松,声音才能自由共鸣,但你的思想也需要足够大胆,让你做你自己。真实会让你感到脆弱,但效果是让你听起来更有力量。在第 17 章中,您会找到一些有用的技巧,可以帮助您变得更加真实。
Authenticity is a physical and mental thing. Your body needs to be relaxed enough for sound to resonate freely, but your mind also needs to be bold enough to allow you to be yourself. Being authentic can make you feel vulnerable, but the effect is for you to sound more powerful. In Chapter 17, you find useful tips for becoming more authentic as a speaker.
连接的声音
The connecting voice
用你的声音交流就是建立联系。您可能认为进行出色的演讲就是要有说服力地讲话并给人们留下深刻印象,这很好。但是,如果你聆听过去和现在最伟大的演讲者的演讲,你会发现他们拥有额外的技能,能够调谐到听众并建立联系。
Communicating with your voice is all about making a connection. You may think that giving a great presentation is about speaking powerfully and impressing people, and that’s fine and good. But if you listen to the greatest speakers of past and present, you find that they have the additional skill of being able to tune in to an audience and create a link.
在观众所在的地方与他们会面。了解他们的文化,感受他们的心情,并通过语言、声音和能量在他们的空间与他们会面。可以灵活地改变你的方法来吸引你的观众。
Meet your audience where they’re at. Get a sense of their culture, sense their mood and through language, voice and energy meet them in their space. Have the flexibility to change your approach to appeal to your audience.
不要躲在正式的语言和风格后面。相反,使用当前的口语并直接与人交谈。
Don’t hide behind formal language and style. Instead, use current colloquial language and speak directly to people.
亲自与您的听众交谈。与他们交谈,就好像您是在与听众中的每个人一对一交谈一样。讲述个人故事和轶事,让听众瞥见你是谁。
Speak to your audience personally. Talk to them as if you’re speaking one-to-one with each person in your audience. Tell personal stories and anecdotes that give the audience glimpses of who you are.
是真实的东西。让你的声音诚实、开放和真实。
Be the real thing. Let your voice be honest, open and true.
在第 15 章中,我解释了如何调准您的听众并建立牢固的联系。
In Chapter 15, I explain how to tune in to your listeners and create strong connections.
有话要说的声音
The voice that has something to say
毫无意义的声音没有多大价值。伟大的声音具有使命感和沟通的意义。听 Ben Zander 谈论音乐和激情,或者 Shukla Bose 谈论贫民窟儿童的学校。作为演讲者,即使是在一对一的对话中,您也可以在演讲中给对方一个礼物。当您的声音优美时,它传达了您想要分享的完整信息,您的听众也会收到您所提供的信息。
A voice empty of meaning isn’t worth much. A great voice has a sense of purpose and something to communicate. Listen to Ben Zander talking about music and passion, or Shukla Bose talking about schools for slum children. As a speaker, even in a one-to-one conversation, you have a gift to give the other person in your speech. When your voice works beautifully, it conveys the full message you want to share, and your listeners receive what you have to offer.
我想要什么——为了我和另一个人?
What do I want – for me and the other person?
我想说什么?
What am I trying to say?
我想传达的信息有什么重要的?
What’s important about what I want to communicate?
我在这次谈话中的礼物是什么?
What is my gift in this conversation?
出发
Starting Out
所以,在你走得更远之前,盘点一下你的位置,并了解你自己的声音听起来像什么。您可以在第 3 章中找到更多关于此主题的信息。然后您可以查看需要更改哪些内容才能让您听起来像您想要的那样。记住你希望如何说话。我在侧边栏“收集声音”中推荐了一种了解您喜欢什么并磨练您的听力的好方法。
So, before you go any further, take stock of where you are, and get to know what your own voice sounds like. You find much more about this topic in Chapter 3. Then you can look at what needs to change for you to sound the way you want. Keep in mind how you would like to be able to speak. I suggest one excellent way for getting to know what you like and honing your listening in the sidebar ‘Collecting voices’.
好吧,这是真的:你会不时遇到奇怪的问题,那些恐惧和焦虑的老鬼,或者无助或绝望的感觉。第四部分解决语音问题——那些阻碍您充分发挥潜力的个人障碍。我在这部分包含了口音,因为它们通常表现为小精灵。可能最具挑战性的问题是口吃,您可以在第 13 章中找到一些令人兴奋的最新资源来提高流利程度。
All right, it’s true: you’ll meet the odd hiccup from time to time, those old gremlins of fear and anxiety, or feelings of helplessness or hopelessness. Part IV tackles voice gremlins – those personal blocks that get in the way of speaking to your full potential. I include accents in this part as they often present themselves as gremlins. Probably the most challenging of the gremlins is stuttering, and you find some of the exciting latest resources for gaining fluency in Chapter 13.
选择你的方法
Choosing your method
语音工作是身体和思想的活动。事实上,如果您在练习声音时身体力行,效果最好。虽然你的声带、你的嘴巴和舌头,甚至你的思维似乎都发生在你的肩膀之上,但你声音的力量来自你下面的主体——来自强健的呼吸系统、强壮的姿势,以及你身体中感受到的能提供力量的能量听你说话的声音(见第 4 章和第 5 章)。
Voice work is an activity of the body as well as the mind. In fact, it works best if you get quite physical when you’re practising sounds. Although your vocal folds, your mouth and tongue and even your thinking all appear to happen above your shoulders, your voice’s power comes from your main body below – from a robust breathing system, strong stance, and the energy felt in your body that gives power to the sound of your words (see Chapters 4 and 5).
无论是与教练合作还是尝试本书中的各种活动,您都可以在不同的时间点开始您的发声工作:
Whether working with a coach or trying the various activities in this book, you can start your voice work at various points:
深入研究呼吸、放松和发音的具体细节。
Delving into the nuts and bolts of breathing, relaxation and articulation.
创造灵活性以产生自由和富有表现力的声音。
Creating the flexibility to produce a free and expressive voice.
建立说话和交流的意图强度,这会赋予您声音能量。
Building the strength of your intention to speak and communicate, which gives your sound energy.
在声音中寻找自我
Finding yourself in your voice
第 20 章中的伟大声音的例子包括演员、政治家、广播员和活动家,男人和女人——每个人听起来都是独一无二的。在发展你的声音时,你必须找到你的声音,最能表达你的声音。我在第 10 章解释了如何找到你独特的声音。
The examples of great voices in Chapter 20 include actors, politicians, broadcasters and activists, men and women – and each one sounds unique. In developing your voice, you must find your voice, the voice that best expresses you. I explain how to find your unique voice in Chapter 10.
充分发挥您的潜力不仅仅是让人们倾听您的意见。当您找到真实的声音时,您也会找到自己的身份。您在各个方面都获得了自信,并且更加确定地知道自己是谁。找到你的声音是一次伟大的冒险,我希望你喜欢它!
Speaking to your full potential is more than just getting people to listen to you. When you find your authentic voice, you’re also finding your identity. You gain in confidence in every way, and know more surely who you are. Finding your voice is a great adventure, and I hope you enjoy it!
第2章
Chapter 2
探索令人惊叹的人声
Exploring the Amazing Human Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
体验全方位的人声
Experiencing the full range of vocal sounds
聆听改变世界的声音
Hearing voices that changed the world
消除声音神话
Dispelling voice myths
理解你所听到的
Making meaning of what you hear
人声很有力量。纵观历史,声音感动了人们,影响了舆论。尽管单词很重要,但它们不是必不可少的。声音的力量在于声音。我敢肯定,甚至在语言出现之前,当史前人类大喊“啊啊啊!”时 在山顶上,他在山下的部落可以从声音中分辨出它的意思是“我吃晚饭了”还是“我被剑齿虎袭击了!” – 并通过煽风点火或赶往救援作出回应。
T he human voice is powerful. Throughout history, voices have moved people and swayed opinions. Although words are important, they aren’t essential. The voice’s power is in the sound. I’m sure that even before language, when prehistoric man shouted ‘Aaahhh!’ from a mountaintop, his tribe down below could tell from the sound whether it meant, ‘I’ve caught supper’ or ‘I’ve been attacked by a sabre-toothed tiger!’ – and responded by stoking the fire or rushing to the rescue.
在印刷文字出现之前,仅声音通过口头故事承载着一个群体的历史。每讲一个故事都是一个新的故事;不同的语气和变化在创造故事的影响力方面发挥了重要作用。人们聚精会神地听着,被字音所感动。文字就是声音。即使在印刷文字问世之后,精彩的演讲仍能引起公众的想象。
Before the printed word, the voice alone carried a group’s history via spoken stories. Each telling of a story was a new telling; the different tones and variations played major parts in creating the story’s impact. People listened intently and were moved by the sound of words. Words were sounds. Even after the introduction of the printed word, the great speeches were what caught the public imagination.
在接下来的部分中,我将快速浏览强大声音的高潮和低谷(有时是字面上的)。在此过程中,我打破了一些关于声音的无用假设,包括你自己的声音,并带你走上发展你独特、有力的声音的道路。
In the following sections, I take a quick tour of the highs and lows (sometimes literally) of powerful voices. Along the way, I break through some unhelpful assumptions about voices, including your own, and set you on the path to developing your unique, powerful voice.
发现声音的力量
Discovering the Power of Voices
谈话是当今世界的货币。今天人们谈论的比以往任何时候都多。考虑一下。您在手机和 Skype 上聊天;您联系帮助热线和呼叫中心;您可以访问 YouTube、DVD、电影和电视;您可以收听 24 小时新闻、脱口秀、讨论组和关于太阳下各个主题的采访。
Talk is the currency in today’s world. People are talking more today than ever before. Just think about it. You chat on mobiles and Skype; you contact help-lines and call centres; you have access to YouTube, DVDs, film and TV; you listen to 24-hour news, chat shows, discussion groups and interviews on every subject under the sun.
即使随着电子邮件和其他形式的电子消息的兴起,业务仍然是通过语音进行的。经理们花在会议上的时间比以往任何时候都多。他们通过视频会议和网络研讨会与全球各地的同事交流。在接近潜在客户、推出产品和投标时,演讲是必不可少的。
Even with the rise of email and other forms of electronic messaging, business is conducted vocally. Managers spend more time in meetings than ever before. They talk to colleagues across the globe through video conferencing and webinars. Speaking is essential when approaching potential customers, launching products and making bids.
今天的政治是关于个性和声音片段。你在收音机和电视上聆听政治家的行动。你希望这些领导者在采访、辩论和讲台上成为口齿伶俐的冠军。人们说问题是最重要的,但大多数人根据他们的外表和声音来选择领导者。令人难忘的短语和媒体笑话都被无休止地引用和重复。领导人的电视讲话比他或她所在政党的改革计划更具影响力。
Politics today is about personality and sound bites. You listen to politicians in action on radio and TV. You expect these leaders to be articulate champions in interviews, debates and on the podium. People say that the issues are paramount, but most choose leaders based on how they look and sound. Memorable phrases and media gaffs alike are taken up and repeated endlessly. A leader’s televised speeches hold more sway than his or her party’s programme of reforms.
声音有可能深深打动人们。这不是文字本身;他们有时可能很普通。也不是音量;那可能很软。这是强度和情感的真相。令人惊叹的声音不仅需要从外部努力;它也发生在内部。
Voices have the potential to move people deeply. It’s not the words themselves; they can sometimes be ordinary. It’s not the volume either; that can be quite soft. It’s the intensity and emotional truth. An amazing voice isn’t only something that has to be worked at from the outside; it happens from the inside too.
听到构成您声音的所有声音
Hearing All the Sounds that Make Up Your Voice
21 世纪的世界很嘈杂,说话的方式多种多样。您的声音在几个主要方面与其他人的声音不同,并且有几个值得注意的原因:
The 21st century world is noisy, with many different ways to speak. Your voice differs from others’ voices in several major ways and for several noteworthy reasons:
您的语言,尤其是您的第一语言,会影响您的说话方式。世界上有 6,700 多种不同的语言,每种语言的发音方式都略有不同。将芬兰语深沉的声音与某些日语使用者的“夜莺”声音进行比较;德语的强烈强调与意大利语的歌唱节奏。聆听越南语的细微差别和一些中东语言的喉音。
Your language, especially your first language, influences how you speak. More than 6,700 distinct languages are spoken in the world, and each one uses the voice in subtly different ways. Compare the deep sounds of Finnish with the ‘nightingale’ voices of some Japanese speakers; the strong emphasis of German with the singing rhythms of Italian. Hear the subtly differing pitches of Vietnamese and the guttural sounds of some middle-eastern languages.
今天,您的声音中可能至少保留了童年口音的影子。英语是 50 多个国家约 3.41 亿人的官方语言。然而,它的口音从英国机构的指挥音调到悉尼的质疑节奏不等;从纽约人自信的快速谈话到印度加勒比人的歌唱节奏。即使在当今相互关联的世界中,口音也比比皆是。在伦敦 100 英里以内行驶,您会遇到明显不同的伦敦伦敦腔口音、萨里标准发音以及慢速的汉普郡和多塞特乡村口音,带有淡淡的美国拖腔。在相对较小的地理区域内,整个美国南部的口音同样丰富多样。第 12 章深入探讨口音。
You probably retain at least a shadow of your childhood accent in your voice today. English is the official language of about 341 million people in more than 50 countries. However, its accents range from the commanding tones of the UK establishment to the questioning cadences of Sydney; from the confident fast talk of New Yorkers to the sing-song rhythms of Indo-Caribbean people. Even within today’s interconnected world, accents abound. Travel within 100 miles of London, and you come across the notably different accents of London Cockney, Surrey Received Pronunciation and slower rural Hampshire and Dorset with its faintly American drawl. Accents throughout the southern US are similarly rich and varied within a relatively small geographic area. Chapter 12 digs deeper into accents.
口音指的是世界不同地区明显不同的单词发音、不同的节奏和音高的起伏。当人们提到方言时,他们包括口音,但超越口音以包含不同的语法用法甚至词汇。许多方言词的描述性如此出色,以至于它们已经被普遍使用。但其他人仍然无法理解:“Haud yer wheesht!” 例如,来自苏格兰的人说——“安静!”
Accent refers to the distinct different pronunciations of words, the varied rhythms and ups and downs of pitch in different parts of the world. When people refer to dialect, they include accent but go beyond it to incorporate different grammatical usage and even vocabulary. Many dialect words are so wonderfully descriptive, they’ve slipped into general usage. But others remain impossible to understand: ‘Haud yer wheesht!’ says someone from Scotland for example – ‘Be quiet!’
听一个一直住在乡下的人,然后再听一个住在城市的人。例如,将《欲望都市》中的声音与《爱默代尔》中的声音进行比较。你听到了什么不同之处?乡村居民往往有更慢、更悦耳的声音,而城市居民通常说话更尖锐、更快。事实上,城市人与大西洋彼岸的国际化人士在声音上的共同点可能比与更近的乡村邻居更多!
Listen to someone who has always lived in the country and then to someone who lives in a city. For example, compare the voices in Sex and the City with those in Emmerdale. What differences do you hear? Country dwellers tend to have slower, more musical voices while city dwellers often speak more sharply and quickly. In fact, city people probably have more in common vocally with cosmopolitan speakers across the Atlantic than with their nearer country neighbours!
您的职业和以前的工作很可能会影响您的语速、音调、发音、语调和其他声音品质。想一想大律师流畅的流程、鱼市拍卖师的快速拍打、某些基督教牧师虔诚的吟唱、年轻学生的快速喋喋不休和销售主持人的流畅演讲。
Your profession and previous jobs most likely affect your speed, pitch, enunciation, tone and other vocal qualities. Think of the smooth flow of the barrister, the fast patter of the fish market auctioneer, the prayerful intoning of certain Christian priests, the rapid chatter of young students and the smooth spiel of the sales presenter.
你的声音随着年龄的增长而改变。听听操场上孩子们不羁的高声叫喊,听不善言辞的少年平淡的语气,听青年人尖锐的俏皮话,听听中年官员洪亮的语气,听听老年弱弱的低语和“笛声”。
Your voice changes with age. Listen to the uninhibited high calls of children in the playground, the flat tones of uncommunicative teenagers, the sharp quips of young adults, the stentorian tones of middle-aged officials, the frail murmurs and ‘pipes and whistles’ of old age.
您的健康会影响您的声音。如果你缺乏能量,你的声音听起来就不那么有力了。如果您的呼吸受到疾病的影响,人们通常可以从您的声音中听到。如果您身体健康,您的声音听起来就充满活力。
Your health affects the way you sound. If you lack energy, your voice sounds less robust. If your breathing is affected by illness, people can often hear it in your voice. If you’re bouncing with health, your voice sounds vibrant.
您如何进行语音开发取决于您的起点和您想要实现的目标(有关目标的更多信息,请参见第 1 章)。研究你的声音是一个令人兴奋的项目,它可以让你更多地发现你是如何发出声音的,更多地了解你到底是谁。无论您的目标是什么,旅程都始于对人们的声音感到好奇——当然,还有您自己的声音。
How you approach voice development depends on your starting point and what you want to achieve (see Chapter 1 for more on goals). Working on your voice is an exciting project, one that can lead you to discover more about how you make sounds and more about who you really are. Whatever your goals, the journey starts with getting curious about people’s voices – and, of course, your own.
消除声音神话
Dispelling Voice Myths
声音的质量很重要,在当今世界被广泛讨论。然而奇怪的是,在日常生活中,大多数人表现得好像他们对自己的声音无能为力。声音不会改变——或者可以吗?在深入探讨说话的实际细节之前,我需要澄清一些关于声音的常见误解。
The qualities of voices are important and much discussed in the current world. Yet oddly in everyday life, most people act as if they can’t do much about their own voice. Voices don’t change – or can they? Before I get down to the practical nuts and bolts of speaking, I need to clear up some all-too-common misconceptions about voices.
误区 1:你被自己的声音困住了
Myth 1: You’re stuck with your voice
大多数人仍然认为他们目前拥有的声音是与生俱来的声音,他们对此无能为力。也许你也这么认为。
Most people still think that the voice they have currently is the voice they were born with and that they can’t do much about it. Perhaps you think this too.
无论您是讨厌自己的声音、喜欢它还是以某种方式与它作斗争,许多人都认为他们无法以不同的方式使用自己的声音——或者这样做非常困难。此外,您可能也会觉得您的声音在某种程度上就是您,而改变您的声音有点激进,就像失去您的身份一样。
Whether you hate your voice, love it or struggle with it in some way, many people believe that they can’t use their voices differently – or that doing so is incredibly difficult. Furthermore, you may feel too that your voice is in some way you, and that changing your voice is a bit radical, like losing your identity.
领导者和名人长期以来一直在努力提高他们的声音,而语音教练在广泛的范围内越来越受欢迎。
Leaders and celebrities have long worked on their voices, and voice coaching is gaining in popularity over a wide spectrum.
如今,越来越多的人在发声,有时表现得非常明显,有时表现得更微妙。他们正在改变地方口音、阶级口音、音调和语气,并欣赏他们因此得到的不同反应。
Today more and more people are developing their voices, sometimes significantly, sometimes more subtly. They’re changing regional accents, class accents, pitch and tone and appreciating the different response they get as a consequence.
你可以改变你的声音——当你改变你的声音时,你会从其他人那里得到更好的反应,并对自己有更积极的感觉。
You can change your voice – and when you change your voice, you get a better reaction from other people and a more positive feeling about yourself.
误区二:你的声音不受你的控制
Myth 2: Your voice is out of your control
这个神话与前一个有关。如果您相信您的声音是与生俱来的,那么您可能还会相信,当出现问题时,您的声音是无法控制的。你意识到你的声音是多么重要——也知道当你失去它时生活会变得多么艰难——但无论你采取什么行动,你的声音都会做它该做的事。
This myth links to the preceding one. If you believe that your voice is something you’re born with, you may also believe that your voice is out of your hands when things go wrong. You realise how important your voice is – and know how difficult life becomes when you lose it – but your voice does what it does regardless of your actions.
如果你在拥挤的酒吧里唱卡拉 OK,然后没戴围巾在寒冷的火车站站上几个小时,你可能会失声!
If you sing karaoke in a crowded pub and then stand on a freezing train station for hours without a scarf, you may lose your voice!
如果你的声音不好,你会对你的声带施加压力,并最终可能永久性地损坏它们。
If you produce your voice badly, you put a strain on your vocal cords and may eventually damage them permanently.
如果你从不休息你的声音,它就永远没有机会恢复并且更容易受到伤害。
If you never rest your voice, it never gets a chance to recover and becomes more prone to damage.
您的饮食也可能影响您的声音。当然,过度吸烟和饮酒并不能改善它的音调!
Your diet may also affect your voice. Certainly, smoking and drinking to excess don’t improve its tone!
第 19 章有更多关于保护声音的想法。
Chapter 19 has more ideas about looking after your voice.
你可以对你的声音做很多事情。你可以锻炼你的声音,就像你可以锻炼你的肌肉或锻炼你的舞蹈动作一样。整个过程是关于感兴趣,掌握技能并练习它们。你原来的口语是学过的,所以你现在绝对可以学习如何以不同的方式说话——而且更好!
You can do plenty about your voice. You can develop your voice just as you can build up your muscles or develop your dance moves. The entire process is about being interested, picking up the skills and practising them. Your original speaking was learned, so you can definitely learn how to talk differently – and better – now!
误区三:言语比声音更重要
Myth 3: Words matter more than voice
许多人仍然认为只有词语才重要,而你怎么说是次要的。在当今动态无处不在的音频和视频世界中,您会遇到大量的印刷通信——包括电子邮件、短信、互联网、报纸、杂志、书籍和文章——这鼓励人们认为通信只是文字。
Many people continue to believe that only the words matter, and that how you say them is of secondary importance. In today’s world of dynamic omnipresent audio and video, you encounter an enormous amount of communication in print – including emails, text messages, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, books and articles – which encourages people to think that communication is only about words.
当你准备演讲时——即使只是在会议或晚宴上的简短介绍——你的第一直觉通常是在纸上写下你打算说的词(或词的大纲),然后作为第二阶段,弄清楚你要怎么说。在当今高度照本宣科、公共关系驱动的环境中,印刷的演讲稿才是关键。新闻界经常在任何人实际传递之前收到政治演讲或公司公告的打印件,这使得新闻界能够奇怪地报道“总理将在今天宣布……”。. . ’但是与鼓舞人心的演讲者的影响相比,印刷文字的影响是微不足道的。如何你说出的那些话会产生重大影响——甚至可以在不改变一个词的情况下改变重点和意义。
When you prepare a speech – even just a short introduction at a meeting or dinner party – your first instinct is usually to write down on paper the words (or an outline of the words) you intend to say, and then as a second phase, work out how you’re going to say them. Within today’s heavily scripted, public-relations driven environment, the printed speech is the thing. The press often receives printouts of political speeches or corporate announcements before anyone actually delivers them, which enables the press to report bizarrely that ‘the Prime Minister will announce today that . . . ’ But the influence of the printed word is nothing compared with the influence of an inspirational speaker. How you deliver those words makes all the difference – and can even change emphasis and meaning without altering a word.
如果您看过带有注释的书面演讲,您就会知道很多人都是根据书面文字来思考的。演讲者通常包括视觉提示,以特定方式“表达”他们的书面文字。他们添加感叹号,以粗体、斜体、不同大小和颜色书写,甚至在页边空白处添加说明和性能标记。一些提醒显然是有帮助的,但太多了就好像演讲以书面文字开始,必须将表达放在首位。当然,提词器指令“在这里暂停并微笑”更可能在一时冲动时产生尴尬的鬼脸,而不是真正温暖的微笑!您可以在第 14 章中找到有关准备和阅读脚本的更多信息。
You can tell that many people think in terms of the written word if you ever see a written speech with annotations. Speakers often include visual reminders to ‘express’ their written words in particular ways. They add exclamation marks, write in bold, italics, different sizes and colours, or even add instructions and performance markings in the margins. A few reminders can clearly be helpful, but with too many it’s as if the speech starts as written words and has to have the expression put on top. Certainly, a teleprompter instruction ‘Pause and smile here’ is more likely in the heat of the moment to produce an awkward grimace than a genuine warm smile! You can find more about preparing and reading from scripts in Chapter 14.
书面文字的问题在于,除非您大声说出这些文字并且您的听众听到您的发音, 否则您无法完全理解它们的影响。
The trouble with the written word is that until you say the words aloud and your audience hears how you say them, you don’t fully understand their impact.
在跨文化交流中,基于音调的误解特别容易发生,因为双方对某些声音品质的解释不同。英国直截了当的笑话经常被外国人误解,他们希望用不同的语气来表达幽默。当没有任何专横的态度时,印度音调变化对西方听众来说可能听起来很教条。在第 11 章中找到更多关于跨文化问题的信息。
Misunderstandings based on tone can occur particularly easily in cross-cultural exchanges where two parties interpret certain vocal qualities differently. British straight-faced jokes are often misunderstood by foreigners, who expect a different tone for humour. Indian tonal inflection can sound dogmatic to western listeners when no domineering attitude is intended. Find out more about cross-cultural concerns in Chapter 11.
误区四:只有外表才是真正重要的
Myth 4: Only looks really count
把这个神话看作是前一个神话的反面。你可能生活在一个充满声音的世界里,但外表才是真正的明星。在时间、金钱和注意力方面,每次都是外表胜出:
Think of this myth as the flipside of the preceding one. You may live in a world full of sound, but appearance is the real star of the show. In terms of time, money and attention, appearance wins out every time:
时装业为各种场合大量生产服装,而珠宝业则添加所有这些“基本”细节。
The fashion industry churns out clothes for every occasion, while the jewellery industry adds all those ‘essential’ details.
美容行业推销化妆品、面霜和乳液,而发型师、美容师、美甲师和无数其他专家则负责您身体的各个部位。
The beauty industry promotes make-up, creams and lotions, while hairstylists, beauticians, manicurists, and myriad other specialists tend to every part of your body.
个人培训和整形手术行业倾向于每一个可能跟不上的部分——从跆拳道到肉毒杆菌毒素等等——所有这些都是为了看起来好看。
The personal training and plastic surgery industries tend to every part that may not be keeping up – from kickboxing to Botox and beyond – all in the effort to look good.
想想你在衣服以及美容、化妆、理发、时尚杂志、面部护理、美甲、整形手术上花了多少钱。
Think about how much you spend on clothes as well as grooming, make-up, haircuts, style magazines, facials, manicure, plastic surgery.
想想你花了多少时间去购物或上网、整理衣服、理发、美甲、打蜡、梳头以及照镜子。
Consider how many hours you spend going shopping or trawling the Internet, looking after your clothes, having your hair cut, your nails done, your legs waxed, brushing your hair and just looking at yourself in the mirror.
想想你早上离开家之前做了什么。你会照镜子检查自己的外表吗?你检查你的肤色、你的头发和你的衣服吗?
Ponder what you do before leaving the house in the morning. Do you look at yourself in the mirror and check your appearance? Do you examine your complexion, your hair and your outfit?
现在想想你在声音上投入的金钱、时间和注意力。你花钱或时间来改善你的声音吗?你在离开家之前检查过你的声音吗?如果这些问题听起来很奇怪,请不要感到惊讶。几乎每个人都更注重外表!
Now think about your investment of money, time and attention in your voice. Do you spend any money or time to improve your voice? Do you check out your voice before leaving the house? Don’t be surprised if these questions sound odd. Nearly everyone focuses more on appearance!
然而,外表的绝对重要性是一个神话。是的,当你第一次见到某人时,你确实倾向于有意识地注意外表和一般表现。是的,在最初试探 别人时,你可能只会听出他们的口音,或者注意到某个声音是特别优美还是特别难听。但是你对他人声音的更深层次的、潜意识的反应是巨大而有力的。你可能不会有意识地全神贯注地听取他人的声音,但你一直在从人们的声音中寻找意义,正如我在下一节中探讨的那样。
And yet, the all-consuming importance of appearance is a myth. Yes, when you meet someone for the first time, you do tend to pay conscious attention to appearance and general presentation. And yes, in sounding out others initially, you probably only pick up their accents or notice if a voice is especially beautiful or particularly unpleasant. But your deeper, subconscious reactions to others’ voices are massive and powerful. You may not consciously give what you hear from another person your complete attention, but you’re making meaning from people’s sound all the time, as I explore in the following section.
深入了解您对声音的反应
Digging Deeper into How You React to Voices
在倾听别人的声音时,你有没有:
While listening to others’ voices, have you ever:
当尖锐的尖叫声袭击您的耳朵时感到畏缩吗?
Cringed when a high-pitched shrieking voice assaulted your ears?
当有人使用强硬的主导语气向您提出要求时,您是否会生气地紧闭双唇?
Squeezed your lips together in irritation when someone made a request of you using a hard-edged dominating tone?
当有人简单或诚实地表达自己的感受时,是否感动得流下了眼泪?
Been moved to tears when someone stated their feelings simply or honestly?
是否会因为朋友的自信语气而受到激励去做某事?
Become galvanised to do something based on a friend’s confident tone?
当某人开始说话时,最初对他或她的正面评价是否很快就破灭了?
Had an initially positive estimation of someone quickly shatter when he or she started to speak?
当一个人的声音与他或她的外表发生冲突时,是否会感到与外界脱节?也许你遇到了一个身材苗条、声音洪亮的人,或者一个看起来很健壮、声音细弱、令人窒息的人。你和那个人谈话感觉如何?
Felt disconnected when a person’s voice clashed with his or her appearance? Perhaps you met someone slim and petite with an overpowering voice, or someone who looked fighting fit with a thin and strangulated voice. How did you feel talking to that person?
其他人的声音对您的影响——通常比您意识到的要深远得多。
Other people’s voices affect you – profoundly and usually to a much greater degree than you realise.
体验声音的物理力量
Experiencing sound’s physical power
声音对你有身体上的影响。如果你曾经站在火车站,当一列高速列车驶过时,你会回想起引擎雷鸣般的轰鸣声和身体的震动。声音让你感动。您无法将声音和振动分开。
Sound has a physical impact on you. If you’ve ever stood on a train station when a fast train shot through, you’ll recall the thunderous roar of the engine and the vibration you felt in your body. Sound moves you. You can’t separate sound and vibration.
同样,当人们说话时,他们声音的音色——他们特定的振动——会进入你的耳朵,并在你的身体内产生交感神经振动,从而产生愉快或不愉快的效果。你无法避免自己内心的共鸣。你不能像闭上眼睛不看你不想看到的东西那样容易地让自己远离声音。如果振动令人不快,则说明您对该人有负面反应;如果振动是愉快的,你就会对这个人有积极的感觉。声音触动你,在你的身体深处。声音是一种真实的感觉。因此,当您对声音做出自发反应时,感觉会影响您的反应。
In the same way, when people speak, the timbre of their voice – their particular vibration – enters your ears and creates sympathetic vibration inside your body as well, creating a pleasant or unpleasant effect. You can’t avoid the resonance inside yourself. You can’t shut yourself off from sound as easily as you can shut your eyes against something you don’t want to see. If the vibration is unpleasant, you have a negative reaction to the person; if the vibration is pleasant you feel positively towards the individual. Sound touches you, deep within your body. Sound is feeling in a literal way. So when you react spontaneously to a voice, feeling informs your reaction.
响应声音的振动
Responding to sound’s vibrations
因为声音会在您体内振动,所以声音可以打动您。(情绪这个词提醒我们,感觉包括运动感或振动感。)
Because voice sounds vibrate inside you, voices can move you. (The word emotion is a reminder that feelings include a sense of motion or vibration.)
听听美国演员詹姆斯厄尔琼斯。许多剪辑都可以在线获得。丰富而深沉的音调从他巨大的框架中产生共鸣。与这位演员合作过的人报告说,他的声音似乎来自内心深处,发自内心。他们报告说,他们也在内心深处听到了他的声音。然而,尽管琼斯的声音很有力量,但它也有可能引起笑声。用一位评论员的话来说,他的声音是“可以融化黄油的声音”。
Listen to the American actor James Earl Jones. Many clips are available online. Rich and deep tones resonate from his huge frame. People who’ve worked with the actor report that his sound seems to come from deep within him, right from the heart. They report that they hear his voice deep within themselves too. Yet for all its power, Jones’s voice also has the potential for laughter. His voice is ‘a voice that can melt butter’ in the words of one commentator.
作为对比,请听演员文森特·普莱斯 (Vincent Price) 的讲述。他以可怕的声音而闻名,在他的整个职业生涯中扮演了数十个恶棍和令人毛骨悚然的角色。听着他意味深长的强调和令人不寒而栗的轻声调,简直让人毛骨悚然。
For contrast, listen to the actor Vincent Price. Well known for his scary voice, he played dozens of villains and creepy characters throughout his career. Listening to his meaningful emphases and chilling lighter tones literally makes people’s hair stand on end.
作为一个恶作剧者,普莱斯曾参加他的一部恐怖电影的放映,并直接坐在一对毫无戒心的夫妇后面。当他在电影中用可怕的声音说话的部分出现时,他就用那种声音从这对夫妇的身后说话。谈论内在振动;他们从座位上跳了起来!
A practical joker, Price once attended a showing of one of his horror films and sat directly behind an unsuspecting couple. When the part came up where he spoke with his scary voice in the film, he spoke from behind the couple in that very voice. Talk about inner vibration; they leapt out of their seats!
由于对人们的声音有如此强烈的很大程度上是无意识的反应,它在我们对名人的反应中扮演重要角色也就不足为奇了。
With such a strong largely unconscious reaction to people’s voices, it isn’t surprising that it plays an important part in our response to celebrities.
也许人们会不自觉地回应你的声音。如果你发展自己的声音并听起来不同,人们会对你有何不同的看法?他们会更认真地对待你吗?对你更温暖?准备好改变人们对你的看法!
Perhaps people respond unconsciously to your voice. How might people regard you differently if you developed your voice and sounded different? Would they take you more seriously? Warm to you more? Prepare to change people’s assumptions about you!
从声音中理解意义
Making meaning from voice sounds
当你对某人的声音产生身体反应时,你会立即从你的反应中理解意义。例如:
When you have a physical reaction to someone’s voice, you instantly make meaning from your reaction. For example:
如果人们声音洪亮,您往往会认为他们很自信。
If people have robust voices, you tend to consider them confident.
如果他们的声音低沉,你就会更愿意认真对待他们。
If they have deep voices, you’re more disposed to take them seriously.
如果他们说话速度很快且充满活力,您就会认为他们机智。
If they speak quite fast and energetically, you consider them quick-witted.
如果大人说话的音调很高,您可能会认为他们愚蠢或幼稚。
If adults speaks with very high pitch, you’re likely to consider them silly or naïve.
如果他们说话时声音刺耳,你会认为他们麻木不仁或粗鲁。
If they speak driving the voice hard into the nose, you think of them as insensitive or boorish.
如果您听到声音中的犹豫,您会认为您是在和一个不自信的人说话。
If you hear hesitation in the sound, you assume you’re speaking to an unconfident person.
人们以无数种不同的方式解读声音,而大多数这种情况都是在瞬间发生的,而您却没有意识到这一点。
People interpret voices in a myriad of different ways, and most of this happens in an instant without you giving it conscious awareness.
第3章
Chapter 3
了解你自己的声音
Getting to Know Your Own Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
听到自己的声音
Hearing your own voice
欣赏构成你声音的所有因素
Appreciating all the factors that make up your voice
注意你的声音如何以及何时变化
Noticing how and when your voice varies
准备做出改变
Preparing to make changes
一个男人叫了一辆出租车。“我想去车站,”他说。“好吧,”出租车司机回答。'我来接你。你现在在哪?' '呃。. . 我不知道。但我想去车站!每一段旅程都是从这里到那里,除非你知道你来自哪里,否则你无法开始。那么你现在在哪里发声?你现在的声音怎么样?
A man calls for a taxi. ‘I want to go to the station,’ he says. ‘Fine,’ replies the taxi driver. ‘I’ll pick you up. Where are you now?’ ‘Er . . . I don’t know. But I want to go to the station!’ Every journey goes from here to there, and you can’t start unless you know where you’re coming from. So where are you now vocally? What’s your voice like at present?
您可能认为答案是显而易见的,但这并不是因为很难确定您自己的声音听起来究竟如何。从字面上看,你在身体上离你发出的实际声音太近了,你的听力会受到你的恐惧和期望的影响。
You may think that the answer is obvious, but it’s not because being sure exactly how your own voice sounds is difficult. You are, literally, too physically close to the actual sound you produce, and your hearing is influenced by your fears and expectations.
许多人讨厌他们的声音,但无法真正解释原因。他们说,“我只是有一种感觉”或“这是人们忽视我的方式”或“当我张开嘴时人们会奇怪地看着我”。有些人因为他们对口音或阶级的看法而仓促下结论。有些人根本不知道它们听起来像什么。其他人,可能是大多数人,抓住了他们不喜欢的一个特定方面。他们认为自己的声音太高、太小或太沉闷。
Many people hate their voices but can’t really explain why. They say, ‘I just have a feeling’ or ‘It’s the way people ignore me’ or ‘People look at me oddly when I open my mouth’. Some jump to conclusions because of their views about accent or class. Some have no idea at all what they sound like. Others, the majority probably, latch onto one specific aspect that they dislike. They think that their voices are too high, too quiet or too dull.
大多数人认为每个人都有一种特定的声音。事实上,大多数人都有不止一种声音。你会根据情况改变它——你在和谁说话,你对地位的看法以及你在任何给定时刻的身体和情感感受。你说话的主题很复杂。那么,关于你的真实声音,你能收集到哪些线索呢?继续阅读 - 并重新熟悉您的声音。
Most people assume that each person has one particular voice. The truth is that most people have more than one voice. You change it according to circumstances – who you’re speaking to, your perception of status and how you’re feeling, physically and emotionally, at any given moment. The subject of your voice is a complex one. So, what clues can you gather about how you really sound? Read on – and gain new familiarity with your voice.
听到你的声音
Hearing What You Sound Like
我能听到有人抗议,'我什至不想知道我听起来像什么;我只知道我的声音很糟糕!不用担心。大多数人对自己的声音评价不高,害怕发现现实比他们想象的更糟。
I can hear someone protest, ‘I don’t even want to know what I sound like; I just know my voice is awful!’ Don’t worry. Most people don’t rate their voices highly and fear to discover that the reality is worse than they thought.
请放心,本章中的活动只是初步探索,旨在为您提供有关最佳后续步骤的信息。
Rest assured that the activities in this chapter are only a preliminary exploration, to give you information on the best next steps for you.
听录音
Listening to a recording
如果您曾经在电话或移动设备上播放过您的个人回复消息,您就会知道在录音中聆听自己的声音是一种奇怪的感觉。你的声音听起来有点熟悉,但又不是。它听起来可能比您预期的要高,具有不吸引人的细小音质,给人的感觉是机械的——或者至少不是很人性化。
If you’ve ever played back your personal answer message on your phone or mobile, you know that listening to yourself in a recording can be a weird sensation. Your voice sounds sort of familiar, only it’s not. It probably sounds higher than you’re expecting, has an unattractive tinny quality and comes across as mechanical – or at least not very human.
我不清楚吗?
Am I unclear?
我赶时间吗?
Am I rushing?
我的声音是否都处于相同的音量和音高水平?
Is my voice all on the same volume and pitch level?
我会突然大声说出孤立的词吗?
Do I suddenly boom out loudly on isolated words?
我是否犹豫地停下来开始?
Do I stop and start hesitantly?
如果您对这些问题的回答让您感到焦虑或绝望,请保持冷静!本书的章节涉及上述每个问题。
If your responses to these questions get you feeling anxious or despairing, stay calm! This book has chapters that deal with each of the preceding issues.
从内部聆听
Listening from inside
听到自己录音的主要震撼在于,这种体验与你说话时在内心聆听截然不同。坏消息是,您说话时通过耳朵听到的声音几乎不比听录音更可靠——您听不到其他人听到的声音。当你说话时,你听到的声音从你的头部和胸部的骨骼共振表面反射回来,似乎比其他人听到的声音更响亮,更能在你的脑海中产生共鸣。此外,当声音在您的头骨内回荡时,您会感到令人满意的振动。难怪你的声音在你内心听起来更丰富、更饱满!
The main shock of hearing a recording of yourself is that the experience is so different from listening inside when you speak. The bad news is that the sound you hear through your ears when you speak is scarcely more reliable than listening to a recording – you don’t hear the voice that other people hear. When you speak, the sound you hear bouncing off the resonant surfaces of bones in your head and chest seems much louder and more resonant inside your head than the sound that other people hear. In addition, you feel satisfying vibrations as the sound reverberates around inside your skull. No wonder your voice sounds richer and fuller inside you!
1. 一只手放在耳后,轻轻向前弯曲耳朵。
1. Cup one hand behind your ear, and gently bend your ear forward.
2. 将另一只手轻轻握在脸前,距离嘴巴约一手宽。
2. Hold your other hand gently rounded in front of your face, about a hand’s width away from your mouth.
将嘴前那只手的手指指向耳后的那只手,这样两只手几乎要接触。
Point the fingers of the hand in front of your mouth towards the hand cupped behind your ear, so that the two hands are almost touching.
3. 正常对着脸前的圆手说话。
3. Speak normally into the rounded hand in front of your face.
调整前手,直到声音似乎是从您外面发出的。
Adjust the front hand until the sound seems to emanate from outside you.
您听到的声音与您说话时其他人听到的声音非常相似。几乎可以肯定,这个声音比您在脑海中听到的声音更高更细——不过不用担心;每个人都有相似的经历。
The voice you hear sounds quite similar to what other people hear when you speak. Almost certainly, the sound is higher and thinner than the sound you hear inside your head – don’t worry though; everyone has a similar experience.
获得反馈
Getting feedback
您也可以请朋友或信任的同事就您的声音给您反馈。告诉对方你正在寻求平衡的意见,包括正面和负面的意见。说明你想听到对你声音特征的物理描述,而不是描述他们认为你是什么样的人的情感个人意见。
You can also ask a friend or trusted colleague to give you feedback on your voice. Tell the other person that you’re seeking a balanced opinion, both positive and negative. Explain that you want to hear a physical description of the characteristics of your voice, rather than an emotive personal opinion that describes the kind of person they think you are.
当您向其他人征求反馈意见时,他们可能会给您贴上标签或用情绪化的术语描述您的声音,例如“你听起来很傲慢”或“你听起来很胆小”。如果是这样,从腰带以下的打击中恢复过来后,再提出一个问题。问问你的朋友,他或她究竟从声音中听到了什么,从而产生了这种看法。例如,你的声音是生硬的还是在句末提高了声调?这就是对您有用的信息。
When you ask other people for feedback, they may label you or describe your voice in emotive terms such as, ‘You sound rather patronising’ or ‘You sound timid.’ If so, after recovering from this blow below the belt, follow up with a question. Ask your friend what exactly he or she hears in the sound that gives rise to that opinion. For example, is your sound hard-edged or do you raise the tone at the end of a sentence? That’s the kind of information that is going to be useful to you.
人们是否经常要求您重复您所说的话,或者没有注意到您说过的话?
Do people often ask you to repeat what you say or not notice that you have spoken?
你看到人们倾身向前听——还是后退?!
Do you see people leaning forward to hear – or maybe backing away?!
在心里记下你的观察结果,问问自己你可以做些什么来对你的听众产生不同的影响。
Mentally log your observations and ask yourself what you may do differently to have a different impact on your listeners.
识别您独特的声音
Recognising your unique sound
你的声音是你一个人的。你听起来不像其他人。您的声音是许多不同因素的混合体,造就了您独特的声音和说话方式。
Your voice is yours alone. You don’t sound quite like anyone else. Your voice is an amalgam of many different factors, resulting in your unique sound and manner of speaking.
在最简单的层面上,您的语音质量取决于您的身体形状。小提琴听起来不像大提琴,因为它的大小与小提琴相当。双胞胎听起来很相似,部分原因是他们的骨骼结构相似,尤其是头骨。但是每把小提琴仍然与其他小提琴不同,甚至双胞胎在成长过程中也会出现声音差异。请参阅第 9 章了解更多关于您的身体和头骨影响声音的方式。
At the simplest level, your voice quality depends on the shape of your body. A violin doesn’t sound like a cello because it’s violin-sized. Twins sound similar partly because they have similar bone structure, particularly of their skulls. But every violin is still different from other violins, and even twins develop differences in their voices as they mature. See Chapter 9 for more on the ways your body and skull affect your sound.
你的声音听起来像你所做的,因为你如何控制自己。如果你像军士长一样僵硬地站着,你听起来就不同于那些懒散的人,好像是在倒霉。请参阅第 5 章,了解更多关于姿势如何影响声音的信息。
You sound the way you do because of how you hold yourself. If you stand stiffly like a sergeant major, you sound different from someone who slouches as if down on their luck. See Chapter 5 for the more on how your posture affects your voice.
你的声音取决于你如何听到别人的声音和使用你的耳朵。听力是首先了解如何说话的关键,然后会影响您成熟时调节声音的能力。
Your sound depends on how you hear others and use your ears. Listening is key to finding out how to speak in the first place and then affects your ability to modulate your sound as you mature.
你的声音取决于你如何演奏你的声乐乐器——这会受到你的想法和感觉的影响。你的声音会受到你认为自己是什么样的人、你希望自己成为什么样的人以及你害怕自己可能成为什么样的人的影响。
Your sound depends on how you play your vocal instrument – and that is influenced by your thinking and feeling. Your sound is affected by the kind of person you think you are, as well as the kind of person you wish you were and the kind of person you fear you may be.
如果你怀疑自己是一个无聊的人,那么你往往会发出无聊的声音。如果你渴望自信,你会尝试将其注入你的声音中。随着您的信心起起落落,您的声音质量也会发生变化。同样,你的声音反映出你是一个缓慢、深入思考的人,还是一个敏捷、自发的人。第 10 章更详细地探讨了这种身心联系。
If you suspect that you’re a boring person, you tend to produce a boring voice. If you aspire to be confident, you try to inject that into your voice. As your confidence waxes and wanes, your voice changes in quality. Similarly, your voice reflects whether you’re more of a slow, deep thinker or quick, spontaneous one. Chapter 10 explores this mind-body connection in greater detail.
你的声音取决于你喜欢什么声音。你试图以你想要的方式听起来与你的认同感以及你如何看待自己在课堂、教育、文化环境等方面的适应密切相关。有关区域和阶级口音的更多信息,请参阅第 12 章。
Your voice depends on what sounds you prefer. Your attempts to sound the way you want to are bound up with your sense of identity and how you see yourself fitting in with respect to class, education, cultural environment and so on. See Chapter 12 for more about regional and class accents.
你的声音就是你允许自己成为的人。你个性的哪些方面会在你的声音中表现出来,哪些会隐藏起来?整个表达的味觉都为你所用,但你可能会忽略某些声调,如亲密的声音、傻傻的声音、狂喜的声音或悲伤或愤怒的声音。见第 11 章。
Your voice is who you allow yourself to be. Which aspects of your personality come out in your voice and which remain hidden? The whole palate of expression is available to you, but you may neglect certain voice tones, such as the intimate voice, the silly voice, the ecstatic voice or tones of sadness or anger. See Chapter 11.
深入了解您的声音
Gathering Insights into Your Voice
您可能担心您的口音或说话方式会泄露太多关于您在哪里出生、长大或受教育的信息。(我在第 12 章正面讨论了重音问题。)
You may worry that your accent or way of speaking gives away too much information about where you were born, raised or educated. (I address the issue of accents head-on in Chapter 12.)
实际上,您的声音泄露的信息远不止于此!你的声音绝对充满了关于你的体型、种族、出生地、社会阶层、年龄以及可能还有你的职业的线索。它是您健康和幸福状态的晴雨表。它揭示了您是否有压力、疲倦或醉酒。它表明你的心态、你的自信水平和你的联系能力。谁需要复杂的心理仪器来测试人?你的声音揭示了这一切,甚至在你发表简短的评论时,“你觉得要下雨吗?”
Actually, your voice gives away even more information about you than that! Your voice is absolutely full of clues about your physical size, race, birth-place, social class, age and probably your occupation too. It’s a barometer of your state of health and well-being. It reveals whether you’re stressed, tired or drunk. It suggests your state of mind, your level of confidence and your ability to connect. Who needs complicated psychological instruments to test people? Your voice reveals all this even as you toss off a brief comment, ‘Going to rain, d’you think?’
您可以将故事与您的声音联系起来。您的仪器是预先确定的;你的声带有特定的长度;你的身体构成就是这样——但你使用声音的方式才是真正与众不同的。
You can relate the story to your voice. Your instrument is predetermined; your vocal cords are of a particular length; your physical make-up is what it is – but the way you use your voice is what really makes the difference.
你是多么的放松和柔顺。
How relaxed and supple you are.
您使用声音的程度和方式。
How much and in what ways you utilise your voice.
您如何回应人们以及您希望与他们建立联系的程度。
How you respond to people and how much you desire to connect with them.
到目前为止,您对生活的反应如何:无论您是在生活中航行还是在每一寸土地上都在挣扎。
How you’ve responded to your life up to now: whether you’ve sailed through life or struggled every inch of the way.
您在这个世界上如何看待自己,尤其是您扮演了多少角色,或者您对自己的鞋子感到自在多少。
How you see yourself in the world, especially how much you play a role or how much you feel at ease in your own shoes.
捡拾痕迹
Picking up the traces
你的声音很粘 它会在你经历生活时获得属性。如果您在该国的一个地方上学,然后成年后搬到另一个地方,您的口音通常会带有原始口音的痕迹。如果您在孩提时代与说话方式不同的孩子成为亲密朋友,那么您自己的声音就会带有他们的细微差别——不仅是他们的语言和口音,还有他们的语调、节奏和表达特质。你的声音尤其受到你钦佩和选择作为榜样的人的影响。
Your voice is sticky. It picks up attributes as you go through life. If you go to school in one part of the country and move as an adult to another, your accent usually reveals traces of its original accent. If, as a child you make close friends with a child with a different way of speaking, your own voice picks up nuances of theirs – not only their language and their accent but also their intonation, rhythm and expressive idiosyncrasies. Your voice is influenced particularly by people you admire and choose as role models.
你可能会认为,有了这种“粘性”,至少一个家庭的成员都以相同的方式说话,但家庭内部的声音并不总是相似的。当我第一次见到一个同事的孩子时,我很惊讶,他是一位大学教授,说话很有贵族腔调。他的儿子说话带有浓重的地方口音,这是从他学校的其他孩子那里学来的。你不会知道父母和孩子甚至是亲戚!
You may think that, with this ‘stickiness’, at least members of a single family all speak the same way but voices within families aren’t always similar. I was surprised when I first met the children of a colleague who is a university professor and speaks in patrician tones. His son spoke with a strong regional accent picked up from other children at his school. You wouldn’t know that parent and child were even related!
有些人的声音特别“粘”,对听到的任何内容都会立即做出反应。他们像对待孩子一样和孩子说话,用颤抖的声音和老年人说话,或者用外国口音和外国人说话。如果他们是一群人中的一员,其中一个人正在用南方口音说话,这些人会发现自己也在做同样的事情,即使其他人可能会因为听到听起来像戏剧表演而尴尬地畏缩。
Some people have particularly ‘sticky’ voices and react instantly to whatever they hear. They speak to children like children themselves, to older people in quivery voices or to foreigners in foreign accents. If they’re part of a group where one person is speaking in a broad southern drawl, these people find themselves doing the same, even though the rest of the group may be cringing in embarrassment to hear what sounds like a theatrical act.
当您更加注意自己的声音时,您可以缓和这种模仿的倾向并避免尴尬。然而,匹配他人口音和说话方式的能力,经过磨练和完善后,可以作为一种与他人建立更紧密联系的手段。我将在第 15 章中更详细地介绍如何与你的声音建立联系。
When you become more aware of your voice, you can moderate this tendency to mimic and save yourself from embarrassment. However, the ability to match someone else’s accent and way of speaking, when honed and polished, comes in useful as a means to create a closer connection with others. I cover creating connections with your voice in more detail in Chapter 15.
讲述你的人生故事
Sounding out your life story
你的声音会以各种方式受到你早期情感经历的影响:
Your voice is affected by your earlier emotional experiences in all sorts of ways:
如果你在情感上受到伤害并隐藏内心深处的感受,你通常会掩饰声音中的温暖。
If you’re hurt emotionally and conceal feeling deep within you, you often bury the warmth in your voice.
如果你的童年对糟糕的对待的反应是咬紧牙关而不是愤怒地爆发,那么今天的咬紧牙关可能会让你的声音变得沙哑。
If your childhood response to bad treatment was to grit your teeth rather than exploding with anger, that clenching may make your voice hard today.
如果你总是通过奉承周围的大人得到你想要的东西,你的声音可能会获得一种讨人喜欢的轻盈,成为其常规化妆的一部分。
If you always got what you wanted by flattering grown-ups around you, your voice may acquire an ingratiating lightness that becomes part of its regular make-up.
如果你总是胆怯内敛,你的声音很可能会缺乏前进的能量,卡在喉咙里,几乎无法传达给听众。
If you were always timid and reserved, your voice is likely to lack forward energy and get stuck in your throat, scarcely reaching your listener.
如果你年轻时经常受到贬低和批评,那么即使你感到兴奋,你的声音也可能不再具有高昂的热情。
If you were regularly put down and criticised when you were young, your voice probably no longer has access to its high enthusiastic tones even when you feel excited.
你在生活中所做的一切和感受到的一切都会影响你呼吸的方式、安排你的骨骼和使用你的肌肉。你习惯了使用面部、嘴巴和喉咙肌肉的特定模式,并围绕这些声音习惯塑造你的身体,在这个过程中加强某些肌肉并削弱其他肌肉。
Everything you’ve done and felt in your life shapes the way that you breathe, arrange your skeleton and use your muscles. You get used to particular patterns in using the muscles of face, mouth and throat and mould your physical body around these habits of sound, strengthening certain muscles and weakening others in the process.
展现你不同的声音
Revealing Your Different Voices
我有时会在研讨会上问客户,“你们中有谁认为您的声音会在不同情况下发生变化?” 通常会有少数人举手。“现在,你们中有谁认为你们的声音在大多数情况下或多或少是一样的?” 还有更多人举手。
I sometimes ask clients in workshops, ‘Which of you think that your voice changes in different circumstances?’ A few people typically raise their hands. ‘Now, which of you think that your voice is more or less the same on most occasions?’ Many more raise their hands.
1. 回想一下你感到害羞或害怕的时候。
1. Recall a time you felt shy or intimidated.
你有没有玩过派对游戏“以某种方式”,你以特定角色的方式进行活动,比如芭蕾舞,比如重量级摔跤手?这就是这里的游戏。如果你很少感到胆怯,那么想象你是;如果你经常感到胆小,那么你会发现这很容易!在房间里四处走动,“以”胆小者的方式与他人打招呼。
Have you ever played the party game ‘In the manner of’ where you perform an activity, say ballet dancing, in the manner of a particular character, like a heavyweight wrestler? That’s the game here. If you seldom feel timid, then imagine that you are; if you often feel timid, then you’ll find it easy! Walk around the room and greet others ‘in the manner of’ a timid person.
2. 一段时间后,停止这项活动。然后想象您正在参加商务社交活动。
2. After a while, break off from that activity. Then imagine that you’re at a business networking event.
正式自信地问候他人,以商务模式相互介绍。
Greet others formally and confidently, and introduce people to each other in business mode.
3. 最后,想象一下你突然遇到一位多年未见的特别亲密的朋友。
3. Finally, imagine that you suddenly bump into a special close friend whom you haven’t seen for years.
带着愉悦和惊奇兴奋地迎接这个人,如果你愿意的话,可以高兴地尖叫。
Greet this person excitedly with pleasure and amazement, shrieking with delight if you want.
4.比较每个场景的体验和能量。
4. Compare the experience and energy of each scenario.
在第一部分,当我领导这项活动时,噪音水平很低,并保持在同样的低音调。在第二部分,说话的声音大了很多,音调也提高了一个档次。在最后一部分,噪音水平非常高,音调上升到平流层。每个小组都会出现这种高音量,即使每个小组都有相当内敛或害羞的参与者。人们惊讶于他们在不同情况下听起来有多么不同。
In the first part, when I lead this activity, the noise level is low and stays at the same low pitch. In the second part, the sound of talking is much louder and also raised a notch in pitch. In the last part, the noise level is extremely high with the voice pitches rising to the stratosphere. This high volume happens with every group, even though each group has participants who are fairly restrained or shy. People are surprised at how different they sound in different circumstances.
有些人的声音几乎没有变化。他们既不吸收别人的说话方式,也不对不同的环境和人做出口头反应。你可能是其中之一。如果你想表达你的声音,你需要能够随意改变它。
Some people’s voices scarcely change at all. They neither absorb others’ ways of speaking nor react vocally to different circumstances and people. You may be one of them. If you want to be expressive with your voice, you need to be able to vary it at will.
能够根据不同情况改变声音是更好地与他人联系的最佳方式之一。当你和别人打招呼并且你的声音愉快地提高时,他们知道你很高兴见到他们。当你同情一个悲伤的朋友并且你的声音变得温和时,他们相信你对他们感到真正的同情。在工作中或在家里,用更多样化的声音说话可以增进理解并改善人际关系。
Being able to change your voice for different circumstances is one of the best ways to connect better with others. When you greet people and your voice rises with pleasure, they know that you’re pleased to see them. When you sympathise with a sad friend and your voice takes on a gentle quality, they trust that you feel genuine empathy for them. At work or at home, speaking with more variety in your voice brings you increased understanding and better relationships.
换档
Shifting pitch
与其他任何方面相比,人们更多地抱怨自己声音的音调。通常他们认为自己的声音太高了,尽管有些人认为他们的声音太“咆哮”并且压在喉咙深处。
People complain more about the pitch of their own voice than about any other aspect. Usually they think their voices are too high, though some people believe their voices are too ‘growly’ and down in the back of their throats.
尽管人们对音高有不同的看法,但大多数听众都喜欢低音。在 BBC 的早期,女播音员是不可想象的,因为负责人(男性)认为女性的声音缺乏权威,国家不会愿意听高音。也许部分出于这个原因,几十年来,商业和公共生活中的女性一直致力于降低声音,有时这对她们不利。
Although people have differing opinions about pitch, most listeners favour lower voices. In the early days of the BBC, female announcers were unthinkable because the people in charge (men) believed that a woman’s voice lacked authority and that the nation wouldn’t want to listen to high tones. Perhaps partly for this reason, for decades women in business and public life have aimed for lower voices, sometimes to their detriment.
您可以通过多种方式降低您的声音 – 特别是通过向下压,这会损害您的声音,或者通过使用更多的咽部共鸣(喉咙中的共鸣),这听起来很不自然。玛格丽特·撒切尔 (Margaret Thatcher) 聘请后者接受媒体采访。然而,降低音高的最佳方法是使用下半身共振,我将在第 9 章中介绍。
You can lower your voice in various ways – notably by pushing down, which can harm your voice, or by using more pharyngeal resonance (resonance down in your throat), which sounds artificial. Margaret Thatcher employed the latter for media interviews. However, the best way to lower your pitch is to use lower body resonance, which I cover in Chapter 9.
如果您的声音听起来异常高,最可能的原因是紧张。一旦你感到紧张,你的音调就会升高。持续感到压力也会让你紧张,声音变薄。当您能够放松时,您的音调会降低到较低的音调。
If your voice sounds unnaturally high, the most likely reason is tension. As soon as you get nervous, your voice pitch goes up. Feeling constantly stressed also makes you tight and thins your voice. When you’re able to relax, your voice tone settles down at a lower pitch.
如果您说话的音量高于自然音量,您的声音通常听起来会更细弱或带有令人不快的鼻音。如果你压得太深,你的声音可能听起来很紧张,或者你经常有清嗓子的冲动。
If you speak higher than is natural, your voice can often sound thinner or unpleasantly nasal. If you push too deep, your voice probably sounds strained or you frequently feel the urge to clear your throat.
找到你的自然音高
Finding your natural pitch
对于大多数人来说,最适合您的声音的音调是您自然而然地用于非语言鼓励者的音调。这些是您在倾听他人并希望他们知道您正在积极参与他们所说的事情时发出的声音。它们包括“嗯嗯”、“嗯”和其他令人鼓舞的声音。
For most people, the pitch that is easiest for your voice is the one you use naturally for non-verbal encouragers. These are sounds you make when you’re listening to others and want them to know that you’re actively engaged in what they’re saying. They include ‘uh-huh’, ‘mm’ and other encouraging noises.
“Uh-huh”特别有趣,因为它包含两个音高——较高的“uh”和较低的“huh”。这两种声音为您的正常音高范围提供了有用的经验法则。为了听起来有趣和自然,改变你的音调,使它主要在这些水平之间波动。通过将手放在胸骨上并以自然音高说话来确认您正在使用理想的音高。你应该在那里感受到振动。
‘Uh-huh’ is particularly interesting because it contains two pitches – a higher ‘uh’ and a lower ‘huh’. These two sounds give you a useful rule of thumb for your normal pitch range. In order to sound interesting and natural, vary your pitch so that it mostly fluctuates between these levels. Confirm that you’re working with your ideal pitch by placing your hand on your breast bone and speaking at your natural pitch. You should feel vibrations there.
您还可以通过用力哼唱、感受鼻子和嘴巴周围的振动来找到您的音调。然后用同样的感觉和同样的音调说话。
You can also find your pitch by humming energetically, feeling the vibration in your nose and around your mouth. Then speak with the same feeling and at the same pitch.
盘点
Taking Stock
发展声音的最佳方法是什么?现在是一个很好的机会,您可以评估和查看您当前的声音,并决定您想要听起来像什么以及您将如何发展您的声音。
What is the best way forward for you in developing your voice? Right now is a good opportunity for you to take stock and look at your current voice as well as decide what you want to sound like and how you’re going to go about developing your voice.
你当然知道怎么说话。你有多年的实践!但是,就像一个每周都来打球的业余高尔夫球手,从来没有时间检查他的球技,你日复一日地使用你的声音,并且可能已经养成了坏习惯。是时候进行一些辅导了!
You know how to speak of course. You’ve had years of practice! But like an amateur golfer who turns up to play every week and never has the time to examine his game, you carry on using your voice day in, day out and have probably picked up bad habits. Time for some coaching!
以下部分可帮助您开始评估您的声音并规划您想要达到的方向。
The following sections help you begin to assess your voice and plan the direction you want to aim for.
评估你的声音
Evaluating your voice
评估你的声音如何适合你
Assessing how your voice fits you
直到后来我才完全明白他在说什么。我只想听起来像著名的天后琼·萨瑟兰或玛丽亚·卡拉斯。但事实上,我的榜样本身就是首先表达自己的歌手。
I didn’t fully understand what he was saying until later. I just wanted to sound like renowned divas Joan Sutherland or Maria Callas. But, in fact, my role models were themselves singers who first and foremost expressed themselves.
1. 在一张纸的中央垂直画一条线,在左侧写下你最好的个人品质。
1. Draw a line vertically down the centre of a sheet of paper and write down some of your best personal qualities on the left side.
不要用“好吧,有些人说我是……”来限定你写的东西。. .' 或者'我想在美好的一天我有时...... . . '. 快速自由地做这个练习,不要自我审查。
Don’t qualify what you write with, ‘Well, some people say that I’m . . .’ or ‘I suppose that on a good day I’m sometimes . . . ’. Just do this exercise quickly and freely without censoring yourself.
在页面上写下至少 20 种个人品质。包括一种秘密的品质,你知道它是你自己的一部分,但没有人知道。列出一个你甚至都没有想过要说出来的显而易见的品质!
Write down at least 20 personal qualities on the page. Include a quality that is secret, that you know to be part of yourself but that no one knows about. List one quality that is so obvious that you haven’t even thought to say it yet!
我可能会写:快乐、慷慨、体贴、忠诚、友善。但是选择描述你的词。
I may write: happy, generous, thoughtful, loyal, friendly. But choose words that describe you.
2. 在纸的右边,写下你目前声音的身体素质,就你目前能判断的。
2. On the right side of the paper, write down the physical qualities of your current voice, as far as you can judge at present.
例如,我可能会写:深沉、沙哑、柔和、缓慢。但是选择能描述你声音的词。
I may write for instance: deep, husky, softish, slow. But choose words that describe your voice.
3. 比较你的两个列表。
3. Compare your two lists.
它们彼此相关吗?例如,如果您在第一个列表中写了“自发”,在第二个列表中写了“紧”,或者在第一个列表中写了“强硬”,在第二个列表中写了“甜蜜”,那么很明显您不匹配。当然,你在不同的时间表现出不同的品质,但如果你注意到这两个列表之间的重大差异,你可能正在经历你的生活和你的声音之间的某种脱节。
Do they relate to each other? For example, if you wrote ‘spontaneous’ in your first list and ‘tight’ in your second, or ‘tough’ in your first and ‘sweet’ in your second, then clearly you have a mismatch. Of course, you exhibit different qualities at different times, but if you notice major differences between the two lists you may be experiencing some disconnection between your life and your voice.
4. 想一想你第一个列表中的品质是如何通过口头表达出来的。
4. Reflect for a moment on how the qualities in your first list can manifest themselves vocally.
什么是亲切的声音、动感的声音、专注的声音、忠诚的声音?这些声音听起来如何?您可以对站立、移动和呼吸的方式做出哪些改变,以帮助产生这些不同的声音?例如,当我用“慷慨”这个个人品质一词来形容我的声音时,我想到的是一种饱满而温暖的声音。当我为自己的声音使用“快乐”这个个人品质时,我会想到声音中的轻微高音和能量。
What is a kind voice, a dynamic voice, a focused voice, a loyal voice? How does each of these voices sound? What changes can you make in how you stand, move and breathe that may help produce these various voices? For example, when I use the personal quality ‘generous’ as a word to describe my voice, I think of a full rich voice with warmth in it. When I use the personal quality ‘happy’ for my voice, I think of light higher-pitched sounds and energy in the voice.
5. 尝试不同的声调来配合你的个人素质。
5. Try out different tones of voice to match your personal qualities.
玩得开心这部分。要有创造力。想出尽可能多的方法,将您最好的个人品质带入您的声音中。
Have fun with this part. Be inventive. Think of as many ways as you can to bring your best personal qualities into the sound of your voice.
为您的旅程做准备
Preparing for Your Journey
我相信您想快速轻松地开始发展新的语音技能,因此本节提供了一些我最喜欢的提示和技巧来帮助您前进。
I’m sure that you want to begin developing your new voice skills quickly and easily, so this section offers a few of my favourite hints and tips to get you going.
发展你的声音不仅仅是智力上的努力。你的身体也必须做出反应,奇怪的是你的身体并不总是愿意服从指令。如果你是一个脸红的人,你已经知道告诉自己不要脸红是没有任何效果的;如果你在紧张的时刻试图稳定颤抖的手,情况也是如此。那有什么用呢?运动教练中使用的一些方法也可以帮助您发展自己的声音。看看Romilla Ready 和 Kate Burton (Wiley) 的神经语言编程傻瓜书,了解其他想法。
Developing your voice isn’t a merely intellectual endeavour. Your body has to respond as well, and oddly your body is not always willing to obey instructions. If you’re someone who blushes, you already know that telling yourself not to has no effect whatsoever; the same goes if you’re trying to steady your trembling hands during a nervous moment. So what is useful? Some of the approaches used in sports coaching can help you develop your voice as well. Have a look at Neuro-linguistic Programming For Dummies by Romilla Ready and Kate Burton (Wiley) for other ideas.
语音工作是精神上的、情感上的和身体上的。将这些方法视为平等的合作伙伴,永远不要只依赖一种方法。
Voice work is mental, emotional and physical. Treat these approaches as equal partners, never relying on just a single approach.
在实践中尝试。不要只阅读本书中练习的描述;当您试用它们时,您会从中获得最大的收益。
Try things out in practice. Don’t just read the descriptions of the exercises in this book; you get most out of them when you try them out.
保持好奇心。无论你得到什么结果,都不要批评自己。取而代之的是着迷。告诉自己,‘这很有趣!我想知道那是怎么发生的?
Be curious. Whatever results you get, avoid becoming critical of yourself. Be fascinated instead. Tell yourself, ‘That’s interesting! I wonder how that happened?’
如果事情暂时不起作用,保持好奇,但不要绝望。发展总是不平衡的;有时你会突然爆发;然后你会达到一个高原一段时间。你会到达那里!
If things don’t work for a while, get curious, but don’t despair. Development is always uneven; sometimes you have a sudden spurt; then you reach a plateau for a while. You’ll get there!
最重要的是,以游戏的精神来处理处理你的声音的整个主题。如果你玩得开心,你就能快速有效地获得新技能。
And above all, approach the whole subject of working on your voice in a spirit of play. If you have fun, you gain new skills fast and effectively.
从螺母和螺栓开始
Beginning with the nuts and bolts
考虑到你的声音几乎在你生活的每个部分都是如此重要的乐器,学校很少教授声乐训练这一事实令人惊讶。好的,您确实在学校的某些方面进行了交流。你会了解词汇,可能还会了解语法或演讲,但不会将声调的奥秘作为传统学术课程的一部分进行探索。您必须自己学习这些课程。
Considering that your voice is such a vital instrument for you in almost every part of your life, the fact that vocal training is rarely taught in school is amazing. Okay, you do work on some aspects of communication at school. You find out about vocabulary and possibly grammar or elocution, but you don’t explore the mysteries of voice tone as part of a traditional academic curriculum. These lessons you have to pick up for yourself.
同时,作为成年人,您可以进行一些有用的练习,就像您在学习一种新乐器时所做的那样。“慢是新的快,”一位音乐老师对我说。如果你一开始就慢慢地做事,你会发现你对技能的掌握会随着你的进行而加快。许多项目,从强身健体到精通一项运动,甚至是减肥,都根据这一原则取得最佳效果。
At the same time, being adult, you can put in some useful practice, as you would when taking up a new musical instrument. ‘Slow is the new fast,’ one music teacher said to me. If you take things gently and slowly at the beginning you find your acquisition of skills speeds up as you go along. Many projects, from getting fit to mastering a sport or even slimming work best according to this principle.
进入正确的心态
Getting in the right frame of mind
当您探索和发展自己的声音时,您的信念会产生重大影响。如果你相信你不能做某事,那么这种信念会影响你做这件事的能力。当我不再相信孩子们会是音聋而是相信每个孩子天生就会唱歌时(见边栏“儿童的自然音高”),我就能够教他们如何唱歌。
Your beliefs make all the difference when you’re exploring and developing your voice. If you believe that you can’t do something, that belief influences your ability to do it. When I stopped believing that children can be tone deaf and believed instead that every child is born to sing (see the sidebar ‘Natural pitch in children’), I was able to teach them how to sing.
如果我真的能把这个功法修好,那会是什么样子?
If I could do this practice really well, what would that be like?
如果是明年的这个时候,我现在可以出色地进行这项练习,那是什么感觉?
If it’s this time next year and I can now do this practice brilliantly, what does that feel like?
谁能真正做好这项活动?如果我站在那个人的立场上,像现在这样做这个活动是什么体验?站在我自己的立场上,我现在不知道什么?
Who can do this activity really well? If I step into the shoes of that person, what is the experience of doing this activity like now? What do I know now that I didn’t know when standing in my own shoes?
如果这种做法真的很容易,那会是什么样子?
If this practice were really easy, what would that be like?
如果我只是为了好玩而玩这个练习,我的体验会有什么不同?
If I were just playing with this practice for fun, how would my experience be different?
把自己放在驾驶座上
Putting yourself in the driver’s seat
有些人开始从事一项运动是为了纯粹的身体锻炼,然后才产生激情。一些数学家和科学家起初将他们的学科作为技术来学习,后来发现它们也与想象力有关。许多最伟大的艺术家、运动员、数学家和科学家都没有这样做。他们从热情开始,这为所有进一步的活动提供了动力。爱因斯坦在成为一名成熟的科学家之前是一个梦想家。大卫·贝克汉姆 (David Beckham) 在达到巅峰之前就对足球充满热情。
Some people embark on a sport as a purely physical exercise at first, and passion comes later. Some mathematicians and scientists learn their subjects as techniques at first and discover that they’re also about imagination later. Many of the greatest artists, sportsmen, mathematicians and scientists don’t do that. They start with passion, which provides the driving force for all further activity. Einstein was a dreamer before he became a fully-fledged scientist. David Beckham was passionate about football before he reached the top of his game.
改进的主要驱动力是您对沟通的渴望。你的呼吸和发声器官开始发挥作用,以回应你的能量来表达你内心的某些东西。所以,虽然你可以通过由外而内的工作和专注于技巧来更好地说话,但你会从内心深处产生的表达冲动中获得更大、更好、更快和更愉快的收获。
The main driver for improvement is your desire to communicate. Your breathing and vocal apparatus come into play in answer to your energy to express something inside you. So, although you can speak better by working from the outside-in and focusing on technique, you make bigger, better, quicker and more enjoyable gains from the impulse to expression arising from deep inside you.
第二部分
Part II
从语音基础开始
Beginning with Voice Basics
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
在这里,您会发现拥有好嗓子的关键是您已经整天、每天都在做的事情——那就是呼吸。你会发现如何通过让事情变得轻松和放松你的身体来完全呼吸并让声音流动。然后,您会很开心地用长元音和闪亮的辅音为声音注入活力。你意识到人们很容易理解你,因为你很清楚。
Here you discover that the key to a great voice is something you already do all day, every day – and that’s breathing. You find out how to take a full breath and allow the sound to flow by taking things easy and relaxing your body. Then you have a great time putting life into the sounds with long vowels and sparkling consonants. You realise that people are understanding you easily because you are clear.
第 4 章
Chapter 4
发现如何呼吸良好
Discovering How to Breathe Well
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
从你的呼吸开始
Beginning with your breathing
寻找你的隔膜
Finding your diaphragm
进入流程
Getting into the flow
将你的呼吸与声音和文字联系起来
Linking your breath to sound and words
我想告诉你一个好消息:你拥有一架精美的管乐器——因为你的声音就是这样。你的发声器官看起来并不特别像管乐器,因为活动部件隐藏在你体内,但你的声音很像小号或单簧管。拥有好嗓子的第一步是了解吹奏乐器的基本知识,这需要以呼吸的形式吸收空气。
I want to give you some good news: you’re the owner of a fine wind instrument – for that’s what your voice is. Your vocal apparatus doesn’t look particularly like a wind instrument because the moving parts are hidden inside you, but your voice works much like a trumpet or a clarinet. The first step towards having a great voice is to know the basics of blowing your instrument, and that takes air in the form of breathing.
发出声音:你的声音是如何工作的
Making a Sound: How Your Voice Works
您的嘴巴和喉咙非常复杂且具有多种用途,既涉及进食,也涉及说话、唱歌、喊叫、哭泣或大笑。但基本的发声过程很简单,一切都始于空气。
Your mouth and throat are complex and multi-purpose, involved in eating as well as in speaking, singing, shouting, crying or laughing. But the basic sound-making process is straightforward, and it all starts with air.
揭开呼吸的神秘面纱:这只是热空气
Demystifying your breath: It’s just hot air
你声音中产生声音的部分非常小。您的声带(也称为声带)是几条横跨颈部喉部的肌肉带。它们很小——大约一到两厘米半长——女性比男性短。这些肌肉振动以发出您的声音。
The part of your voice that creates sound is really small. Your vocal folds (also called vocal cords) are a couple of bands of muscle stretched horizontally across the larynx in your neck. They’re tiny – approximately one to two-and-a-half centimetres long – and shorter in women than in men. These muscles vibrate to produce your voice.
当空气穿过这些褶皱并产生振动时,您就会发出声音,就像风吹过树木时的呼啸声。这就是你的全部声音——只是温暖、振动的空气。我说“只是”;你的声带非常活跃,每秒振动至少 100 次,有时甚至更多。您的声带需要没有张力才能自由振动。如果你的喉咙发紧,你的声带就不能自然振动并承受巨大的身体压力。如果你想发出好的声音,你的声带自由是至关重要的,这意味着你需要放松。在第 5 章中,我分享了放松声音和身体的方法,这样您就可以发出最好的声音。
You produce sound when air passes across these folds and creates a vibration, like the wind whistling through trees. That’s all your voice is – just warm, vibrating air. I say ‘just’; your vocal folds are very active, vibrating at least 100 times per second, sometimes much more. Your vocal folds need to be free from tension in order to vibrate freely. If your throat is tight, your vocal folds can’t vibrate naturally and experience tremendous physical stress. Freedom of your vocal folds is crucial if you want to make good sound, and that means that you need to relax. In Chapter 5, I share ways to relax your voice and body so you can produce the best sound possible.
放大声音
Amplifying the sound
乐器总是有一些放大声音的方法。钟声清晰地响起,因为声音在它的凹形内部回荡。单簧管的末端呈钟形以增强声音。旧留声机有喇叭。(还记得“他主人的声音”中狗听发条留声机的照片吗?)
Instruments always have some means of amplifying the sound. A bell rings clearly because the sound echoes around inside its concave form. A clarinet is bell-shaped at the end to augment the sound. The old gramophone had its sound trumpet. (Remember pictures of ‘His Master’s Voice’ with the dog listening to a wind-up gramophone?)
您的微小声带当然需要一些帮助来提高它们发出的声音,而这正是您的身体发挥作用的地方。当您畅所欲言时,您的声音会在您的头部回响,并在您的胸部和身体的其他部位回响。你的声音音量被放大了很多倍。你的整个身体都参与放大声音,从头到脚,就像吉他或低音提琴的身体。这就是你如何创造出美妙的声音。
Your tiny vocal folds certainly need a bit of help to ramp up the sound they produce, and that’s where your body comes in. When you speak freely, your voice resounds in your head and echoes in your chest and other parts of your body. Your voice’s volume is amplified many times. Your whole body is involved in amplifying sound, from head to toe, like the body of a guitar or a double bass. That’s how you create a great voice.
呼吸入门
Getting Started with Breathing
我不认为你说话时通常会担心空气。如果你和大多数人一样,当他们说话时,你只是想一想然后说出话来——甚至可能只是最后一句话!培养良好的说话能力就是重新发现空气。
I don’t imagine you normally worry much about air when you speak. If you’re like most people when they talk, you merely think and out come the words – or possibly even just the last bit! Developing the ability to speak well is about rediscovering air.
你是呼吸专家。想想看。自他出生之日起,在任何其他学科中有什么权威一直在追求他的专业领域?但是你有。从你发出第一声哭泣的那一刻起,你就一直在呼吸。当你出生时,第一次美妙的呼吸和第一次哭泣是自由而充实的。
You’re something of a breath expert. Think about it. What authority in any other subject has pursued his field of expertise since the day he was born? But you have. From the moment you uttered your first cry, you’ve been breathing. When you were born, that first wonderful breath and that first cry were free and full.
当你说话时,呼吸就是一切。具体来说,呼吸:
Breathing is everything when you speak. Specifically, breathing:
赋予你的话语力量
Gives your words power
使你所说的栩栩如生
Brings life to what you say
维持你发出的声音
Sustains the sounds you make
创造兴趣,让人们想听你说话
Creates interest and makes people want to listen to you
提供声音中情绪强度的基础
Provides the basis of emotional intensity in your voice
提供微妙和深浅的含义
Provides subtlety and shades of meaning
在您交流时充当灵感的生命线
Serves as the life blood of your inspiration when you communicate
呼吸有很多用处!在你发出一个声音之前花时间让你的呼吸顺畅,这对你作为演讲者的进步至关重要。
Breathing has quite a lot going for it! Taking the time to get your breathing working well before you utter a single sound makes all the difference to your progress as a speaker.
意识到你的呼吸
Becoming aware of your breathing
1. 在安静的地方静坐或静卧片刻。
1. Sit or lie calmly for a while in a quiet place.
您可以坐在直立的椅子上,也可以平躺在床上或地板上。如果您躺着,请在头下放一个小垫子。如果你坐着,不要低头;而是找到一个舒适的位置。花一些时间安顿下来,享受和平与宁静。
You can sit on an upright chair or lie flat on a bed or on the floor. If you’re lying down, put a small cushion under your head. If you’re sitting, don’t slump; instead find a position that is comfortable. Take a few moments to settle into the peace and quiet.
2. 以一种无所事事的好奇心观察你自然呼吸的波浪。
2. Observe the wave of your natural breathing with a sense of idle curiosity.
考虑一下当你吸气和呼气时实际发生了什么。您在此阶段不尝试更改任何内容。没有判断力!你只想注意发生了什么。问你自己:
Consider what is actually happening as you breathe in and out. You’re not trying to change anything at this stage. No judging! You just want to note what happens. Ask yourself:
• 我最注意身体的哪些部位?
• What parts of my body am I most aware of?
• 当空气进出时,我身体的哪些部位会轻轻移动?
• Which parts of my body gently move as the air moves in and out?
你知道上胸部吗?你的肚子动了吗?肋骨呢——它们有关系吗?你的背部有动静吗?你感觉到空气进入你的鼻子了吗?你的喉咙有感觉吗?
Are you aware of the upper chest? Does your belly move? What about the ribs – are they involved? Is there movement in your back? Do you sense the air entering your nose? Does your throat make itself felt?
3. 精神扫描你的整个身体,注意参与你呼吸的区域。
3. Mentally scan your whole body and pay attention to the areas that are taking part in your breathing.
请注意,仅此而已。继续几分钟或直到您仍然好奇为止。
Just be aware, that is all. Continue for a couple of minutes or for as long as you remain curious.
思维低落
Thinking low
当你为说话而正确地呼吸时,你身体的许多不同部位都会以一种容易协调的方式参与到这个过程中。然而,当您刚开始更加注意自己的呼吸时,您可能会想过分强调使用身体特定部位的任何说明。当你这样做时,呼吸过程会扭曲,你最终会比以前更紧张。例如,如果我说,“深吸一口气!” 或“推出你的肋骨!”,你可能会在这些动作上付出太多的努力,以至于呼吸的其他更微妙但重要的部分都丢失了。
When you breathe correctly for speaking, many different parts of your body are involved in the process in an easy co-ordinated way. However, when you’re just starting to pay greater attention to your breathing, you may be tempted to over-emphasise any instruction to use a particular part of the body. When you do, the breathing process gets distorted and you end up more constricted than before. If for example I say, ‘Take in a really big breath!’ or ‘Push your ribs out!’, you may put so much effort into those actions that other, more subtle, but important parts of breathing are lost.
1. 将注意力转移到腹部。
1. Turn your attention to your belly.
如果愿意,可以将手轻轻放在该区域。几次呼吸,注意如何让你的腹部随着吸气轻轻上升,并随着呼气再次下降。
If you like, place your hands lightly on that area. For a few breaths, pay attention to how you can allow your belly to rise gently with the in-breath and fall again with the out-breath.
感受你身体柔软的部分如何随着呼吸舒适地上下移动,在吸气时向上移动你的手,在呼气时向下移动你的手。
Feel how this soft part of your body goes comfortably up and down with the breathing, moving your hands up on the in-breath and down on the out-breath.
2. 把你的肚子想象成一个气球,让它轻轻膨胀,然后再回到原来的位置。
2. Imagine that your belly is a balloon and let it gently expand and then go back to its original position again.
以这种方式重复吸气和呼气数次。保持一切简单易行。你的呼吸很美妙——这就是你说话时需要的呼吸方式。
Repeat breathing in and out in this manner several times. Keep everything simple and easy. You’re breathing beautifully – this is how you need to breathe when you speak.
3. 继续用鼻子吸气,然后开始用嘴呼气——一种舒适而愉悦的叹息。
3. Continue to breathe in through your nose and begin to breathe out through your mouth in a sigh – a sigh of comfort and pleasure.
想想一个晚上,当你忙碌了一天回到家,你倒在沙发上,抬起脚,叹了口气。啊,这太棒了!
Think of an evening when you arrive home after a busy day, and you sink down in the sofa, put your feet up and sigh. Aahh, this is goo-ood!
吸气,然后再次呼气,满足地叹息,发出“啊……”的声音。
Breath in, and out again, with a contented sigh, making an audible ‘Aahh …’.
重复几次。感受每次呼气如何自然地变得更饱满和更长,并在此过程中导致更饱满、更深的吸气。不要强迫它。只要观察它是如何自然发生的。
Repeat a few times. Feel how each out-breath naturally becomes fuller and longer and in the process causes a fuller, deeper in-breath. Don’t force it. Just observe how it happens naturally.
如果您在任何时候感到头晕,只需暂停片刻,直到头晕消失。感到头晕是很自然的,尤其是当您不习惯深呼吸时。您很快就会习惯呼吸练习,不会再感到头晕。
If you feel dizzy at any point, just pause for a few moments until the dizziness passes. Feeling dizzy is quite natural, especially if you’re not used to breathing deeply. You’ll soon get used to the breathing practice and will no longer experience dizziness.
接合你的隔膜
Engaging your diaphragm
关于声音的书籍常常使呼吸声音的过程变得复杂。正如我在前面几节中所描述的,呼吸实际上并不困难。(当然,在本节和后续部分中,我对这个主题还有更多话要说。)
Books about voice often make the process of breathing sound complicated. As I describe in the preceding sections, breathing is actually not difficult. (Of course, I do have more to say on the subject in this and following sections.)
当您在正常对话中说话时,您经常是在与您亲近的人交谈,并且通常不会说很长很长的句子。你对空气的需求不是很大。但是如果你想向更多的听众展示或者说一些更持久或更情绪化的话,你确实需要深呼吸。作为额外的好处,当您呼吸更充分时,您的声音会更好。
When you speak in normal conversations, you’re often speaking to someone close to you and don’t usually talk in long, extended sentences. Your need for air is not very great. But if you want to project to a larger audience or say something more protracted or emotionally charged, you do need to take larger breaths. And as an added bonus, you sound better when you breathe more fully.
当您感觉到腹部参与呼吸时,横隔膜开始发挥作用。演员和歌手都知道隔膜所起的重要作用。侧边栏“您杰出的隔膜”更详细地检查了这块神奇的肌肉。
When you feel your belly taking part in the action of breathing, your diaphragm is coming into play. Actors and singers are aware of the important role played by the diaphragm. The sidebar ‘Your distinguished diaphragm’ examines this amazing muscle in greater detail.
好好使用你的隔膜并不是要用空气把自己吹得惊人。在 BBC 系列的儿童故事《五个孩子和它》(在美国上映,名为《沙仙》)中,仙女通过伸出眼睛、屏住呼吸和惊人地肿胀来实现愿望。有些演讲者在吸气时看起来很像这个 psammead。幸运的是,说话的呼吸比这简单、温和得多!
Using your diaphragm well is not about blowing yourself up alarmingly with air. In the BBC series of the children’s story Five Children and It, released in the US as The Sand Fairy, the psammead or fairy grants wishes by stretching out its eyes, holding its breath and swelling alarmingly. Some speakers look much like this psammead when they take a breath. Fortunately, breathing for speaking is much simpler and gentler than this!
保持你的隔膜移动和灵活!如果您渴望拥有平坦、坚硬的腹部,您可能会在那个区域承受很大的压力,这会收缩您的隔膜,使其无法移动。随着时间的推移,您会失去保持隔膜灵活的习惯。这会影响你的呼吸——吸气和呼气——进而影响你的声音,最终甚至影响你的健康和幸福。如果收腹,就无法深吸气,也更难发出悦耳的声音。当你屏住呼吸说话时,让你的腹部向外扩张。享受它的移动能力——它可以舒适地上下移动 12 甚至 15 厘米。
Keep your diaphragm mobile and flexible! If you aspire to be fit with a flat, hard belly, you may carry a lot of tension in that area which constricts your diaphragm so that it’s unable to move. Over time, you lose the habit of keeping your diaphragm flexible. That affects your breathing – both in and out – which in turn affects your voice and eventually even your health and well-being. If you pull your belly in, you can’t breathe in deeply, and you have a harder time making good sounds. Allow your belly to expand outwards as you take a breath to speak. Enjoy its ability to move – it has the potential to move comfortably 12 or even 15 centimetres up and down.
面向墙壁站立。 将手掌放在大约与肩同高的位置,靠在墙上。然后用你的体重稍微靠在墙上,双臂微微弯曲,用力推。当你推动时,吸气和呼气。呼吸时放松肩膀,不要让手臂塌陷。当你在继续推动的同时越来越多地放松你的肩膀时,你会越来越多地感觉到较低的呼吸。这种练习让你对呼吸和下半身的力量之间的联系有一种坚实的感觉。
Stand facing a wall. Place the palms of your hands at about shoulder height against the wall. Then lean a little towards the wall with your weight, with your arms slightly bent, and push firmly. As you push, breathe in and out. Release your shoulders as you breathe, without letting your arms collapse. As you release your shoulders more and more while continuing to push, you increasingly feel the lower breath. This practice gives you a solid sense of the connection between your breath and the power in your lower body.
以平衡的姿势站立 ,双腿分开与肩同宽,脚尖向前。双臂紧紧地交叉在胸前,双手紧握背部,紧紧拥抱自己。从腰部向前弯曲,直到你的背部水平,仍然紧紧地抱住自己。保持膝盖柔软,颈部放松。在这个位置,呼吸。感受下半身各个部位的运动,包括背部和太阳神经丛。轻轻地回到站立姿势。
Stand in a balanced position with your legs shoulder-width apart, toes pointing forward. Cross your arms snugly across your chest and hug yourself tightly with your hands clasping your back. Bend forward from the waist until your back is horizontal, still clasping yourself tightly. Keep your knees soft and neck relaxed. In this position, breathe. Feel the movement in various parts of your lower body, including your back and solar plexus. Come back to a standing position gently.
深吸一口气
Taking full breaths
尽管横膈膜是呼吸最重要的肌肉,但您身体的其他部位也参与该过程。
Although the diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing, other parts of your body are involved in the process as well.
1. 站直,放松,用嘴快速而坚定地叹气,发出“呼”或“呼”的声音,直到呼出所有空气。
1. Stand up tall and relaxed and sigh out firmly and quickly through your mouth, making the sound ‘Hoo’ or ‘Whoo’, until you’ve expelled all your air.
这样做可以排出肺部的所有旧空气,让您吸气更充分。在此过程中不要倒下或无精打采。
Doing so gets rid of all the old air in your lungs and allows you to take a fuller in-breath. Don’t collapse or slouch in the process.
2. 当你的肺里没有空气时,闭上你的嘴,用手指捏住你的鼻子。
2. When your lungs are empty of air, shut your mouth and hold your nose closed with your fingers.
抬起你的胸腔,悬空一两分钟,不要让你的喉咙变硬。你会开始感受到体内巨大真空的压力。
Raise your rib cage and stay in suspension for a moment or two without stiffening up in your throat. You’ll begin to feel the pressure of a large vacuum growing inside you.
在您感到头晕或感到虚弱之前不要勉强自己,而是等到您的身体想要呼吸空气时再做。
Don’t push yourself until you become dizzy or feel weak, but do wait until your body wants to take in air.
3. 松开捏住鼻子的手指,闭上嘴。
3. Release the fingers holding your nose and keep your mouth shut.
让空气通过你的鼻子冲进来,充满真空。
Allow air to rush in through your nose, filling the vacuum.
注意你是如何不必刻意吸气的;空气自然涌入,充满空间。注意空气是如何从各个方向充满空间的——一开始最明显的是在你的腹部,但也有低位,在你的背部和两侧。
Notice how you don’t have to breathe in deliberately; the air rushes in naturally to fill the space. Become aware of how the air fills the space in every direction – most obviously in your abdomen at first, but also low down, in your back and your sides.
意识到与吸气有关的部分或全部部分,包括您的:
Become aware of some or all of the parts that become involved in the in-breath, including your:
• 腹部
• Belly
• 肋骨
• Ribcage
• 下胸部
• Lower chest
• 上胸部
• Upper chest
1. 享受稳定的吸气,当空气充满你时,将你的手臂举到一边并举过头顶。感觉好像充满你的呼吸实际上是在举起你的手臂,而不是相反。
1. Enjoy a steady in-breath, raising your arms out to the side and up above your head as the air fills you. Feel as if the breath filling you is actually raising your arms rather than the other way about.
在你的想象中,当你举起双臂并充满空气时,保持与身体底部的连接。注意你在之前的呼吸练习中使用的身体部位如何在这里发挥作用,从下部肌肉开始,然后你抬起肋骨,最后用胸部更高的空气补充。享受顺滑的感觉。
In your imagination, stay connected with the base of your body grounding you as you raise your arms and fill with air. Notice how the parts of your body you used in the previous breathing practices come into play here too, starting with the lower muscles, then you raise the ribs, and finally top up with air higher in your chest. Enjoy the smooth sensation.
2. 放下手臂时平稳地呼气。反转过程。先放开上胸的气,然后逐渐放低肋骨,最后放开下部的肌肉。听到空气被排出的声音。
2. Breathe out steadily while lowering your arms. Reverse the process. First release the air from your upper chest, then gradually lower your ribs, and finally release your lower muscles. Hear the sound of air being expelled.
当您放下手臂时,请注意空气柱不受任何限制地向上穿过您的身体并通过嘴巴排出。
Become aware of the column of air making its way up through your body and out through the mouth without any restriction as you lower your arms.
本节中的所有活动都有助于鼓励说话时保持良好的呼吸。选择任何可以轻松自然地加深呼吸的练习。没有规定的方法可以做到这一点。如果你发现你有一个最喜欢的,那就比其他人多练习那个。
All the activities in this section help encourage good breathing for speaking. Choose any practices that deepen your breathing easily and organically. There’s no ordained way to do it. If you find that you’ve a favourite, practise that one more than the others.
呼吸交流
Breathing to Communicate
在锻炼了全身深呼吸的能力后,下一步就是稳定地呼气,这样你就可以用语言表达自己了。
After working on your ability to breathe deeply and with your entire body, the next part of the process is to breathe out steadily so that you can express yourself in words.
当您在页面上阅读一个句子时,它由许多不同的词组成
When you read a sentence on the page, it consists of lots of different words
每个之间有一个间隙。
with a gap between each.
但是当你听一个口头句子时,你会听到一股不间断的声音,你的大脑将它分成单独的词并转化为意义。以下部分将您的呼吸与实际传达您的信息联系起来。
But when you listen to a spoken sentence, you hear an unbrokenstreamofsound, which your brain divides into individual words and turns into sense. The following sections link your breathing to actually putting across your message.
产生稳定的气流
Producing a steady stream of air
当您交流想法和感受时,声音会随着表情起伏。这个过程需要稳定的空气流。
As you communicate thoughts and feelings, sound ebbs and flows with expression. This process requires a steady stream of air.
说话时的呼吸需要像吹灭大量蜡烛一样工作。你深吸一口气,然后让它源源不断地呼出,然后一直持续到你的陈述结束。
Your breathing for speaking needs to work in much the same way as blowing out a lot of candles. You take a good breath in and then allow it to come out in a steady stream, which then lasts to the end of your statement.
与其吹口哨穿过一片草叶,不如试试:
Rather than whistling through a blade of grass, you can try:
用你的嘴唇吹口哨,发出一个单一的稳定声音的音符
Whistling using your lips, producing one note with a single steady sound
在竖笛或便士哨子上播放长音;如果你不太用力,这些小乐器只会发出真实的声音
Playing a long sound on a recorder or a penny whistle; these small instruments only make a true sound if you aren’t too forceful
在此练习中,您并没有使用实际的声带来发出声音。声音完全是由逸出的空气产生的,而不是由你的声带产生的。
You aren’t using your actual vocal folds to make a sound in this practice. The sound is created entirely by the escaping air, not by your voice box.
在空中讲话
Speaking on air
我几乎害怕了;虽然我知道夜晚
不让鬼魂在温暖的灯光下行走。
然而有鬼;他们吹,他们吹,
在风和散落的雪中。
当我开窗睡觉时,
鬼魂会进来站在我头上吗?
I am almost afraid; though I know the night
Lets no ghosts walk in the warm lamplight.
Yet ghosts there are; and they blow, they blow,
Out in the wind and the scattering snow.
When I open the windows and go to bed,
Will the ghosts come in and stand at my head?
现在试着再说一遍,但这次在舞台耳语中更加强调,戏剧性地说出一切,就好像你在讲述一个恐怖故事的开始。确保每一行诗的结尾都像开头一样充实而精彩。
Now try speaking the words again, but this time even more emphatically in a stage whisper, saying everything dramatically as if you were telling the start of a horror tale. Make sure that the end of each line of poetry is just at full and exciting as the beginning.
当然,您的目标不是训练您的声音以耳语。这个练习只是练习使用大量空气并感受它移动的一种方式。
Of course, you aren’t aiming to train your voice to whisper. This exercise is just a way to practise using plenty of air and to feel it moving.
将呼吸转化为声音
Turning breath into sound
1. 深吸一口气,轻轻闭上嘴唇,开始哼唱“嗯”的声音。
1. Take a breath and begin to hum on the sound ‘mmm’ with your lips gently closed.
这种体验类似于前面“产生稳定的空气流”部分中的吹口哨练习,只是增加了声音。
The experience is similar to the blowing and whistling exercises in the earlier section ‘Producing a steady stream of air’, with the addition of sound.
2. 继续呼吸并哼唱数次呼吸,同时轻轻移动头部、面部、下巴和颈部。
2. Continue to breathe and hum for several breaths while gently moving your head, face, jaw and neck.
轻轻地左右转动脖子。像咀嚼一样移动你的下巴。让你的舌头探索你嘴巴的两侧和顶部。当您轻轻闭上嘴唇时,这些动作应该不会影响持续的嗡嗡声。请注意发出声音所需的努力有多么小。
Turn your neck gently from side to side. Move your jaw as if you’re chewing. Allow your tongue to explore the sides and roof of your mouth. These movements should have no effect on the continuous humming sound as you keep your lips gently closed. Notice how little effort it takes to make the sound.
3. 再吸一口气,让嗡嗡声变成元音。
3. Take another breath and allow the hum to open out into vowel sounds.
从嗡嗡声开始一两秒钟,然后将声音打开为“ow”:“mmm-ow”。想象一下,你要慢慢地吟唱,“现在棕色母牛怎么样?” 但除了最初的嗡嗡声之外没有辅音 - 'mmm-ow-ow-ow-ow'。或者将其视为“mmm-aaa-oo-aaa-oo-aaa-oo-aaa-oo”。在一个舒适的音符上发出元音(这意味着唱歌,但您不需要能够唱歌!)。声音不必很美。只是创造一个长音。
Start with a hum for a second or two, then open the sound out into ‘ow’: ‘mmm-ow’. Imagine that you’re going to intone slowly, ‘How now brown cow?’ but without the consonants apart from the initial hum – ‘mmm-ow-ow-ow-ow’. Or think of it as ‘mmm-aaa-oo-aaa-oo-aaa-oo-aaa-oo’. Intone the vowel sounds on one comfortable note (that means singing, but you don’t need to be able to sing!). The sound doesn’t have to be beautiful. Just create a long sound.
保持呼吸恒定,不要让声音有任何间隙。你的嘴巴在发出“aaa”时保持张开,在发出“oo”的声音时稍微张开。
Keep your breath constant and don’t allow any gaps in the sound. Your mouth stays open for ‘aaa’ and just narrows a little for the ‘oo’ sound.
4. 练习几次后,消除嗡嗡声,开始“a-oo-a-oo-a-oo-a-oo”。
4. After a few practices, eliminate the hum and start with ‘a-oo-a-oo- a-oo-a-oo’.
尝试“mmm-aaa”几次,然后自己“aaa”几次。无论前面是否有嗡嗡声,“aaa”都应该感觉相同。
Try ‘mmm-aaa’ a few times, then ‘aaa’ on its own a few times. The ‘aaa’ should feel the same with or without the hum before it.
当你直接进入“a-oo”的声音时,让起音非常平滑,尽可能在质量上与嗡嗡声相似。您可能很想用声门音开始“aaa” ——从声带发出的一点敲击声——但不要这样做!几次呼吸后,您就可以将声音变成实际的文字了。
When you launch straight into the ‘a-oo’ sound, make the onset really smooth, as similar in quality to the hum as you can. You may be tempted to start the ‘aaa’ with a glottal sound – a little percussive kick from the vocal folds – but don’t! After a few breaths, you’re ready to turn sound into actual words.
5. 再次开始哼唱,但这次用流畅的口语表达:“How-now-brown-cow”。
5. Return to humming again, but this time open up into smooth spoken words: ‘How-now-brown-cow’.
尝试在没有最初的嗡嗡声的情况下说出这句话。通过保持长音“ow”和延长辅音“h”、“n”和“r”来保持声音流畅。想想“Hhaaoo-nnnaaoo-brraaoonn-caaoo”。“brown”的短“b”和“cow”的“c”清脆清晰,不会中断声音的流动。
Try saying the phrase without the initial hum. Keep the sound flowing by maintaining the long ‘ow’ sounds and lengthening the consonants ‘h’, ‘n’ and ‘r’. Think of ‘Hhaaoo-nnnaaoo-brraaoonn-caaoo.’ The short ‘b’ of ‘brown’ and the ‘c’ ‘cow’ are crisp and clear and don’t disrupt the flow of sound.
意识到你发出声音时发生的一切。这不是要把事情做好;这是关于变得好奇。注意你是如何感觉到嘴唇周围发出嗡嗡声的。请注意,当您的双唇张开时,您的嗡嗡声是如何突然变大的。
Become aware of everything that happens as you’re making the sound. It’s not about getting things right; it’s about getting curious. Notice how you feel the hum playing around your lips. Notice how your hum suddenly breaks into more volume as your lips pop apart.
欢快地大声
Loudly and joyfully
安静而有目的地
Quietly and purposefully
声音越来越大,并在最后朝着戏剧性的繁荣发展
Growing louder and building towards a dramatic flourish at the end
接近结尾时变得更安静,但让结尾听起来和开头一样重要
Getting quieter towards the end, but making the end sound as important as the beginning
在您用尽“How now brown cow”的戏剧性和刺激性之后,尝试用您更可能在日常环境中使用的短语来表达相同的感受。这里有一些想法:
After you’ve exhausted the drama and excitement of ‘How now brown cow’, try creating the same feelings in a phrase that you’re more likely to use in an everyday setting. Here are a few ideas:
这就是方法!
This is the way!
肯定是那个!
That one for sure!
趴在地上!
Down on the ground!
这个给你!
This is for you!
你也可以选择你自己的短句——在某些情况下对你有意义的句子。记住要在声音中没有间隙地画出短语,并有意义地讲出来。
You can also choose your own short sentence – one that makes sense to you in some context. Remember to draw out the phrase with no gaps in the sound, and speak it with meaning.
有声有呼吸的演戏
Play-Acting with Sound and Breathing
当您本着玩耍的精神来处理本节中的练习时,它们都会更有效。享受它们,如果出现问题,请不要担心;这就是整个过程的一部分。
The practices in this section all work better when you approach them in a spirit of play. Enjoy them and don’t worry if things go wrong; that’s all part of the process.
变大和戏剧化
Getting big and theatrical
我站在世界之巅!
I’m on the top of the whole world!
事情就是这样!
That’s the way it’s going to be!
听这个,它响亮而重要!
Listen to this, it’s loud and important!
为你、我和所有人干杯!
Here’s to you and me and everyone!
给自己惊喜
Surprising yourself
每当你感到震惊或吃惊时,吸气就很容易发生。您可以与朋友或同事一起进行以下练习。你需要进入一个轻松愉快的心态——不要太努力!
The in-breath happens easily whenever you’re shocked or surprised. You can do the following practice with a friend or colleague. You need to get into a light-hearted frame of mind – no trying too hard!
这种做法可能会像下面这样运行:
This practice may run something like the following:
A 鼓掌。
Person A claps.
乙:你剪头发了!
Person B: You’ve cut your hair!
B 鼓掌。
Person B claps.
人A:你看起来好极了!
Person A: You’re looking amazingly well!
人A鼓掌。
Person A clap.
乙:你的办公桌怎么了?!
Person B: What’s happened to your desk?!
B 鼓掌。
Person B claps.
人 A:你今天穿蓝色衣服!
Person A: You’re wearing blue today!
A 鼓掌。
Person A claps.
B 人:你已经摆脱了你的法拉利!
Person B: You’ve got rid of your Ferrari!
像演员一样朗朗上口
Declaiming like an actor
交流涉及的不仅仅是随机的短语和感叹。您还需要用较长的句子测试您的呼吸,如第 7 轨所示。莎士比亚是这类材料的重要来源。他戏剧中的许多演讲都是用抑扬格五音步 诗体写成的——由带有五个重音的台词组成。因为台词的长度相似,呼吸的间隔大致相等,所以莎士比亚的演讲是练习呼吸的好方法。
Communication involves more than random short phrases and exclamations. You also need to test your breathing in longer sentences, as Track 7 illustrates. Shakespeare is a great source for this type of material. Many speeches in his plays are written in iambic pentameter verse – consisting of lines with five stresses in them. Because the lines are of similar length and the breaths happen at more or less equal intervals, Shakespearean speech makes good practice for breathing.
抑扬格五步诗的基本节奏是di dum di dum di dum di dum di dum 。节奏并不总是那么规律,但你总能在每行中找到五个重音。
The basic rhythm in iambic pentameter verse is di dum di dum di dum di dum di dum. The rhythm isn’t always quite as regular as that, but you always find five stresses in each line.
尽管您可以以多种不同的方式背诵莎士比亚,但作为一种呼吸练习,可以用完整的声音朗读台词,并发出类似于您练习说“How-now-brown-cow?”的方式。在上一节“将呼吸转化为声音”中。
Although you can recite Shakespeare in many different styles, as a breathing exercise declaim the lines in a full voice with joined up sounds similar to the way you practise saying ‘How-now-brown-cow?’ in the previous section ‘Turning Breath into Sound.’
想象一下,你是一位正值巅峰时期的著名演员。站起来,摆出架子,在文字中加入大量戏剧元素——既是为了享受体验,也是因为这样做有助于呼吸!
Imagine that you’re a famous actor at the height of your powers. Stand up, give yourself airs and put plenty of drama into the words – both for your enjoyment of the experience and because doing so helps your breath!
看在上帝的分上,让我们席地而坐
,讲述国王逝世的悲惨故事;
有些人是如何被免职的;有些人在战争中阵亡,
有些人被他们驱除的鬼魂所困扰;
有些人被他们的妻子毒死了:有些人在睡觉时被杀了;都被谋杀了:因为在围绕着国王凡人庙宇的
空心王冠内,死亡是他的宫廷,而滑稽的人就坐在那里,嘲笑他的地位,对他的浮华咧嘴笑,让他呼吸,一个小场景,为了君主化,成为恐惧,用眼神杀死他,让他充满自我和自负,就好像这围在我们生活周围的肉体,是坚不可摧的黄铜,最后幽默就这样来了,用一根小别针
钻穿他的城墙,告别国王!
For God’s sake, let us sit upon the ground
And tell sad stories of the death of kings;
How some have been deposed; some slain in war,
Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed;
Some poison’d by their wives: some sleeping kill’d;
All murder’d: for within the hollow crown
That rounds the mortal temples of a king
Keeps Death his court and there the antic sits,
Scoffing his state and grinning at his pomp,
Allowing him a breath, a little scene,
To monarchize, be fear’d and kill with looks,
Infusing him with self and vain conceit,
As if this flesh which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable, and humour’d thus
Comes at the last and with a little pin
Bores through his castle wall, and farewell king!
把船推出去
Pushing the boat out
如果您观看救生艇从坡道下水的新闻剪辑或视频,就会发现救生艇在跑道上加速后进入水中并以强劲的运动前进的时刻。击中水的点不会突然颠簸;它的影响只是强大平稳运动的中心部分。
If you watch news clips or video of a lifeboat being launched down a ramp, there’s a moment when the boat, having gathered speed down the runway, goes into the water and forward in a powerful movement. The point of hitting the water provides no sudden jolt; its impact is just the central part of a powerful smooth movement.
当你开始莎士比亚的每一行时,想想这个形象。每行都无情地走向它的末尾,在行末附近有一个或多个强有力的词。在你说话的时候,在心里瞄准粗体字,当你到达这些字时,不要摇晃它们,而是用力抚摸它们,就好像你的“救生艇”还有更远的地方一样。粗体字提醒您在脑海中瞄准每一行的结尾。
Think of this image as you start each line of Shakespeare. Each line moves inexorably towards its end, with a strong word or words near the end of the line. As you speak, aim mentally for the words in bold, and when you reach those words, don’t jolt them, but stroke them firmly as if your ‘lifeboat’ had farther to go. The words in bold remind you to aim for the end of each line in your mind.
看在上帝的份上,让我们坐在地上,
讲述国王逝世的悲惨故事; 有些人是如何被罢免的;有些人在战争中阵亡,有些人被他们驱除的 鬼魂缠绕;
For God’s sake, let us sit upon the ground
And tell sad stories of the death of kings;
How some have been deposed; some slain in war,
Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed;
莎士比亚的语言更加生动和戏剧化,可能看起来不像你每天说话的方式。但是,将莎士比亚的力量和方向带入日常陈述中,它们听起来更有力量而不是夸大其词。
Shakespearean language is heightened and dramatic and may not seem much like the way you speak every day. But take that Shakespearean strength and direction into everyday statements, and they can sound more powerful rather than overblown.
记得呼吸!
Remembering to breathe!
当然,您要记得在开始说话之前先呼吸一下!但是很容易忘记在每行或每句话的末尾有规律地呼吸。
Of course you’re going to remember to breathe before you start speaking! But it is surprisingly easy to forget to breathe regularly at the end of each line or sentence.
在之前使用莎士比亚诗歌的练习中,无论是否需要,你都会在每一行的末尾深呼吸。对于这个练习(以及在现实生活中),你的呼吸需要成为整体节奏的一部分,所以你不会像一开始那样拥有所有的时间。
In the previous practices using Shakespearean verse, you take a breath at the end of each line, whether you need it or not. For this exercise (and in real life), your breath needs to be part of the rhythm of the whole, so you don’t have all the time in the world as you do at the outset.
就像当你呼气并在胸腔仍然打开的情况下捏住鼻子时所产生的真空一样(参见前面的“充分呼吸”部分),当你说话时需要呼吸时,你希望空气能够轻松快速地进入肺部 –无需刻意吸气。您在这里需要这种技能。
Just like the vacuum you create when you breathe out and hold your nose with your rib cage still open (see the earlier section ‘Taking full breaths’), you want air to enter your lungs easily and rapidly when you need a breath in speaking – without any necessity to deliberately breathe in. You need that skill here.
当你说出一句台词的最后一个字并用尽所有的空气时,你的肋骨仍然张开,你还没有紧张。在你完成最后一个词的那一刻,你可以打开你的鼻子和嘴巴的通道,空气涌入,为下一行做好准备。这项技术需要一些练习,但它是一项非常值得掌握的技能。
When you say the last word of a line and have used all your air, your rib cage is still open and you haven’t tensed up. At the moment you complete that last word, you can open the passageway of your nose and mouth, and air floods in, ready for the next line. This technique takes a bit of practice but it’s a skill well worth acquiring.
热烈欢迎大家参加今天
关于新公司政策和方向的会议。
I’d like to warmly welcome you all to today’s meeting
on the new company policy and direction.
您会发现越来越多的新 ap
将帮助您更好地跟踪您的记录。
You’ll find the growing number of new aps
will help you to keep better track of your records.
现在从一些熟悉的材料中摘取一段较长的文章,例如报告,或报纸或杂志中的文章。用铅笔在你要呼吸的地方做记号,并应用你在莎士比亚身上使用的技巧。
Now take a longer passage from some familiar material, such as a report, or a passage from a newspaper or magazine. Mark in with pencil ticks where you’re going to breathe, and apply the technique you used for Shakespeare.
第 5 章
Chapter 5
重新发现放松
Rediscovering Relaxation
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
为身体的每个部位带来放松
Bringing relaxation to every part of your body
找到你的平衡和理想的姿势
Finding your balance and ideal posture
联系动作和说话
Linking movement and speaking
我贯穿本书的口头禅归结为一个词:放松。关于你声音的一切都取决于一个放松的身体,它可以自由地发出你的声音。这就是为什么我写了一整章的主题!说得好最重要的因素是你的呼吸(见第 4 章),而只有灵活、放松的身体才能很好地呼吸。如果你太紧了,你的声音就不会好听。在接下来的部分中,我探索了几种释放紧张、重新发现放松并让你的身体准备好支持有效演讲的方法。
M y mantra throughout this book comes down to a single word: relax. Everything about your voice depends upon a relaxed body that is free to make your sound ring out. That’s why I’ve written a whole chapter on the subject! The most important element for speaking well is your breath (see Chapter 4), and breath only works well with a flexible, relaxed body. If you’re at all tight, you won’t sound good. In the following sections, I explore several ways to release tension, rediscover relaxation, and ready your body to support effective speaking.
乍一看,本章对身体的关注对于一本关于声音的书来说似乎很奇怪。但正如伟大的波兰戏剧导演耶日·格洛托夫斯基告诉他的学生:“身体必须首先工作。然后是声音。
At first this chapter’s focus on the body may seem odd for a book about the voice. But as the great Polish theatre director Jerzy Grotowski told his students: ‘The body must work first. Afterwards comes the voice.’
为美好的声音寻找自由
Finding Freedom For a Fine Sound
您的声带很小,它们自己不会产生太多声音。但是它们的振动会产生声波,当它们在您身体的骨腔周围产生共振时,声波会被放大和再放大。这需要自由。自由赋予您声音的力量和品质。
Your vocal folds are small and on their own don’t produce much sound. But their vibration sets up sound waves that become amplified and re-amplified as they resonate around the bony cavities of your body. This requires freedom. Freedom is what gives your voice power and quality.
三角形只会因为它松散地悬挂而产生回响——因为它可以自由地产生共振。每种乐器都需要自由振动。铃铛必须挂起;如果你抓住它的边缘然后敲击它,它会发出难看的金属咔哒声。一个巨大的锣挂在电线上。小提琴、大提琴、吉他或钢琴的琴弦都必须不受束缚,才能自由振动。
A triangle only reverberates because it hangs loosely – because it is free to resonate. Every musical instrument needs freedom to vibrate. A bell has to be suspended; if you grab it by the rim and then strike it, it produces an ugly metallic clack. A giant gong hangs on wires. The strings of a violin, cello, guitar or piano must all be unrestricted so that they can vibrate freely.
你的声音是一样的;它需要自由,而自由对您的身体而言意味着放松。你的声音产生的声波在你身体的中空骨腔中产生共鸣:胸部、咽部、嘴巴、鼻子、面部和头部。将您的身体想象成与小提琴或大提琴琴身类似的功能。仅当没有任何东西被紧握或握紧时才会发生振动。然后共振腔振动,产生自己的谐波,从而放大原始声音。
Your voice is the same; it needs freedom, and that in terms of your body means relaxation. The sound waves set up by your voice resonate in the hollow bony cavities of your body: the chest, pharynx, mouth, nose, face and head. Think of your body as functioning in a similar way to the body of a violin or cello. The vibration only happens if nothing is gripped or held tightly. The resonating cavities then vibrate, producing their own harmonics, which amplify the original sounds.
准备好你的身体说话
Readying Your Body to Speak
当你说话的时候,你可能不会过多地考虑你的身体。也许您认为您的脑子里已经具备了对话所需的一切:您在脑中想出要说的话,用鼻子呼吸,然后从嘴里说出来。任务完成!
You may not think much about your body when you speak. Perhaps you think that you have all you need for conversation in your head: you think of something to say in your brain, you breathe through your nose and the words come out of your mouth. Job done!
剧作家艾伦·贝内特 (Alan Bennett) 的Talking Heads (1987) 是为 BBC 编写的一系列戏剧独白。每集都有一个不起眼的单一角色,只是在谈论他或她的生活。什么都没发生。但对于听众来说,这种体验是迷人的:浓郁的戏剧性、情感和辛酸都存在于表面之下和字里行间,在人物如何说出他们所说的——以及他们没有说出的话中。在线查看(或重温)贝内特的独白;您可以找到 Bennett 和其他人表演这些作品的数十个视频和音频片段。
Playwright Alan Bennett’s Talking Heads (1987) was a series of dramatic monologues written for the BBC. Each episode featured an unremarkable single character just talking about his or her life. Nothing really happened. But for the listener, the experience was captivating: full-bodied drama, emotion and poignancy were all there beneath the surface and between the lines in how the characters said what they said – and in what they left unsaid. Check out (or revisit) Bennett’s monologues online; you can find dozens of video and audio clips of Bennett and others performing the pieces.
你的声音有点像贝内特的独白。从表面上看,通过你的声音表达自己似乎是一项“头等工作”,从你嘴里说出来的话。但是,让您所说的话充满活力的一切——您的决心、激情、情感和直觉——都来自颈部以下,您身体的能量。
Your voice is a bit like Bennett’s monologues. On the surface, expressing yourself via your voice appears to be a ‘head job’, the words that come out of your mouth. But everything that gives life to what you say – your determination, passion, emotions and gut instincts – comes from below the neck, in the energy of your body.
你的声带依靠周围的自由度来正常振动(见第 4 章)。穿过褶皱的空气取决于它对你呼吸肌的动量,只有当它们不以其他方式支撑你的身体时,它们才会自由运作。如果他们承担了这项工作并放弃了他们在呼吸中的作用,那么您的颈部肌肉就会接管并紧张起来以排出空气。这种紧张使您的声音紧绷和紧张。
Your vocal cords rely on surrounding freedom to vibrate properly (see Chapter 4). The air passing across the folds depends for its momentum on your breathing muscles, which only operate freely if they’re not otherwise engaged in holding up your body. If they take on that job and abandon their role in breathing, then your neck muscles take over and tense up in an effort to push out the air. This tension makes your voice tight and strained.
释放你身体的每一个部分
Freeing up every part of your body
许多人通过忽略某些肌肉和过度使用其他肌肉来补偿,从而使他们在说话时付出两倍的努力。你身体的每个部分都参与到良好的演讲中,你越灵活,这个过程就越协调,你的声音就越好。
Many people work twice as hard as they need to when they speak by neglecting certain muscles and over-using others to compensate. Every part of your body is involved in speaking well, and the more mobile you are, the better co-ordinated the process and the better you sound.
第一步,让自己自由地说话,是检查身体每个部位是否紧张——然后释放你发现的任何紧绷感。在寻找和缓解紧张时,使用以下部分来指导您通过整个身体。我从脊柱开始,然后沿着身体向下运动。声带周围的重要肌肉有自己的特殊部分,后来称为“声带周围的放松”。
The first step, to free yourself up for speaking, is to check for tension in each part of your body – and then release any tightness you discover. Use the following sections to guide you through your entire body as you search out and alleviate tension. I start with the spine and work down the body. The important muscles around the vocal cords have their own special section later called ‘Relaxing around your vocal cords’.
脊柱
Spine
您的脊柱是您身体的结构基础并支撑您的框架。您的脊柱对您的呼吸至关重要,它支持您的声音。它甚至承载神经系统,因此脊柱的状态也会影响您的感觉和思考方式。
Your spine is the structural foundation of your body and supports your frame. Your spine is essential to your breathing, which supports your voice. It even carries the nervous system, so the state of your spine affects how you feel and think as well.
您可能从小就被教导,强壮的脊柱是挺直且不弯曲的。不是这样!强壮的脊柱实际上是灵活的。
You may have been taught from a young age that a strong spine is ramrod straight and unbending. Not so! A strong spine is actually mobile and flexible.
轻轻 探索脊柱的运动范围。坐着、站着,甚至仰卧着,温柔地向各个方向、侧身、旋转、前后滚动地伸展脊柱,就像一只爬行的毛毛虫。任何小的流体运动都是好的。感觉脊柱的僵硬松弛了。
Gently explore your spine’s range of motion. Sitting, standing or even lying on your back, tenderly stretch your spine in all directions, sideways, in rotation, and forwards and backwards in a rolling motion like a crawling caterpillar. Any small fluid movement is good. Feel the spine’s stiffness loosen.
肩膀
Shoulders
您的肩膀通常是您最先注意到紧张迹象的地方之一,紧绷的肩膀会对您的声音立即产生负面影响。花点时间释放它们,从你的手和手臂开始,然后将注意力转移到你的肩膀上。
Your shoulders are often one of the first places you notice signs of tension, and tight shoulders have an instant negative effect on your voice. Take your time to release them, starting with your hands and arms and then moving your attention to your shoulders.
1.双手在身体两侧用力摇动片刻,动作逐渐变小但不要变慢。
1. Shake your hands energetically by your sides for a few moments, gradually making the movements smaller but not slower.
2. 吸气时将肩膀抬高,然后呼气时放松,让它们在自身重量的作用下落回自然位置。重复几次。
2. Raise your shoulders high while breathing in, then let go on the out-breath and allow them to fall down under their own weight to their natural position. Repeat a few times.
3. 用你的右臂做两个或三个大圆圈,然后用你的左臂,感受每只手臂在向下运动时的重量。
3. Make two or three big circles with your right arm and then your left, feeling the weight of each arm on the downward movement.
4. 再次摆动双臂,这次更多地涉及肩膀。
4. Swing your arms in circles again, and this time involve your shoulders more.
5. 向各个方向摆动肩膀。
5. Wiggle your shoulders all over the place in every direction.
6. 将你的右手举到身前,就好像你在拿出一件小礼物。请注意,您可以在释放右肩的紧张感的同时进行此动作。用你的左手重复。
6. Raise your right hand in front of you as though you’re holding out a small gift. Notice that you can do this action at the same time as releasing tension in your right shoulder. Repeat with your left hand.
肋骨
Rib cage
您可能会认为您的胸腔是骨骼、软骨和其他结缔组织的固定集合,但整个区域具有惊人的活动性,并且在您呼吸时需要灵活。如果你僵硬地抬起胸腔来增加呼吸能力,你最终只会收紧上胸部和腹部,这会给你带来更少的呼吸空间而不是更多。
You may think of your rib cage as a stationary collection of bones, cartilage and other connective tissues, but this entire area has surprising mobility, and needs to be flexible when you breathe. If you hold your rib cage stiffly up to increase your breathing capacity, you only end up tightening your upper chest and stomach, which gives you less space to breathe rather than more.
1. 吸气时抬起肋骨,呼气时再次放低肋骨。
1. Raise your ribs as you breathe in and lower them again as you breathe out.
随着轻柔的动作,感觉整个胸腔向外扩张。
Feel your whole rib cage expand outwards with the gentle movement.
2. 在吸气和抬高胸腔的动作中包括背部,肋骨与脊柱的连接处。
2. Include your back where your ribs connect to your spine in the action of breathing in and raising your rib cage.
在这个过程中你的肩膀会稍微移动,但不要故意抬起你的肩膀或让它们变硬。
Your shoulders move a bit during the process, but don’t deliberately raise your shoulders or allow them to stiffen.
隔膜
Diaphragm
横膈膜是一块有力的肌肉,但说话时需要灵活。我将在第 4 章中更详细地讨论这块与呼吸相关的肌肉。
The diaphragm is a powerful muscle, but it needs to be flexible when you speak. I discuss this muscle in more detail in relation to breathing in Chapter 4.
想象一只狗在炎热的天气里喘着粗气。快速的吸气和呼气的长度相同,并且相互平衡。气喘吁吁,开始时相当缓慢,然后加快速度。同时,移动你的脖子和肩膀,确保你在那里是自由的。越注意放松,越容易气喘吁吁。继续几秒钟,随着隔膜上下移动,感觉你的肚子上下摆动。
Picture a dog panting in hot weather. The fast in-breath and the out-breath are the same length and balance each other. Pant yourself, starting quite slowly and then speeding up. At the same time, move your neck and your shoulders to make sure that you’re free there. The more you pay attention to relaxing, the easier panting becomes. Continue for a few seconds, feeling your tummy wobble in and out as your diaphragm moves up and down.
当您感到紧张时,您的隔膜往往会收缩。不幸的是,这种收缩可能会在您想说话并试图放松的同时发生。您最终会同时向两个方向拉动隔膜,结果它被卡住,无法向 任何方向移动。
Your diaphragm tends to contract when you feel nervous. Unfortunately, this contraction may happen at the very same time that you want to speak and are attempting to relax it. You end up with the diaphragm pulling in two directions simultaneously and, as a result, it gets stuck and can’t move in any direction.
骨盆
Pelvis
许多人紧紧抓住他们的骨盆。在走路时摆动身体并不流行,但现在就这样做:在房间里走来走去,让你的骨盆大摇大摆地左右摆动。沿着外面的人行道行走时,也要练习骨盆摆动!您也可以原地站立,将骨盆想象成一个盛水的桶,您可以随意晃动。当您停下来时,水会静止在水桶的中央。
Many people hold their pelvis tightly. It’s not much in fashion to put a wiggle in your walk, but do that now: walk up and down the room and let your pelvis swing from side to side in a swagger. Practise the pelvic swing as you walk along the pavement outside too! You can also stand on the spot, and picture the pelvis as a bucket containing water, which you slosh around freely. When you come to rest, the water becomes still in the centre of the bucket.
腿、膝盖和脚
Legs, knees and feet
夹紧的双腿和锁住的膝盖会在您的整个身体中产生巨大的张力,沿着您的脊椎向上延伸到您的喉咙。死于好声音!
Clamped legs and locked knees create enormous tension throughout your whole body, running up your spine and to your throat. Death to a good voice!
你的脚离你的喉咙很远,但它们是你的基础,会影响你的平衡。站立,双脚向前分开一小段距离。通过脚趾和脚跟感受您与地面的联系,并感到稳定和平衡。我会在后面的“站稳脚跟”一节中回到你的脚下。
Your feet are a long way away from your voice box, but they’re your foundation and affect your balance. Stand with your feet facing forward a short distance apart. Feel your connection to the ground through your toes and heels, and feel steady and balanced. I come back to your feet in the later section ‘Standing Steady and Balanced’.
放松你的声带
Relaxing around your vocal cords
说话要全身放松,每个部位都很重要。然而,声带附近的部分尤其重要,因为这里最微小的差异对你的声音质量有相应的大影响。而且这些部位很容易紧张!出于这些原因,我将在以下部分专门介绍声带周围的区域。
Your whole body needs to be relaxed when you speak, and every part is important. However, the parts in the vicinity of your vocal cords are especially significant because here the tiniest difference has a correspondingly large effect on the quality of your voice. And these parts tense up very easily! For these reasons, I devote the following section specifically to the areas around your vocal folds.
脖子和喉咙
Neck and throat
声带实际上位于喉部的喉咙内,也称为声带。喉咙里的任何紧张都会使你的声音听起来单薄而沉闷。
The vocal folds actually live in your throat inside the larynx, otherwise called the voice box. Any tension in your throat makes your voice sound thin and dull.
当你的呼吸不畅时——也许当你在说话前感到焦虑时——你可能会让你的喉咙肌肉做太多事情,并最终在你试图说话时使它们紧张。你的话被困在喉咙里。这种紧张会阻止声音在您的胸腔深处产生共鸣,您会失去更深沉的声音。
When your breathing is inadequate – perhaps when you’re feeling anxious right before speaking – you may give your throat muscles too much to do and end up tensing them as you attempt to speak. Your words become trapped in your throat. This tension blocks the voice from resonating deeper into your chest and you lose your deeper sounds.
1. 将头轻轻向左转,然后向右转。
1. Turn your head gently to the left, then to the right.
2. 让你的头向下垂直到你的下巴碰到你的胸部,然后轻轻地左右转动你的头。感受颈部在各个方向的轻柔活动。
2. Let your head drop down until your chin touches your chest and then roll your head gently from side to side. Feel the gentle mobility of your neck in all directions.
3. 抬起头。通过喉咙的开放通道,感觉你的脖子高而自由。
3. Lift your head. Feel your neck tall and free with an open passage through the throat.
4. 快速检查一下你的肩膀、下巴和舌头的张力。(是的,你的舌头也需要放松。它能达到的效果真是太棒了!)
4. Do a quick tension check of your shoulders, jaw and tongue. (Yes, your tongue needs to feel relaxed too. It’s amazing what it can get up to!)
如果您觉得说话时变得紧张,请将头轻轻地左右移动,以免变得僵硬。
If you feel you’re getting tense as you speak, gently move your head from side to side to avoid stiffening up.
头
Head
人类的脑袋很大!至少,他们的脑袋很重。你的头和烤鹅一样重,如果你把它向前伸出或向后拉,都会造成麻烦。
Human beings have big heads! At least, they have heavy heads. Your head weighs as much as a roast goose and can cause trouble if you jut it out forwards or pull it back.
为了让你的头处于放松的位置,让它向前垂下,然后慢慢抬起它,注意你脖子上的肌肉,因为它们承受着你头部的重量,一个接一个地展开。在你的头回到直立位置后,向各个方向移动它,让它保持直立和平衡。
To get your head in a relaxed position, let it drop forward, then lift it slowly, paying attention to the muscles of your neck as they pick up the weight of your head and uncurl one by one. After your head returns to an upright position, move it in all directions and bring it to rest upright and balanced.
用完头部后,将注意力集中在脸上几分钟。放松您所有的面部肌肉,感觉所有的紧绷感都消失了。想象你的额头像天鹅绒一样光滑,你的眼睛柔和,你的嘴唇和舌头放松。让所有表情融化。
After working with your head, focus on your face for a few moments. Relax all your facial muscles and feel any tightness melt away. Imagine that your forehead is as smooth as velvet, your eyes soft and your lips and tongue relaxed. Let all expression melt away.
嘴和下巴
Mouth and jaw
下巴是一个强壮的角色,可以像虎钳一样夹住声音。在某些文化中,很少移动下巴是一种习俗——传统的“牛津英语”口音有时是这里的罪魁祸首。试着咬住你的下巴,让你的嘴唇僵硬,然后装出一副时髦的英国口音。您会立即感到相当“地主绅士”——但您的声音也很紧绷并且失去了大部分表现力!
The jaw is a strong character and can grip sound like a vice. It’s the custom in some cultures to move the jaw very little – the traditional ‘Oxford English’ accent is sometimes a culprit here. Try locking your jaw and stiffening your lips and then put on a posh English accent. You immediately feel rather ‘landed gentry’ – but your sound is also tight and stripped of much of its expressiveness!
为了获得自由清晰的声音,您希望能够自由移动下巴。想象一下,您突然发现了一些荒谬的事情,并且惊讶得下巴都掉了下来。放松您的下巴肌肉,让您的下牙脱落——让您看起来简单一点!
For a free and clear voice, you want to be able to move your jaw freely. Imagine that you’ve suddenly spotted something absurd, and let your jaw drop in surprise. Just let your jaw muscles go and your lower teeth drop – allow yourself to look a bit simple!
声乐教练有时会建议您张开的嘴应该能够容纳垂直握住的两个手指,但不要为了达到这个目的而强行张开下巴。请注意,当您张开嘴巴时,后牙会分开。
Voice coaches sometimes suggest that your open mouth should be able to accommodate two fingers held vertically but don’t force the jaw open in order to achieve this. Notice instead that the back teeth separate when you open your mouth.
顺便说一句,你的下颚应该一直在移动。如果您收紧头骨底部周围的肌肉,抬起头并张开上唇,您将无法获得正确的结果。
By the way, your lower jaw should be doing all the moving. If you tighten the muscles around the base of your skull, lift your head up and open up the top lip you don’t achieve the right result.
张开嘴后,闭上嘴咀嚼一会儿。将手指放在耳朵后面下巴铰链处并感觉运动。当您移动下巴时,您可能会发现自己想打哈欠。这表明您正在漂亮地松开下巴。
After opening your mouth, close it and chew around for a while. Place your fingers behind your ears where the jaw hinges and feel movement. You may find, as you move your jaw around, that you want to yawn. That’s a sign that you’re releasing the jaw beautifully.
在你说话之前,确保你没有咬紧下巴或磨牙。当你的嘴巴仍然闭合时,感觉你的下巴松开并自由地“悬垂”。
Before you speak, make sure that you’re not clenching your jaw or grinding your teeth. While your mouth is still closed, feel your jaw released and ‘hanging’ freely.
站稳平衡
Standing Steady and Balanced
你有没有被告知要在学校坐直或站直?当得到这样的指示时,孩子们通常会挺胸收腹。这个动作让他们笔挺僵硬,甚至无法继续正常呼吸。
Were you ever told to sit up straight or stand up straight at school? When given this instruction, children often stick out their chests and draw in their stomachs. This action makes them ramrod stiff and they can’t even continue breathing normally.
很多人照镜子,对他们所看到的并不满意。也许你注意到你没精打采或你的肩膀是圆的。你的屁股可能会突出,你的腿可能会僵硬,或者你的膝盖可能会向内。您可能会发现自己发出尖锐的心理指令,例如“停止无精打采!” 或“看在上帝的份上,站直!” 或“停止盯着地面!” 为了回应你的自我批评,你可能会尝试整理你的姿势的特定部分。您收紧臀部,将肩膀向后拉,收紧松弛的腹部。但是你的姿势并没有因为你的修改而得到改善。你只是觉得尴尬和僵硬。
Many people look in the mirror and are not happy with what they see. Perhaps you notice that you’re slouching or that your shoulders are rounded. Your bottom may stick out, your legs may be stiff or your knees may point inwards. You may find yourself issuing sharp mental instructions such as ‘Stop slouching!’ or ‘For goodness sake, stand straight!’ or ‘Stop staring at the ground!’ In response to your self-criticism, you may try to sort out particular bits of your posture. You tuck in your behind, you pull your shoulders back and you tighten your slack tummy. But your posture isn’t improved by your modifications. You just feel awkward and stiff.
从外面一点一点地重新安排你的身体,没有帮助。您需要从内部感知良好的姿势。Ida Rolfe 博士是被称为 Rolfing 的放松技术的先驱,她谈到了“解除”身体的武装——消除所有因装腔作势和伪装而产生的紧张和压力,留下一种开放和轻松的乐观情绪。如果你的身体完全扭曲或不平衡,或者如果你向前或向后倾斜得太远,你正在收紧某些肌肉以保持直立,而紧张会抑制声音。
Rearranging your body from the outside, bit by bit, doesn’t help. You need to sense good posture from within. Dr Ida Rolfe, pioneer of the relaxation technique known as Rolfing, spoke about ‘dis-arming’ the body – removing all the tension and stress of posing and pretence and leaving a sense of openness and relaxed optimism. If your body is all screwed up or uneven, or if you’re leaning too far forward or too far back, you’re tightening certain muscles to stay upright, and the tightness inhibits the sound.
重新发现你的平衡
Rediscovering your balance
当然,站着、坐着、倒立都可以说话。但是声音的质量取决于您身体的平衡。保持平衡也会增强您的信心。
Of course you can speak when you’re standing up or sitting down, or even standing on your head. But the quality of your sound depends on balance in your body. Standing balanced boosts your confidence too.
你的身体,在内心深处,已经知道如何保持稳定和平衡,只要你放松并适应它。改善你的站立方式,从而改善你的声音,就是消除压抑,撤销而不是添加新的东西。
Your body, deep down, already knows how to stand steady and balanced if you just relax and tune into it. Improving your way of standing, and thus your voice, is about removing inhibitions, undoing rather than adding something new.
1. 站起来,想象片刻,再次踏入你三岁的身体。
1. Stand up, and imagine for a moment stepping into your body at three years old again.
• 作为一个三岁的孩子,你感觉如何?
• What do you feel like, as a three-year-old?
• 您的骨骼和肌肉感觉如何?
• How do your bones and muscles feel?
• 您想如何站立和移动?
• How do you want to stand and move?
• 您感到满足和乐观吗?(选择一个快乐的时刻!)
• How contented and optimistic do you feel? (Choose a happy moment!)
2. 将这些信息带到现在,审视此时此地的身体平衡。
2. Bring that information to the present and scan your body balance in the here and now.
赤脚或穿平底鞋做这个练习。站立,双臂垂在身体两侧,直视前方。当你站立时,注意你与地面的接触,感受你身体的舒适和放松。
Do this exercise with bare feet or wearing flat shoes. Stand with your arms hanging by your sides and look straight ahead. As you stand, become aware of your contact with the ground and feel the sense of comfort and ease in your body.
3. 将你的意识转向你的平衡。
3. Turn your awareness to your balance.
一个。将双脚笔直指向前方,大约分开一英尺,然后软化膝盖。当它们变软时,请注意,同时您身体的其他部分会更加安定和放松,而不会塌陷。
a. Point your feet straight forward, about a foot apart, and soften your knees. As they soften, be aware that at the same time other parts of you settle and relax more without slumping.
b. 站直并放松。然后前后摇摆一点,直到找到你的中点,既不向前倾斜也不向后倾斜。理想情况下,你的臀部直接在你的脚上。
b. Stand tall and relaxed. Then sway just a little forwards and backwards until you find your mid-point, neither leaning forward nor back. Ideally, your hips are directly over your feet.
你可能会发现你不确定你的中点在哪里。这很常见。许多人习惯于不平衡地站着,失去了真正的平衡感。
You may find that you’re not sure where your mid-point is. That is quite common. Many people are in the habit of standing unbalanced and have lost their true sense of equilibrium.
尝试将双脚分开不同的距离(大约与身体同宽),以帮助建立更清晰的平衡感。尝试站在镜子前,这样您就有一个可见的平衡图像来帮助您。
Try placing your feet at different distances apart – about a body’s width or so – to help establish a clearer sense of balance. Try standing in front of a mirror so that you have a visible image of balance to help you.
C。当你站在一个平衡的位置时,平静地呼吸。感受腹部的轻柔起伏。每次呼吸,都会更加意识到自己处于平衡状态。
c. While you’re standing in a balanced position, breathe calmly. Feel the gentle rise and fall of your belly. With each breath, feel ever more aware that you’re balanced.
采用漂浮姿势
Adopting a floating posture
考虑您的姿势时,请想象您悬在空中,而不是必须支撑身体的重量。这种念头带给你的轻盈感自然而然地调整了你的身体和平衡,以达到最佳的说话姿势。与简单的物理调整相比,您的想象力通常会产生更好的结果。在下面的练习中,假设您是一个提线木偶。
When thinking about your posture, imagine that you’re hanging from the sky, rather than having to support the weight of your body. The feeling of lightness this thought gives you naturally adjusts your body and balance to the best posture for speaking. Your imagination often creates a better result than simple physical adjustment. In the following exercise, imagine that you’re a string puppet.
1. 找到平衡的姿势。
1. Find your balanced stance.
请参阅上一节“重新发现您的余额”。
See the preceding section ‘Rediscovering your balance’.
2. 感觉你的脚与大地接触,感觉你的身体从地面上升起。
2. Feel your feet in connection with the earth and sense your body rising from the ground.
注意每根骨头如何舒适地与下一根分开:你的脚踝、小腿、膝关节和大腿都在上升。想象一下你的骨盆带和你的髋关节和脊柱从它上升。从底部向上感觉你背部的每块椎骨都上升,继续在你的肩胛骨之间上升并向上穿过你的脖子。想象一下你脖子上的骨头上升到头骨,头骨本身像气球一样漂浮在顶部。当你这样想象时,继续感觉你的脚与地板接触。
Pay attention to how each bone comfortably separates from the next: your ankles, shins, knee joints and thighs are all rising. Imagine your pelvic girdle and rising from it your hip joints and spine. Feel from the bottom upwards each vertebra of your back rise, continuing to rise up between your shoulder blades and up through your neck. Picture the bones of your neck rising up into the skull, and the skull itself floating at the top like a balloon. As you imagine this, continue to feel your feet in contact with the floor.
让所有的东西都向上漂浮,同时你的手臂垂在身体两侧,每根骨头都从上面的骨头垂下来,一直到你的腕关节和你的手的骨头。
Allow everything to float upwards, while your arms hang by your sides, each bone hanging from the one above, down to your wrist joints and the bones of your hands.
3. 想象一下,你的手肘、手腕和手指上都系着绳子——就像一个木偶。
3. Imagine that you’ve strings attached to your elbows, wrists and fingers – like a puppet.
让绳子将您的肘部拉高,然后让系在您手腕上的绳子将您的手腕拉得更高。然后,系在指尖的绳子将手指向上拉得更高。
Let the strings pull your elbows up high in the air, then permit the strings attached to your wrists to pull your wrists up higher still. Then strings attached to the tips of your fingers pull the fingers up higher still.
你的整个身体从上面被抓住,从你的指尖垂下来。
Your whole body is held from above and hangs down from the tips of your fingers.
4. 让“琴弦”一根一根地走,一点一点地轻轻松开你的身体。
4. Let the ‘strings’ go one by one and gently release your body bit by bit.
让你的手从手腕上垂下来。然后你的手腕和前臂放松并从肘部松散地垂下。你的手臂从肩膀上垂下沉重地垂下。
Let your hands drop and hang from the wrists. Then your wrists and forearms relax and hang loosely from the elbow. Your arms drop to hang heavily down from the shoulders.
5. 轻轻松开固定头部和身体其他部位的绳子。
5. Gently release the strings holding your head and other body parts.
向前低头,让头和脖子像无头躯干一样悬垂在身体上,然后从上到下逐块放松脊柱,直到弯腰,从尾骨松散地垂下。也软化你的膝盖。始终保持呼吸,享受片刻放松的感觉。
Drop your head forward so that head and neck hang off your body like a headless torso, and then relax your spine bone by bone from the top down until you’re bent right over, hanging loosely from your tailbone. Soften your knees as well. Keep breathing throughout and enjoy the feeling of relaxation for a few moments.
6. 在不收紧腹部肌肉的情况下,再次轻轻展开脊柱,逐渐伸直膝盖。
6. Gently uncurl your spine again without tightening your stomach muscles, gradually straightening your knees.
放松每块椎骨直至颈部,让您的头部再次舒适地漂浮。想象你的能量向上移动。
Unwind each vertebra right up into the neck and allow your head to float comfortably again. Picture your energy moving upwards.
7. 伸展身体,打哈欠,摇晃身体。
7. Stretch, yawn and shake out your body.
注意你的身体是多么的活跃和清醒。
Notice how alive and awake you feel in your body.
8. 意识到你是如何拥有软化身体所有部位的能力的。
8. Become aware of how you have the ability to soften all parts of your body.
仅仅通过思考,你就可以软化你的脖子、你的肩膀、你脊椎的每一节椎骨、你的胸部和腹部、你的骨盆、你的腿和手臂。
You can, simply by thinking, soften your neck, your shoulders, each vertebra of your spine, your chest and abdomen, your pelvis, your legs and arms.
随着每个部分变软,它也感觉更轻。无论你把注意力转移到哪里,你的那个部分都会软化和融化,而你的骨架却挺直了。
As each part softens, it feels lighter too. Everywhere you move your attention, that part of you softens and melts, while your skeleton stands tall.
9. 将你的意识转向内心,消除你可能发现的任何紧张情绪。
9. Turn your awareness to the inside and melt away any tensions you may find.
检查面罩、喉咙、胸部、腹部和腹股沟处是否还有一点点剩余的张力。
Check for little bits of remaining tension in the mask of your face, your throat, your chest, stomach and down into the groin.
注意那些空间内呼吸的轻柔运动。享受身体的自由。
Be aware of the gentle movement of the breath within those spaces. Enjoy the freedom in your body.
深入身心放松
Going Deeper into Relaxation With Body and Mind
这种练习——就像本章中的所有练习一样——是关于感觉和感受的。说话与听觉一样重要。(有关令人信服的示例,请参阅“通过感觉聆听”。)毕竟,当您听到声音时,您也会在身体中感受到它——有时会让人感到不舒服!
This practice – like all the practices in this chapter – is about sensation and feeling. Speaking is as much about feeling as about hearing. (See ‘Hearing through feeling’ for a compelling example.) After all, when you hear a voice, you feel it in your body too – sometimes uncomfortably so!
在练习说话放松时,专注于内在感觉比担心自己的实际声音更重要,就像轻松挥动球杆比专注于球的实际落点更重要一样,要成为一名更好的高尔夫球手更重要。作为一名新手高尔夫球手,如果您只专注于将球打到正确的位置,那么您很可能会获得一种从长远来看对您不利的拼凑技术。体育教练经常谈论“走出自己的路”,这是关于释放自己而不是通过学习(或“粘贴”)技术的动作。因此,享受提高对身体和思想实际在做什么的认识,而不是驱使自己朝着特定的结果前进。
Focusing on the internal feeling as you practise relaxation for speaking is more important than getting anxious about how you actually sound, just as swinging a club with ease is more important to becoming a better golfer than focusing on where the ball actually ends up. As a novice golfer, if you concentrate only on getting the ball to the right place, you’re likely to acquire a patched-together technique that doesn’t serve you in the long run. Sports coaches often talk about ‘getting out of your own way’, which is about freeing yourself rather than going through the motions of learned (or ‘pasted on’) techniques. So enjoy heightening your awareness of what your body and mind are actually doing rather than driving yourself towards specific results.
你的姿势影响你的心情,你的心情影响你的姿势。足智多谋的心态可以比您想象的更能帮助您保持姿势。
Your posture affects your mood, and your mood affects your posture. A resourceful state of mind can help your posture more than you may think.
著名的以色列运动老师Moshé Feldenkrais提出,开放的身体姿势也可以让您的思想开放,从而产生客观感和对其他可能性的认识。自由的身体可以让您更有效地思考、提高注意力和增强自信——所有这些都对您作为演讲者有所帮助。因此,积极的心态对身体有帮助,身体放松会产生更好的心态。有关这位伟大老师的更多信息,请参阅边栏“费登奎斯方法”。
The famous Israeli movement teacher, Moshé Feldenkrais, suggested that an open physical stance allows your mind to open as well, resulting in a sense of objectivity and awareness of alternative possibilities. Your freed body allows more effective thinking, improved concentration and greater confidence – all of which can be helpful for you as a speaker. So a positive state of mind helps you physically, and physical relaxation produces a better state of mind. See the sidebar ‘The Feldenkrais Method’ for more on this great teacher.
你通过你的身体表达情绪。当你紧张时,你很难表达某些情绪,例如热情或愉悦。同样,当情绪似乎势不可挡时,您的身体可能会紧张起来以保护自己免受恐惧。在某种程度上,所有的声音问题都结合了身体和情感原因,通常还包括智力或精神原因。英语中充满了表达感觉和身体声音之间联系的短语:“感觉卡在我的喉咙里”或“她的心来到她的嘴里”。看看Elizabeth Kuhnke 的《傻瓜肢体语言》,了解更多关于身心联系的信息。
You express emotions through your physical body. When you’re tense, you struggle to express certain emotions, such as enthusiasm or pleasure. Equally when emotions seem overwhelming, your body may tense up to protect itself from fear. To some extent, all vocal problems combine physical and emotional causes, and often intellectual or spiritual causes as well. The English language is filled with phrases that express this link between feeling and the physical voice: ‘the feeling got stuck in my throat’ or ‘her heart came into her mouth.’ Have a look Body Language For Dummies by Elizabeth Kuhnke for more on body/mind connection.
放松与准备相结合:不要太紧,也不要太松
Blending Relaxation with Readiness: Not Too Tight, Not Too Loose
前面的部分着眼于放松身体的每个部位。当然,如果你完全放松你的身体,你就会倒下。放松不等于颓废;它也需要一种生活感。
The preceding sections look at relaxing every part of your body. Of course if you totally relaxed your body, you would fall down. Relaxing is not the same as slumping; it needs a sense of life too.
如果您练习瑜伽、武术、太极拳、Rolfing 或将任何运动发展到高水平,您就会理解不要太紧也不要太松的理念。即使在静止姿势中,也始终具有运动和弹性的感觉。
If you do yoga, the martial arts, T’ai Chi, Rolfing or develop any sport to a high level, you understand the idea of not too tight, not too loose. The feeling is always of movement and elasticity even in a static pose.
想一想你做的任何事情都轻松又好,你会发现同样适用于“不要太紧,也不要太松”的描述。例如,如果你擦亮一块精致的玻璃,你会自信而精致地握住它。如果你画一幅画,你会泰然自若地握住画笔,但不会僵硬。如果您握住网球拍,您可以灵活而有力地握住它,就像手臂的延伸一样。在所有这些活动中,您都可以完美控制。以下部分中的活动可帮助您找到弹性与放松的最佳结合。
Think of anything you do easily and well, and you find that the same ‘not too tight, not too loose’ description applies. For instance, if you polish a fine glass, you hold it both confidently and delicately. If you paint a picture, you hold the paint brush with poise but without stiffening up. If you hold a tennis racquet, you hold it flexibly yet strongly as an extension of your arm. In all these activities you apply perfect control. The activities in the following sections help your find your best blend of elasticity and relaxation.
涉及你的整个身体
Involving your whole body
当我谈到放手时,我经常这样做的想法是放松参与不是他们工作的活动的肌肉,并通过这样做允许使用适当的肌肉。
When I talk about letting go, I often do so with the idea of relaxing muscles that are getting involved in activities that are not their job, and by doing so allowing the appropriate muscles to be used.
1. 坐在坚固的椅子上。
1. Sit upright on an firm chair.
支撑你自己的背部,将双脚平放在地板上,并将双手放在膝盖上。
Supporting your own back, position your feet flat on the floor and place your hands in your lap.
2. 慢慢地——在全神贯注的情况下——低下头,低头看你的皮带扣。
2. Slowly – and with full awareness – lower your head and look down to see your belt buckle.
3. 回到第一步的原位。
3. Return to the original position in Step 1.
而已!这就是练习!
That’s it! That’s the exercise!
但现在有几个问题:你是不是通过弯曲脖子来移动你的头?你可能有,但如果你把更多的自己带入行动中,运动会更容易。
But now a few questions: Did you move just your head by bending your neck? You might have, but the movement is easier if you bring more of yourself into the action.
1. 慢慢重复这个动作,这次要密切注意你的胸部。将您的手放在胸部中间的胸骨上,并意识到您的胸部以及您的头部和眼睛向腹部倾斜。感觉你的肋骨移动。当你反转动作时,感觉你的胸部帮助你把头抬起来。
1. Repeat the action slowly and this time pay close attention to your chest. Place your hand on the sternum bone in the middle of your chest and become aware of your chest tipping down towards your belly, along with your head and eyes. Feel your ribs move. As you reverse the motion, feel your chest help to bring your head back up.
2. 再次重复这个动作,注意你的下背部,就在你的腰部以上。当您向下看时,请注意您的下背部如何向后移动并略微弯曲。然后,注意它是如何向前移动的,当你再次上来时轻轻拱起。把你的手放在那里感受运动。
2. Repeat the action again and become aware of your lower back, just above your waist. Notice how your lower back moves back and rounds slightly as you look down. Then, notice how it moves forward, arching gently as you come up again. Place your hands there to feel the movement.
3. 再次重复这个动作,注意你的骨盆。当您向下看时,感觉您的骨盆轻轻向后摇晃,并感觉您如何坐在臀部后面。回来时,当您更多地坐在臀部前部时,感觉您的骨盆向前摆动。
3. Repeat the action again and notice your pelvis. Feel your pelvis rock gently backwards as you look down and sense how you sit more on the back of your buttocks. Coming back up, feel your pelvis rock forward as you sit more on the front of your buttocks.
即使是这种最简单的运动,您也会意识到您的眼睛、颈部、头部、胸部、下背部、骨盆和臀部都是您全身协调运动的一部分。
Even with this simplest of movements, you become aware that your eyes, neck, head, chest, lower back, pelvis and buttocks are all part of one co-ordinated movement of your whole body.
享受准备状态
Relishing the state of readiness
武术中的准备结合了自由和灵活性,成功演讲的秘诀也类似。准备就绪可以让您以最高效率使用您的身体——以更少的努力获得更多的力量。准备就绪实际上是运动员或艺术家处于状态时观察到的品质。
Readiness in the martial arts combines freedom and flexibility, and the recipe is similar for successful speaking. Readiness allows you to use your body with utmost efficiency – more power for less effort. Readiness is in fact the quality observed in sports people or artists when they’re in the zone.
准备就绪是一种被“打开”的感觉。当您开始说话时,您希望同时感到放松和警觉。事实上,演讲的最高技巧是在正常的紧张情绪容易恢复时,能够在听众面前保持这种生动而轻松的感觉。
Readiness is a feeling of being ‘switched on’. When you begin to speak, you want to feel relaxed yet alert at the same time. Indeed, the highest skill in speaking is the ability to maintain this sense of alive yet relaxed flow in front of an audience, when normal tensions are prone to return.
在1960 年代和 70 年代的粉红豹电影中,彼得·塞勒斯 (Peter Sellers) 饰演的督察克鲁索 (Inspector Clouseau) 不断遭到他的中国仆人卡托 (Cato) 的攻击,卡托曾受克鲁索 (Clouseau) 指点以磨练武术。因此,克鲁索必须时刻保持警惕——他在这项任务上以惊人而幽默的方式失败了。虽然这些电影是喜剧,但你确实能感受到角色的准备状态,他的感官得到了增强,并准备好对最小的刺激做出反应。
In the Pink Panther films of the 1960s and 1970s, Inspector Clouseau, played by Peter Sellers, is constantly attacked by his Chinese servant Cato, who has been instructed by Clouseau to sharpen his martial arts skills. As a result, Clouseau must be constantly alert – a task at which he fails spectacularly and humorously. Although the films are comedy, you do get the sense of the character’s readiness, his senses heightened and ready to respond to the smallest stimulus.
享受永动机
Enjoying perpetual motion
当你说话时,你永远不会静止。你一直在移动;即使你坐着什么都不做,你也会移动。当一架飞机在自动驾驶仪下从洛杉矶飞往悉尼时,它的方向永远不会恒定。飞机开始稍微偏离航线,自动驾驶仪会纠正它,然后它会在另一个方向上再次偏离航线并再次纠正,不断进行微调。你对你的姿势和平衡做同样的事情。
When you speak, you’re never static. You move all the time; even when you sit and do nothing, you move. When a plane flies from Los Angeles to Sydney on automatic pilot, its direction is never constant. The plane begins to veer slightly off course and the autopilot corrects it, then it goes a little off course again in the other direction and is corrected again, constantly being micro-adjusted. You do the same with your posture and balance.
生命在扩张、移动和延伸。许多音乐家通过亚历山大技巧来放松身心。Alexander 的老师们总是谈论运动——拉长脊柱,放松和加宽肩膀,加宽背部。他们建议您用思想设想一个放松运动的方向,然后朝那个方向前进。
Life is expansion, moving and extending. Many musicians develop relaxation through the Alexander Technique. Alexander teachers talk always in terms of movement – lengthening the spine, releasing and widening the shoulders and broadening the back. They suggest that you envision a direction for relaxed movement with your thoughts and move in that direction.
大地没有什么比这更美丽的了:如果他的灵魂可以经过 如此壮丽的景色如此动人:这座城市现在就像一件衣服,穿着早晨的美丽;寂静,光秃秃的,船只,塔楼,圆顶,剧院和寺庙向田野和天空敞开。
Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty: This City now doth like a garment wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky.
大声说话——甚至高贵!– 每行一个扫过的手势。感受运动和手势如何释放声音并赋予它节奏和能量。自由与言论相结合——制胜法宝!
Speak expansively – nobly even! – with one sweeping gesture per line. Feel how the movement and gestures free the sound and give it rhythm and energy. Freedom and speech together – the winning combination!
第6章
Chapter 6
将声音转化为语音
Turning Sound into Speech
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
巧妙地表达声音
Artfully articulating sounds
帮助您的听众轻松理解您在说什么
Helping your listeners easily understand what you’re saying
用你长长的声音让语言栩栩如生
Bringing language to life with your long sounds
用简短的声音为您的演讲增添趣味
Spicing up your speech with your short sounds
当你说话时,你希望人们很容易理解你。如何做到这一点是本章的主要重点。
When you speak, you want people to understand you easily. How to do that is the principal focus of this chapter.
演讲不仅仅是一项体力活动。它也涉及你的大脑和情感。语音工作从更好地呼吸(见第 4 章)和释放紧张感(见第 5 章)开始,但它也需要培养你的身体能力,以最经济的方式清晰地表达单词并将你的想法转化为有效的沟通。当您清楚地表达或阐明您的话时,人们能够清楚地听到每个词的每个部分 。
Speaking isn’t just a physical activity. It involves your brain and emotion too. Voice work starts with breathing better (see Chapter 4) and letting go of tension (see Chapter 5), but it also requires developing your physical ability to articulate words in the most economical way and turn your thoughts into effective communication. When you articulate, or enunciate, your words, people are able to hear every part of each word distinctly.
让您的声音清晰易懂
Making Your Voice Clearly Understood
如果有人告诉你你说话含糊不清(第 11 章有更多关于含糊不清的内容),你可能认为答案是大声说话。但被理解并不需要你大声喊叫,只要讲得清清楚楚就可以了。您的听众必须理解您所说的话;如果他们不明白你的意思,那么说话就毫无意义。
If someone tells you that you mumble (there’s more about mumbling in Chapter 11), you may think that the answer is to speak louder. But being understood doesn’t require you to shout, just to be exquisitely clear. Your listeners have to make sense of what you say; if they don’t get your meaning, speaking is pointless.
请注意,让自己被理解与您的口音、教育水平或班级无关。它始于想要被理解。如果你一半希望没有人在听,因为你不确定你说的是否有道理,那么你肯定不会说清楚。
Note that making yourself understood has nothing to do with your accent, education level or class. It starts with wanting to be understood. If you’re half hoping nobody’s listening because you’re not sure whether you’re talking sense, then you certainly won’t be clear.
如果你真的需要让别人理解,你可能完全有能力做到这一点。想象自己处于一个戏剧性的场景中——或者在电影惊悚片中。您是第一个注意到烟雾和火焰或有人拔枪的人。我相信您可以清楚地大喊“着火了!” 或者“他有枪!” 并确保其他人了解情况。
If you really need to have others understand, you’re probably more than capable of making it happen. Picture yourself in a dramatic situation – or in a film thriller. You’re the first to notice smoke and flames or someone pulling out a gun. I’m sure that you can clearly yell ‘Fire!’ or ‘He’s got a gun!’ and make sure that other people understand the situation.
然而,在日常演讲中,您往往不会如此高度谨慎地表达清楚。以下部分为您提供了几种发音技巧。
However, in everyday speech you tend not to take such a high level of care to be clear. The following sections give you several articulation techniques.
形成的话
Forming the words
阐明需要什么?不像呼吸涉及你的整个身体(见第 4 章),清晰地表达你的话只是头脑的事情。事实上,这一切都发生在你头脑中的一个小空间里。虽然说“你好”这样一个简单的词需要 100 块肌肉的协调,但实际的词形塑造只是你的嘴唇以不同的方式闭合和张开,你的舌头的不同部位撞击口腔的各个部位,包括你的上牙龈,上颚和硬腭后部。就是这样。
What does articulating entail? Unlike breathing, which involves your whole body (see Chapter 4), articulating your words is just head stuff. In fact, it all happens in a small space in your head. Although saying a simple word such as ‘hello’ takes the co-ordination of 100 muscles, the actual word-shaping is just your lips closing and opening in different ways and various bits of your tongue hitting parts of the mouth, including your upper gums, the roof your mouth and the back of your hard palate. And that’s it.
如果说话时你的脸是活跃的,那么你就已经说得很清楚了。如果你的脸通常是一个冷漠的面具,你需要让它动起来。请参阅下一节“为您的面部肌肉预热”。
If your face is active when you speak, you’re halfway towards speaking clearly. If your face is usually an impassive mask, you need to get it moving. See the following section ‘Warming up your facial muscles’.
如果你的呼吸没有适当地支持声音,你的舌头会提供补偿力量,因此不能自由地在发音中发挥其应有的作用。检查您的舌头前后是否可以自由移动。(有关呼吸支持的技巧,请参阅第 4 章。)
If your breath isn’t properly supporting the sound, your tongue provides compensatory strength and therefore isn’t free to take its rightful part in articulation. Check that both the front and back of your tongue can move freely. (See Chapter 4 for tips on breath support.)
如果你习惯性地抿紧嘴唇,你将难以自由地表达。把它们摇松!
If you habitually hold your lips tight, you’ll struggle to articulate freely. Shake them loose!
如果您过于专注于控制嘴唇和舌头,它们的动作就会变得过于有力。你最终会得到清晰的措辞,但尴尬夸张的面部动作和听起来很假的词。不要太用力。
If you focus too much on manipulating your lips and tongue, their movements can become too powerful. You end up with clear diction but awkward exaggerated facial movements and artificial-sounding words. Don’t try too hard.
在过去,演讲是指学会“说得漂亮”,其中包括正确的口音。它涉及像著名情景喜剧中的 Joanna Lumley 那样发音英国英语或像著名情景喜剧中的 Frasier 那样发音美国英语,嘴巴和嘴唇的动作很大。我对早年背诵“Jonathan Joe,嘴巴像O ”和夸张的面部动作记忆犹新!这项工作使人们能够以明亮、超凡脱俗的清晰度进行交谈。聆听和观看玛格丽特·撒切尔 (Margaret Thatcher) 在成为首相之前的早期演讲录音,以了解此类经典演说的典范。
In the old days, elocution was about learning to speak ‘beautifully,’ which included the right accent. It involved pronouncing UK English like Joanna Lumley or US English like Frasier in the famous sitcom, with much movement of mouth and lips. I have vague memories from my early schooldays of reciting ‘Jonathan Joe, has a mouth like an O’ with exaggerated facial movements! This work resulted in people talking with bright, larger-than-life clarity. Listen to and watch Margaret Thatcher in recordings of her early speeches before she became Prime Minister for a prime example of this type of classic elocution.
热身你的面部肌肉
Warming up your facial muscles
如果你打算跑步甚至散步,你可能会先做一些放松。在发表演讲或表演之前,公共演讲者和演员通常会锻炼声音和嘴巴周围的所有支撑肌肉。
If you’re going to do a run or even take a long walk, you probably do a bit of limbering up first. Public speakers and actors often limber up their voices and all the supporting muscles around their mouths before giving speeches or performances.
然而,在日常生活中,大多数人说话时嘴巴周围都有点懒惰,当他们想被听到时,热身声带肌肉会有所帮助。一点声乐准备可能是一种声音随着懒散的脚步艰难跋涉的声音 - 还是一种自信大步轻松优雅地摆动的声音。
In everyday life, however, most people are a bit lazy around the mouth when they speak, and would benefit from warming up their vocal muscles when they want to be heard. A little vocal preparation can be the difference between a voice that trudges along with a slouching tread – or one that swings easily and gracefully in a confident stride.
在开始锻炼说话的肌肉之前,通过摇晃四肢、活动肩膀、摆动手臂和放松膝盖片刻来释放身体的任何紧张感。请参阅第 5 章,了解大量让您的身体暖和起来的想法。不要一次完成以下面部锻炼——只需选择一两个,然后每次做几秒钟。当您知道如何练习时,只要有片刻的独处时间,例如开车或走路时,您就可以简单地练习您最喜欢的。
Before you start to exercise your speaking muscles, just release any tension in your body by shaking out your limbs, moving your shoulders, swinging your arms and loosening your knees for a moment. See Chapter 5 for loads of ideas to get your body warmed up. Don’t do the following facial exercises all at once – just choose one or two and perform each for a few seconds at a time. When you know how to do them, you can practise your favourites briefly whenever you have a couple of moments alone, when driving or walking for example.
脸
Face
花点时间移动脸部的每一部分:
Spend a few moments moving each part of your face:
紧紧地拧紧你的脸,然后伸展它。使用你的面部肌肉,将它向左拉,然后向右拉。
Screw up your face tightly, then stretch it out. Using your face muscles, pull it to the left and then to the right.
张大嘴巴,然后噘嘴;又宽又噘嘴,又宽又噘嘴。
Stretch your mouth wide, then pout; wide and pout, wide and pout.
抬起和放下你的眉毛。快速闪烁;然后紧闭并睁大双眼,同时和分开。
Raise and lower your eyebrows. Blink fast; then squeeze your eyes tightly shut and wide open, both together and separately.
抬起和放下你的脸颊。
Raise and lower your cheeks.
上下摆动你的下巴。让你的下巴松开并悬垂几秒钟,然后轻轻抬起它。
Wiggle your jaw around and about and up and down. Let your jaw unhinge and hang for a few seconds and then gently lift it.
轻轻按摩您的脸部,尤其是眼睛周围。然后,搓揉你的手掌,直到它们变暖。将温暖的手掌捧成杯状,放在眼睛上。感觉脸上的紧张在温暖中消失。
Gently massage your face, especially around the eyes. Then, rub your palms together until they’re warm. Cup your warm palms and place them over your eyes. Feel any tension in your face melt away in the warmth.
嘴唇
Lips
向各个方向移动你的嘴唇。
Move your lips in all directions.
咧嘴一笑,然后噘起嘴唇向前;重复几次。
Make a wide grin, then pout with your lips well forward; repeat a few times.
咬紧牙关,像马露出牙齿一样移动下唇,然后像冷笑一样露出上唇。
With your teeth together, move your bottom lip like a horse showing its teeth, then bare your top lip up as if you’re sneering.
当你吸气时,像孩子做鬼脸一样用手指把嘴巴张大;然后突然松开你的手指,同时像马一样从你的嘴唇里吹出来:brrrr!
As you take a breath, pull your mouth out wide with your fingers like a child making a funny face; then suddenly let your fingers go, at the same time blowing through your lips like a horse: brrrr!
现在,用空气的耳语,非常快地发音以下内容。每行数 1 和 2——第一次数四声,第二声长音。保持下巴放松和活动:
Now, in a whisper just using air, pronounce the following quite fast. Count 1 and 2 for each line – four sounds to the first count, and one long sound for the second. Keep your jaw relaxed and mobile:
|
1个 1 |
2个 2 |
|
蜂蜂蜂蜂 Bee bee bee bee |
蜜蜂 bee-ee |
|
呸呸呸 Beh beh beh beh |
be-eh be-eh |
|
呸呸呸 Bah bah bah bah |
呸 ba-ah |
|
呸呸呸 Boh boh boh boh |
波欧 bo-oh |
|
呜呜呜呜 Boo boo boo boo |
嘘 boo-oo |
舌头
Tongue
形成单词的主要部分发生在你看不见的嘴里。这个区域通常是传统演讲课程忽略的说话部分。
A major part of forming words takes place way back inside your mouth where you cannot see. This area is often the part of speaking that traditional elocution lessons ignore.
这是锻炼舌头所有部位的锻炼方法。在开始之前,请注意您的舌头在静止时的位置。尖端应该舒适地向前,背部放松,而不是在你的上颚聚成一团。
Here’s a workout that exercises all parts of your tongue. Before you start, note the position of your tongue when it’s lying at rest. The tip should be comfortably forward and the back relaxed and not bunched up in the roof of your mouth.
闭上嘴,在嘴里移动舌头,先触摸一侧,然后再触摸另一侧。
With your mouth closed, move your tongue about inside your mouth to touch one side and then the other.
伸出你的舌头,左右摇晃,上下摇晃,绕一圈。假装你是一只猫,刚喝了一碟牛奶,舔完最后一滴牛奶,然后高兴地舔了舔嘴唇。
Stick out your tongue and shake it all about, side to side, up and down and round in a circle. Pretend that you’re a cat that’s just received a saucer of milk and laps up every last drop and then licks its lips all around with pleasure.
如果可以,将舌头卷成 C 形。
If you can, roll your tongue into a C-shape.
张开你的嘴,看看你的舌头是否可以碰到你的下巴,然后尝试碰到你的鼻尖。
Open your mouth and see whether your tongue can touch your chin and then attempt to touch the tip of your nose.
不使用你的声带,在空气中耳语:lalalala lalalala lalalala lalalala。重复得更快。
Without employing your vocal folds, whisper on air: lalalala lalalala lalalala lalalala. Repeat faster.
如果你可以滚动你的 'r',请发出像马达一样的 r 声音几秒钟。
If you can roll your ‘r’s, make an r-sound like a motor for a few seconds.
你的舌头比你想象的要大得多。前面的活动只是锻炼你的舌尖。为了锻炼舌头的中部,将舌尖放在下牙上并保持不动,然后将舌头从嘴里来回滚动。当舌头参与运动时,请注意舌头的更后方。
Your tongue is much larger than you may think. The preceding activities exercise just the tip of your tongue. In order to exercise the middle of your tongue, put the tip of your tongue on your bottom teeth and, keeping it there, roll the tongue back and forth out of the mouth and in again. Become aware of the tongue further back as it gets involved in the movement.
如果你的舌头在说话时向后拉,它会关闭你的喉咙并使你的声音听起来有鼻音。
If your tongue pulls back while speaking, it closes your throat and makes your voice sound nasal.
如果你的舌头后部紧张,你会失去许多明亮的高音和你声音的大部分中音。请参阅第 9 章,了解如何用您的声音创建高低音共鸣。
If the back of your tongue is tense, you lose many of your bright higher tones and much of the middle of your voice too. See Chapter 9 for creating high and low resonance with your voice.
如果你的呼吸支持很弱,你的舌头就会过度参与发出声音并使声音变得模糊。
If your breath support is weak, your tongue gets too involved in making sound and muffles it.
如果您的舌头在口腔后部卷起,您也往往会沾上过多的粘液。
If your tongue is bunched up at the back of your mouth, you tend to get too much mucus too.
当其他一切正常时,您的舌头会愉快地工作,而不会受到您的有意识干扰。如果你想得太多,它对你的嘴来说似乎太大了。良好的热身有助于确保它不会阻挡您的声音。在大多数情况下,您可以保留它。
When everything else is working, your tongue happily does its job without conscious interference on your part. If you think about it too much, it just seems too large for your mouth. A good warm-up helps to ensure that it doesn’t block your sound. For the most part, you can just leave it be.
颚
Jaw
您需要能够松开下巴并自由移动。所以就感觉它打开了。想象你是一条鱼,以同样柔软的噘嘴方式张开和合上你的嘴巴。当您松开下巴时,听到您的嘴唇发出令人满意的爆裂声。检查你的后牙是否分开,这是一个很好的指标,表明你已经松开了下巴。
You need to be able to release the jaw and move it freely. So just feel it flop open. Imagine that you’re a fish and open and close your mouth in the same soft pouty way. Hear your lips give a satisfying popping sound as you release the jaw. Check that your back teeth are separated, which is a good indicator that you’ve released the jaw.
给你的空气态度
Giving your air attitude
当您放松了所有的面部肌肉后,您就可以为您的交流注入活力了。由您的想法引导的话会令人兴奋。你内心有一种想要交流的能量;说话不仅仅是空洞的健美操。
When you’ve loosened up all your facial muscles, you’re ready to give life to your communication. Speaking words is exciting when it’s led by your thoughts. You’ve an energy inside you that wants to communicate; speaking isn’t just empty calisthenics.
清晰度使你的句子清晰。当您用自己的语言清楚地听到一个句子时,您的大脑会将其分解为单词。但是对于一种你不理解的语言,你会听到连续的声音流,但你无法分辨它是如何分成单个单词的。例如,如果英语是您的语言,您会听到“What are you going to do?” 如五个字。然而,在美国的许多地方,您实际上听到的是一种平滑的扩展声音:“Whaddayagonnado?” - 一个词!这种联合效果很好,可以让语言轻松流动,前提是听众可以理解声音。然而,除非你和你的听众彼此了解和理解,否则如果你想让你的听众听得懂,你需要在句子的流程中让所有的单独的声音都清楚。
Articulation gives clarity to your sentences. When you hear a sentence clearly in your own language, your brain divides it into words. But with a language you don’t comprehend, you hear a continuous stream of sound and you cannot tell how it divides into individual words. For example, if English is your language, you hear ‘What are you going to do?’ as five words. In many parts of the US, however, what you actually hear is a single smooth extended sound: ‘Whaddayagonnado?’ – one word! This joined-up effect is fine and allows language to flow easily, provided that the listener can interpret the sounds. However, unless you and your listener know and understand each other well, you need to make all the individual sounds clear within the flow of the sentence, if you want your listener to follow you.
当你说一个句子时,一股稳定的气流携带着声波。清晰度只是增加了线条的趣味性而不会使它生涩。
When you speak a sentence, a steady stream of air carries the sound waves. Articulation just adds interest to the line without making it jerky.
例如,短语“一、二、三”由连续元音uh-oo-ee组成,其中“w”(听起来像oo)、nn和ththrrr的颜色发生变化:oo-uh-nn-t- oo-thrr-ee。声音流中唯一的轻微缺口或中断是“t”的“t”,几乎不会干扰流。
For example, the phrase ‘one, two, three’ consists of the continuous vowel sounds uh-oo-ee with changes of colour for ‘w’ (which sounds like oo), nn and ththrrr: oo-uh-nn-t-oo-ththrr-ee. The only slight nick or break in the sound stream is for the ‘t’ of ‘two’ and that scarcely disturbs the flow.
1. 从一首简单的歌曲中唱一两句。
1. Sing a line or two from a simple song.
试试童谣中的一句台词,例如“唱一首六便士的歌,装满黑麦的口袋”。
Try a line from a nursery rhyme, such as ‘Sing a song of sixpence, a pocket full of rye’.
当你唱这首诗时,各种声音汇聚成一股持续不断的气流。这正是演讲的运作方式。你有一个念头,产生一口气,变成一句有意义的句子。
As you sing this line, the various sounds are joined up in one constant flow of air. That’s exactly how speech works too. You have a thought, which produces a breath, which turns into a sentence with meaning.
2. 重复歌词,但这次要说出来。
2. Repeat the line of song, but say it this time.
保持相似的流程和节奏。
Maintain a similar flow and rhythm.
3. 想想你在日常环境中可能会说的话。
3. Think of something that you may say in your everyday environment.
例如,使用基本介绍(适当填写您的个人详细信息):
For instance, use a basic introduction (filling in your personal details as appropriate):
我叫 [John Smith],住在 [加利福尼亚] 的 [Santa Cruz]。(呼吸)每天我都忙于[在木板路上向游客出售包子]。
My name is [John Smith] and I live at [Santa Cruz] in [California]. (breath) Each day I am occupied in [selling buns to tourists on the Boardwalk].
4. 唱这几句。
4. Sing this couple of sentences.
不要担心特定的曲调是否会出现。只需享受旋律和节奏,并全身心投入其中。
Don’t worry whether a specific tune emerges. Simply enjoy the melody and rhythm and put your heart and soul into it.
5. 唱完句子后直接用类似的流程、重音和节奏说出单词。
5. Straight after singing the sentences, say the words with a similar flow, emphasis and rhythm.
请注意,声音与您演唱句子时一样连贯,而且词句非常清晰。
Notice that the sounds are just as joined up as when you sang the sentences, and the words are beautifully clear.
背诵高雅的诗歌是增加在气垫上谈话的感觉的好方法。拿几句莎士比亚的台词,像老派的伟大演员一样,以雄辩的方式朗诵。从Macbeth中的以下示例开始。在这些台词中,麦克白在谈论时间的徒劳和缓慢,所以拉长每一行以强调无尽的感觉。这种伸展涉及延长辅音和元音,使您的单词伸展并连接起来。如果你仔细考虑这些声音并赋予这些词很多感觉,你就会很自然地做到这一点。一口气说完每一行,并在每行结束时好好吸一口气。
Reciting high-flown poetry is a great way to increase the feeling of talking on a cushion of air. Take a few lines of Shakespeare and speak them in a declamatory style, like a great actor of the old school. Start off with the following example from Macbeth. In these lines, Macbeth is talking about the futility and slowness of time, so stretch out each line in order to emphasise the endless feeling. This stretching involves lengthening consonants and vowels to make your words stretched out and joined up. You do this quite naturally if you think through the sounds and give the words lots of feeling. Speak each line in one uninterrupted breath, and take a good breath at the end of each line.
明天,明天,再明天, 日复一日地
以这种微小的步伐蠕动,
直到记录时间的最后一个音节;
我们所有的昨天都照亮了傻瓜
通往尘土飞扬的死亡之路。
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death.
用长音让您的话语栩栩如生
Bringing Your Words to Life with Long Sounds
我最近无意中听到我们邻居的孩子们的声音。'这不公平!' 一个人喊道,高亢的声响一直持续不断。我不知道孩子们在做什么,但我当然明白一个女孩认为这件事不公平。发出长音是人们为他们所说的话赋予意义的方式之一。
I overheard our neighbour’s children recently. ‘That’s not fair!’ shouted one, and the high-pitched sound fai-ai-ai-ai-air went on and on. I don’t know what the children were doing, but I certainly understood that one girl didn’t think the matter was fair. Making long sounds is one of the ways that people bring meaning to what they say.
在正常对话中,您可能不会特别注意长音,但它们肯定是听起来有趣的方式。例如,如果您在会议上宣布了一个新项目,如果您将其称为“新项目”,那么整个努力听起来会更具创新性和趣味性。
In normal conversation you may not be particularly aware of long sounds, but they’re certainly the way to sound interesting. For example, if you make an announcement at a meeting about a new project, the entire endeavour sounds more innovative and interesting if you introduce it as the ‘ne-e-w project’.
拉长元音
Stretching out the long vowels
元音在某种意义上就是声音。它们是您的空气产生的连续声音。如果你发出一个没有单词的声音,它很可能是一个元音:例如当有人踩你的脚时 - “Ow!” – 或者当您不知道接下来该说什么时 – “呃?” – 或者当你感到震惊时 – “啊!”
Vowels in one sense are the voice. They’re the continuous sounds your air produces. If you make a sound without words, it’s likely to be a vowel: when someone stamps on your foot for example – ‘Ow!’ – or when you don’t know what to say next – ‘Er?’ – or when you’re shocked – ‘Aargh!’
oo (输)
oo (lose)
你 (放)
u (put)
哦 (锅)
oh (pot)
aw (玉米)
aw (corn)
呃 (杯子)
uh (cup)
啊 (卡)
ah (card)
ae (点击)
ae (tap)
嗯 (床)
eh (bed)
ee (珠子)
ee (bead)
呃 (鸟)
er (bird)
我 (大)
i (big)
在没有周围辅音的情况下尝试前面的每个元音发音。看看你的嘴是如何从一个嘴巴移动到另一个嘴巴的。例如:ah-oo, ah-aw, ah-ee, ah-eh, ee-oh, ee-ah。尝试各种组合,从一个元音平稳地移动到下一个元音。请特别注意口腔内部如何变化以形成不同的元音。例如,当您从ee移动到ah 时,您会感觉到嘴巴向内张大。
Try each of the preceding vowels sounds without the surrounding consonants. Check out how your mouth moves to change from one to another. For example: ah-oo, ah-aw, ah-ee, ah-eh, ee-oh, ee-ah. Try various combinations, moving smoothly from one vowel to the next. Be particularly aware of how the inside of your mouth changes to form the different vowels. For example, you feel your mouth widen inside as you move from ee to ah.
耳朵 = i-er
ear = i-er
空气=呃呃
air = eh-er
走 =哦哦
go = goh-oo
支付= peh-ee
pay = peh-ee
英语也有三元音(三个音),例如:
English has triphthongs too (three sounds), such as:
火 = fah-i-er
fire = fah-i-er
淋浴 = shah-oo-er
shower = shah-oo-er
当您发出每个元音时,这些词听起来最清晰。你可能只想让最后一个消失在你的喉咙里,让声音变得低沉——这可能会混淆你的意思。
These words sound clearest when you enunciate each of the vowel sounds. You may be tempted just to let the final one disappear down your throat, muffling the sound – and potentially confusing your meaning.
William Butler Yeats 的诗“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”有很多双元音的例子(以粗体标记),尤其是在最后一节:
William Butler Yeats’s poem ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’ has plenty of examples of diphthongs (marked in bold), especially in the last verse:
我会起床然后走,因为无论白天黑夜,我总是能听到湖水拍打岸边的声音。_ _ _ _ _
I will arise and go now,
For always night and day
I hear lake water lapping
With low sounds by the shore.
当你大声朗读前面几行时,充分利用长双元音。感觉它们在你的嘴里滚动。享受他们营造的氛围。
As you read the preceding lines aloud, make the most of the long diphthong sounds. Feel them roll around the inside your mouth. Enjoy the atmosphere they create.
在你说的每一句话中,长元音都会向听众表明你希望他们注意的词。如果你把元音做得很长,这个词就变得更加重要。
In everything you say, the long vowels indicate to the listeners the words that you want them to pay attention to. If you make the vowel really long, the word becomes even more important.
享受文字的性格
Enjoying the character of words
单词具有您在长音中带出的特征。赋予单词特征的方式很明显是象声词——发音模仿与单词相关的声音的单词:“moo”、“growl”、“meow”、“purr”、“roar”和“murmur”。但除了这些显而易见的词之外,加长元音可以为许多词赋予额外的特征和意义。
Words have character that you bring out in long sounds. Giving words character happens in obvious ways with onomatopoeia – words whose pronunciation imitates the sound associated with the word: ‘moo’, ‘growl’, ‘meow’, ‘purr’, ‘roar’ and ‘murmur’. But apart from these obvious words, lengthening the vowel sound gives additional character and meaning to many words.
我很孤独。(体验那个o声音的凄凉声音。)
I’m lo-onely. (Experience the desolate sound of that o sound.)
辽阔的开阔平原。 (你发出声音的时间越长,平原就越广泛。同样的效果也可以用“长”、“高”和“宽”等词来实现。)
The va-ast open plains. (The longer you make the sound, the more extensive the plain. The same effect is possible with words such as ‘long’, ‘tall’ and ‘wide’.)
风在树丛中呻吟。 (听到风的声音。)
The wind was moa-oaning in the trees. (Hear the sound of the wind.)
他保持冷静。(在那冷静的oo声音的平静中逗留片刻。)
He kept his coo-ool. (Linger a moment in the calm of that cool oo sound.)
来拿武器吧。(感受“温暖”的aw声音中的热量。)
Come and get wa-arm. (Sense the heat in the aw sound of ‘warm’.)
大理石很光滑。(抚摸那个oo-oo声音的平滑度。)
The marble was smoo-ooth. (Caress the smoothness of that oo-oo sound.)
我决心要看透它。(听听那个呃 声音中的意志力。)
I’m deter-ermined to see it through. (Hear the force of will in that er sound.)
说得好不是发出漂亮的元音,而是发出漂亮的元音。这是关于将您的精力投入到与该词相关的感觉中。
Speaking well isn’t about making beautiful vowel sounds; it’s about putting your energy into the feeling associated with the word.
威尔士语的特点是柔和的辅音和从一种声音到另一种声音的平滑变化。威尔士人将这些相同的特征带到他们的英语发音中。威尔士诗人迪伦·托马斯 (Dylan Thomas) 没完没了地弹奏着一系列富有感情的声音。
The Welsh language is characterised by soft consonants and smooth mutations from one sound to the next. The Welsh bring these same features to their pronunciation of English. The Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas, played endlessly with linking series of emotive sounds.
现在是春天,在没有月亮的小镇的夜晚,没有星星,黑漆漆的,鹅卵石街道静悄悄的,驼背的人,我们的猎人和兔子黑色的,缓慢的,黑色的,乌鸦黑色的,渔船在海面上摇摆不定。房子像痣一样瞎。_ . . 以及所有被麻痹和哑口无言的人镇上现在可以睡觉了。_ _ _
It is spring, moonless night in the small town, starless and bible-black, the cobblestreets silent and the hunched, courters’-and-rabbits’ wood limping invisible down to the sloeblack, slow, black, crowblack, fishingboatbobbing sea. The houses are blind as moles . . . And all the people of the lulled and dumbfound town are sleeping now.
过去伟大的演讲者知道如何使用长元音。您可以在旧录音中听到这些长元音所产生的庄严感。例如,听听富兰克林·罗斯福总统 1933 年的就职演说,尤其是关于恐惧的著名部分。自己说出台词,充分利用粗体的长元音:
Great speakers from the past knew how to use long vowels. You can hear in old recordings the gravitas these long vowels create. Listen, for example, to President Franklin Roosevelt’s 1933 Inauguration speech, especially the famous part about fear. Speak the lines yourself, making the most of the long vowel sounds in bold:
现在是坦率而大胆地说出真相,全部真相的最佳时机。我们也不必在诚实面对我们国家今天的情况时退缩。这个伟大的国家将一如既往地坚持下去,将复兴并繁荣昌盛。所以,首先,让我坚定地相信,我们唯一要害怕的就是恐惧本身。
This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure, as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself
拉长的辅音
Stretching out the long consonants
有些辅音就像元音一样,因为你可以将它们加长以赋予某些单词以特征。
Some consonants act like vowels because you can lengthen them in order to give character to certain words.
|
F f |
太棒了 fffantastic |
那个进球太棒了! That goal was fantastic! |
|
H h |
可怕的 hhhorrible |
恶臭太可怕了! The stench was horrible! |
|
升 l |
无 llless |
我一点也不在乎! I couldn’t care less! |
|
米 m |
太棒了 mmmarvellous |
这个地方绝对棒极了。 The place was absolutely marvellous. |
|
n n |
无处 nnnowhere |
她无处可寻。 She was nowhere to be seen. |
|
吴 ng |
龙 longng |
旅程如此漫长。 The journey was so long. |
|
r r |
真实的 rrreal |
我只是想让你变得真实。 I just want you to get real. |
|
秒 s |
软件 sssoft |
天鹅绒很柔软。 The velvet was so soft. |
|
嘘 sh |
尖锐的 shsharp |
他很年轻,但他很敏锐。 He’s young but he’s sharp. |
|
v v |
vv值 vvvalue |
这一切都取决于价值。 It all depends on the value. |
|
w w |
wwwait wwwait |
什么,还要等? What, we still have to wait? |
|
是 y |
年年 yyyearn |
他曾经渴望改变。 He used to yearn for a change. |
|
z z |
热心的 zzzealous |
她的方法非常热心。 She’s pretty zealous in her approach. |
|
日 th |
谢谢 ththank |
谢谢你,我永远不会忘记。 Thank you, I’ll never forget it. |
|
日 th |
那 that |
就是那个! That’s the one! |
几对长辅音以几乎相同的方式产生。唯一的区别是一个单独使用空气(无声),另一个使用语音盒(有声)。尝试发出嘶嘶声,sss,像蛇一样。不要做同样的事情并添加你的声音。您现在正在发出声音zzz。
Several pairs of long consonants are produced in almost identical ways. The only difference is that one uses air on its own (un-voiced sound) and the other employs the voice box (voiced sound). Try making a hissing sound, sss, like a snake. Not do the same thing and add your voice. You’re now producing the sound zzz.
如果您的讲话有点懒惰,浊音和清音有时会混在一起,使您不太清楚。
If your speech gets a bit lazy, the voiced and unvoiced sounds sometimes get muddled up and make you less clear.
享受长辅音的表现力
Enjoying the expressive qualities of long consonants
“m”和“n”在声音通过嘴巴发出之前在鼻子中振动。你可以在短语中听到蜜蜂的嗡嗡声:'无数蜜蜂的低语'。你可以通过加长“no”、“never”和“nailed it!”中的“n”来表达美妙的结局。
‘m’ and ‘n’ vibrate in the nose before the sound opens out through the mouth. You can hear the hum of the bees in the phrase: ‘murmuring of innumerable bees’. You can express a wonderful finality by lengthening the ‘n’ in ‘no’, ‘never’ and ‘nailed it!’.
“l”使用你的舌头,在“休闲”、“长”和“懒惰”中会花费很多时间。
‘l’ uses your tongue and can take lots of time about it in ‘leisure’, ‘long’ and ‘languid’.
'r' 就像加速,准备出发。听到悬念,然后突然释放到行动中rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr 和rrrrrrrrr 对!
‘r’ is like revving up, ready for off. Hear the suspense and then the sudden release into action in rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr-eady! and rrrrrrrright!
“f”(如“r”)在您最终打开fffantastic、fffinally或phphew上的元音时具有释放感!
‘f’ (like ‘r’) has the sense of release when you finally open into the vowel on fffantastic, fffinally or phphew!
“v”是一个有价值的字母,它赋予“价值”、“美德”和“验证”确定性和庄严感。
‘v’ is a worthy letter which gives certainty and gravitas to ‘value’, ‘virtue’ and ‘verify’.
'w' 和 'y' 确实是元音。w 听起来像oo和 'y' 听起来像ee。在ooooooooooowunderful中听到奇迹!以及eeeeeeeeeeeeeyawn开放的必然性!
‘w’ and ‘y’ are vowels really. w sounds like oo and ‘y’ sounds like ee. Hear the wonder in oooooooooowunderful! and the inevitability of the opening up in eeeeeeeeeeeeyawn!
“h”只是空气,非常适合用脖子呼气说出可怕的事情,例如hhhhhhhorror、hhhharmful和hhhhuge、hhhhairy hhhhag。
‘h’ is just air, and perfect for breathing down your neck to say scary things like hhhhhhhorror, hhhharmful and hhhhuge, hhhhairy hhhhag.
's' 柔软、光滑、丝滑,或者与 'l' 一起变得像鼻涕虫一样黏糊糊的。
‘s’ is soft, smooth and silky, or, together with ‘l’, becomes slug-like and slimy.
'z' 不太流畅,如 'fuzzy'、'blizzard'、'grizzly'、'dizzy' 和 'crazy'。
‘z’ is much less smooth, as in ‘fuzzy’, ‘blizzard’, ‘grizzly’, ‘dizzy’ and ‘crazy’.
以上当然是文字游戏。不是每一个字都合适。但是在长辅音的声音中寻找意义的想法很有趣,因此可以帮助您听起来更有趣。
The preceding are word games, of course. Not every word fits. But the idea of finding meaning in the sound of the long consonant is fun to do and helps you sound more interesting as a result.
你问,我们的政策是什么?我会说:这是发动战争,海陆空,用我们所有的力量和上帝能给我们的力量:发动战争反对一个可怕的暴政,n在人类犯罪的黑暗、 可悲的目录中永远被超越。这是我们的政策。你问,我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词来回答:胜利。
You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, What is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory.
用短促的声音添加闪光
Adding Sparkle with Short Sounds
如果你完全用长音说话,你的演讲就像是没完没了地吃草莓和奶油,没有任何辛辣或刺激的东西来提神。这就是短音的用武之地。它们增加了速度和重点。他们经常让你大吃一惊,让你措手不及。它们增加了亮度。
If you spoke entirely with long sounds, your speech would be like an endless diet of strawberries and cream without anything spicy or sharp to liven it up. This is where the short sounds come in. They add pace and emphasis. They often surprise you and bring you up short. They add lightness.
彼得派珀摘了一撮腌辣椒。
彼得·派珀 (Peter Piper) 采摘的一小撮腌辣椒。
如果 Peter Piper 采摘了一撮腌辣椒,那么
Peter Piper 采摘的一撮腌辣椒在哪里?
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
你必须非常活泼,才能让你的舌头绕过一串短促的声音。寻找其他绕口令并尝试一下。以下部分探讨短声音的所有惊人能量。
You have to be pretty sprightly to get your tongue around clusters of short sounds. Look out for other tongue twisters and try them out. The following sections explore short sounds in all their surprising energy.
用短辅音为你的演讲着色
Colouring your speech with short consonants
英语有八个主要的短辅音。像一些长辅音(请参阅上一节“扩展长辅音”),它们以浊音和非浊音成对出现,您可以通过类似的嘴巴、嘴唇和舌头运动来发音。非浊音仅使用空气,而浊音则使用声带。
English has eight main short consonants. Like some of the long consonants (see the previous section ‘Stretching out the long consonants’), they come in voiced and un-voiced pairs that you produce with similar mouth, lip and tongue movements. The un-voiced sound uses just air and the voiced sound engages the vocal folds.
短辅音的一个挑战是确保浊音和清音对听起来彼此不同。例如,当您命令某人不要触摸某物时,您不想听起来像一个鼻子有永久性感冒的人,“不要冲洗那个东西!”。
One challenge with short consonants is making sure that the voiced and unvoiced pairs sound different from each other. For instance, you don’t want to sound like someone with a permanent cold in your nose as you order someone not to touch something, ‘Don’t douch dat!’.
|
公斤公斤公斤公斤 k g k g k g k g |
羊肠线,羊肠线,羊肠线,羊肠线 catgut, catgut, catgut, catgut |
|
pbpbpbpb p b p b p b p b |
可怜的孩子,可怜的孩子,可怜的孩子,可怜的孩子 poor boy, poor boy, poor boy, poor boy |
|
tdtdtd t d t d t d t d |
做,做,做,做 to do, to do, to do, to do |
|
ch j ch j ch j ch j ch j ch j |
跳笨蛋,跳笨蛋,跳笨蛋 jump chump, jump chump, jump chump |
如果你想真正清楚,你要特别注意你的wor's的en发音。我的意思是“你的话结束了”。有些口音往往会切断声音的结尾,因此单词会在最后一个辅音之前突然结束,或者只是在你的喉咙里停下来。我能理解你不想听起来学究气,但这些结尾的声音确实有助于你被你的直接圈子之外的人清楚地理解。
If you want to be really clear, you take special care to pronounce the en’s of your wor’s. By that, I mean ‘the ends of your words’. Some accents tend to cut off the ends of sounds, so that the word ends abruptly before the final consonant or just tails off into your throat. I can understand that you don’t want to sound pedantic, but these end sounds do help you to be clearly understood by people outside your immediate circle.
用短元音和辅音表达情感
Expressing emotion with short vowels and consonants
辅音可以承载强烈的意图和能量。在英国情景喜剧《米兰达》中,这位身高 6 英尺、容易出事故的女主角有时会突然说出一个词,然后突然停止表演,因为她在嘴里播放着声音,享受着它的声音。“阴沉——咕噜咕噜咕噜咕噜——多么咕噜咕噜咕噜咕噜的声音!”
Consonants can carry loads of strong intention and energy. In the British sitcom Miranda, the gauche 6-foot accident-prone heroine sometimes catches herself saying a word and then suddenly stops the show as she plays the sound around in her mouth, delighting in its sound. ‘Gloomy – guhllllooooommmmy – what a guhllllooooommmmy sound!’
通常情况下,短辅音与短元音搭配使用会产生非常具有爆发力的单词,例如“bang”、“pop”或“jab”。它们很适合命令,比如“开始!” 或“不要!” 他们也可能突然出现在你面前,比如“gag”或“grab”。
Often, short consonants go with short vowels to give you a wonderfully explosive word like ‘bang’, ‘pop’ or ‘jab’. They’re good for orders, like ‘go!’ or ‘don’t!’ They can also come upon you suddenly like ‘gag’ or ‘grab’.
短元音也可以像长元音一样表达,只不过不是继续发声,而是在短元音之后,在下一个辅音之前,您会听到一个静音。例如,在单词“massive”中,您可以简单地用一个短元音来表达它,或者您可以在“a”之后创建一个空格,使单词看起来更大:massive。
A short vowel can also be expressive in the same way as a long vowel, only instead of the sound continuing, you hear the short vowel with a silence after it, before the next consonant. For example, in the word ‘massive’, you can say it simply with a short vowel, or you can create a silent space after the ‘a’ which makes the word seem even larger: ma ssive.
自己用富有表现力的词语发表声明。例如,试试这些句子:
Make statements with expressive words yourself. Try these sentences for example:
“这是一个完整的重磅炸弹”
‘It came as a complete bo mbshell’
“服务很糟糕。 ”
‘The service was drea dful.’
“那太离谱了! ”
‘That’s just ridi culous!’
等待比感觉自然的时间长一点,然后听听它如何在寂静中产生额外的能量。不过不要太频繁地使用这个设备,否则你的声音确实会很糟糕!
Wait a fraction longer than feels natural and hear how that creates an added energy in the silence. Don’t use this device too often though, or you will indeed sound ridi culous!
第三部分
Part III
演奏好你的乐器
Playing Your Instrument Well
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
在这一部分中,您将了解如何让您的声音更具表现力。大声和柔和,快和慢——你会发现如何改变这些变化。您会听到伟大的演讲者如何使用节奏和强调来使他们的演讲生动活泼。
In this part you discover how to make your voice more expressive. Loud and soft, fast and slow – you find out how to ring the changes. You hear how great speakers use rhythm and emphasis to enliven their speeches.
我向您介绍影响力的大秘密——一种能在不同音高产生共鸣的声音。在这里,您会发现自信和权威的声音,发自内心的热情声音和轻松幽默的声音。使用这些工具,您可以发现真正属于您的声音——您真实的声音。
I introduce you to the big secret of influence – a voice that resonates at different pitches. Here you discover the voice of confidence and authority, the heartfelt passionate voice and the light sounds of humour. With these tools you uncover the sounds that are genuinely you – your authentic voice.
第七章
Chapter 7
探索体积和速度
Exploring Volume and Speed
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
调高和调低音量
Turning your volume up and down
引起人们的注意
Getting people’s attention
随心所欲
Playing with your pace
在某人发表演讲后,您经常听到的批评是什么?太安静或太大声,太快或太慢。确保其他人倾听您的声音的最简单方法之一就是调整音量和速度。这意味着适合场合,无论是公开演讲、向小组演讲、与同事交谈还是打电话。幸运的是,培养调整音量和速度的能力非常简单,并且对您作为沟通者的影响力产生巨大影响。当您完全控制声音的音量和速度按钮时,您可以适应任何场合,并选择您想要如何回应人们。
What are the criticisms you hear frequently after someone’s given a speech? Too quiet or too loud, too fast or too slow. One of the easiest ways to ensure others listen to you is to get your volume and your speed right. This means right for the occasion, whether that’s public speaking, addressing a small group, talking to a colleague or making a phone call. Fortunately, developing your ability to adjust your volume and speed is quite straightforward and makes an enormous difference to your impact as a communicator. When you have full control of the volume and speed buttons of your voice, you can adapt to any occasion, and choose how you want to respond to people.
调高(和调低)音量
Turning Up (and Down) the Volume
你有没有遇到过一个说话含糊不清的人,让你陷入类似的尴尬境地?就像轶事中的女人一样,三次似乎是人们觉得可以要求某人重复自己的次数的极限。在那之后,大多数人所能做的就是微笑并用呆滞的表情点点头。没有什么比听不见别人说的话更令人沮丧的了,但人们常常不愿承认他们听不见,只是默默地坐在沮丧中。说话的时候不要这样让人受罪!
Have you ever been put in a similar embarrassing situation by a speaker who mumbled? Like the woman in the anecdote, three times seems to be the limit to the number of times that people feel they can ask someone to repeat themselves. After that, all most people can do is smile and nod with a glazed look. Few things are more frustrating than not being able to hear what someone says, but people often hesitate to admit that they can’t hear and just sit in silent frustration. Don’t make people suffer in this way when you speak!
另一方面,您可能会拥有太多好东西。有些人说话时会产生如此高的分贝,您可以想象他们在熙熙攘攘的派克鱼市场或海德公园角的集会上当过公开演讲的学徒。告诉人们他们太大声感觉比与安静的说话者打交道更具个性。如果你声音太大,人们通常不会告诉你,但当你说话时他们可能会退后一步或把头缩回去。注意他们给你的线索并相应地调整你的声音。侧边栏“亲密接触”建议如何为一对一对话找到合适的音量。
On the other hand, you can have too much of a good thing. Some people produce so many decibels when they speak that you can imagine they served an apprenticeship in public speaking at bustling Pike Place Fish Market or on a hustings at Hyde Park Corner. Telling people that they’re too loud feels even more personal than dealing with quiet speakers. If you’ve an over-loud voice, people don’t usually tell you, but they may step back from you or pull their heads back when you speak. Be aware of the clues they give you and adjust your voice accordingly. The sidebar, ‘Intimate encounters,’ suggests how to find the right volume for one-to-one conversations.
以正确的水平为他人说话并不是一门精确的科学。找到最佳音量取决于您的音调、清晰度、房间的声学效果和听众的听觉能力。可以肯定的是,您需要能够将声音从大声变为小声,并适应听众的要求,正如我在以下部分中详述的那样。
Speaking at the right level for other people isn’t an exact science. Finding your best volume depends on your tone, your clarity, the acoustics of the room and your audience’s hearing abilities. What’s certain is that you need to be able to vary your voice from loud to soft, and tune into your listeners’ requirements, as I detail in the following sections.
投射你的声音
Projecting your voice
松弛
Relaxation
当有人从会议室或礼堂后面大喊“听不见你说话”时,这可能会令人不安。如果您像大多数演讲者一样,您的本能会立即做出更大的努力,这可能包括推动、拉紧和向前伸脖子以发出声音。馊主意!
It can be disconcerting when someone shouts out from the back of a conference room or an auditorium, ‘Can’t hear you.’ If you’re like most speakers, your instinct is immediately to make a bigger effort, which may include pushing, tensing and sticking your neck forward to get the tone out. Bad idea!
1. 吸一口气,全身摇晃:头、肩、腰、臀、手臂、手、腿和膝盖。
1. Take a breath and shake your body all over: head, shoulders, waist, buttocks, arms, hands, legs and knees.
摇晃时,以长长的“哈”声呼气。主要集中在摇晃上,随着你的摇晃越来越多地释放你的身体。
As you shake, release your breath in a long ‘haah’ sound. Focus mostly on the shaking, releasing more and more of your body as you go.
你松开你的肩膀了吗?你的脖子?你的膝盖?聆听每一种新的放松意识如何释放更多的声音,有时令人吃惊。
Have you released your shoulders? Your neck? Your knees? Listen to how each new awareness of relaxation releases more sound, sometimes startlingly so.
每一种乐器,从三角钢琴到大提琴,都是通过引起空气振动而发出声音的,而你也是一个振动的乐器。站直并放松,这样您就可以产生自由的声音振动。您放松得越多,您可以创造的音量就越大。紧张和放松之间的音量差异非常明显。
Every musical instrument, from a triangle to a cello, makes sound by causing air to vibrate, and you too are a vibrating instrument. Stand upright and at ease so that you can create free sound vibrations. The more you relax, the greater the volume you can create. The difference in volume between being tense and being relaxed is extraordinarily marked.
2. 当您感到放松并准备就绪时,双脚稳稳地着地,膝盖保持柔软,并以舒适的音调哼唱。
2. When you feel relaxed and ready, plant your feet firmly, keep your knees soft and hum on a comfortable note.
想象声波从你身上向四面八方回荡,就像一个灯泡将光传播到房间的每个角落。
Picture the sound waves echoing from you in all directions, like a light bulb spreading light to every corner of a room.
3. 继续呼吸和哼唱,依次注意声波所经过的各个方向。
3. Continue to breathe and hum, and focus in turn on each of the directions taken by the sound waves.
• 感受从你的背后传来的声音。
• Sense the sound coming out from your back.
• 在你下一次呼气时,感受声音从你的侧面传播开来。
• With your next out-breath, feel the sound spread out sideways from you.
• 感受从您的胸部呈宽弧形向前辐射的声音。
• Sense the sound radiating forwards from your chest in a wide arc.
• 然后感受声波同时向各个方向传播。
• Then feel the sound waves move out in all directions at the same time.
4. 说一个短语,感觉它向前、向旁边和向后移动。
4. Say a phrase, feeling it move forwards, sideways and backwards.
例如,说“这就是我想让你听到的”,感觉声音在你面前移动。重复这句话,感觉它在你身后传播。再说一遍,注意侧身发出的声音;再一次,感受这句话从你身上向四面八方辐射。
For example, say ‘This is what I want you to hear’, feeling the sound move out in front of you. Repeat the phrase, feeling it travel out behind you. Say it again, focusing on the sound going out sideways; then again, sensing the phrase radiating out from you in all directions.
站在您身后的人应该能够像站在您面前的人一样清楚地听到您的声音。
Someone standing behind you should be able to hear you as clearly as someone standing in front of you.
说话的时候,检查你的下巴。如果你的下巴很紧,它会阻挡声音。你想要一种放松喉咙和下巴周围区域的感觉。有关放松下巴的更多技巧,请参阅第 6 章。
As you speak, check your jaw. If your jaw is tight, it’s going to block the sound. You want to get a feeling of letting go all around the area of throat and jaw. See Chapter 6 for more tips on relaxing your jaw.
呼吸
Breath
当你走上山坡时,想一想当你登上山顶并被清新的空气和远处的景色所迎接的那一刻。在那一刻,你自然而然地深吸一口气,吸收新鲜空气和美景。这就是您希望自己的声音带有的那种气息。想象你自己在山顶,现在呼吸那美妙而清晰的呼吸。
When you walk up a hill, think of the moment when you come over the summit and are greeted by a fresh flow of air and a distant view. At that moment, you naturally take a nice full breath to absorb both fresh air and fine view. That’s the kind of breath you want for your voice to carry. Imagine yourself at the top of the hill and take that wonderful clear breath now.
1. 将你的手举到身前,掌心朝向你的脸;正常呼吸并用自然的声音对着您的手说话。
1. Hold up your hand in front of you, palm facing your face; breathe normally and speak in a natural voice to your hand.
说一些简单的话,例如“你好,手”。(嗯,这很简单!)
Say something simple, such as ‘Hello, hand.’ (Well, that’s easy!)
2. 看着离你约3米远的物体,吸一口气,对着那个物体说话
2. Look at an object about 3 metres away from you, take a medium breath and speak to that object
再次说一些简单的话,例如“你好,窗口”。注意能量的轻微增加——稍微大一点的呼吸和更强烈的意图被听到——你需要穿越更大的空间。
Again say something simple like ‘Hello, window.’ Note the slight increase in energy – the slightly bigger breath and the stronger intention to be heard – that you need to cross the larger space.
3. 眺望窗外远处的外部景观,呼吸新鲜的“山顶”气息,然后说,“嘿,地平线!”
3. Look out of the window to a far point of the external landscape, take a fresh ‘top of the hill’ breath and say, ‘Hey there, horizon!’
当你吸气时,注意你是如何感觉更大更宽,并注意到你的能量增加和穿越广阔空间的意图。
Note how you feel larger and wider as you take in breath and notice the increase in your energy and intention to cross the wide space.
就在你释放声音之前,想象一下打哈欠。那个时候不要真的打哈欠,只要想着打哈欠就会自然地张开喉咙发出声音。
Just before you release the sound, imagine yawning. Don’t actually yawn at that moment, but merely thinking about yawning opens your throat naturally to release the sound.
当你这样做时,借用剧院里的一句话,你就是在发出你的声音。你的声音需要走的距离越远,弧度越大,气息越大。对于长距离,想象一下抛出你的声音,放开它,就像从你的手中以弧形释放一个球一样。当你的声音沿着弧线向上传播时,想像说话更明亮。
When you do this, you are, to borrow a phrase from the theatre, placing your voice. The further the distance your voice needs to go, the bigger the arc and the larger the breath. For long distances, imagine throwing your voice, letting it go, just like releasing a ball in an arc from your hand. Think of speaking more brightly as your voice travels up the arc.
感受吸气不仅充满你的身体,而且充满你周围的整个房间。在房间里呼吸。
Feel the in-breath filling not only your body but the whole room surrounding you. Breathe in the room.
意图
Intention
成功投射的第三个要素也许是最重要的——意图。在这种情况下,激情和决心这两个词具有相似的含义。
The third element of successful projection is perhaps the most important – intention. The words passion and determination have similar meanings in this context.
想象一下,您需要大喊“着火了!” 深吸一口气;当你的肋骨肌肉扩张时,抬高你的胸部以便为空气留出更多空间,并抬起你的手臂以腾出空间来填充肺部的较高部分。一旦您迫切需要提醒人们,这些事情都会在一次动作中自然发生。浑身充满了空气,膨胀得像只牛蛙!现在充分发泄一个词。(也许大喊“很好”而不是“着火了”,这样你的邻居就不会跑了!)
Imagine that you need to yell ‘Fire!’ Take a big breath, deep down; raise your chest to allow more space for air as your rib muscles expand, and lift up your arms to make room to fill the higher part of your lungs as well. These things all happen naturally in a single movement as soon as you’ve the urgent need to alert people. Your whole body fills with air, puffing up like a bullfrog! Now give full vent to a word. (Maybe shout ‘Fine’ instead of ‘Fire’ so that your neighbours don’t come running!)
1. 与伙伴一起工作(最好),站在至少相距 10 米的可以大声说话的地方。
1. Working with a partner (preferably), stand at least 10 metres apart in a space where you can make loud sounds.
用大量旺盛的毒液喊出以下短语。轮流辱骂对方。将您掌握的所有内容放入每个短语中。
Call out the following phrases with plenty of exuberant venom. Hurl insults at each other in turn. Put everything you’ve got into each phrase.
• 你这个白痴!
• Thou clay-brained guts!
• 你这群畜生!
• Thou bolting-hutch of beastliness!
• 你这有毒的驼背蟾蜍!
• Thou poisonous bunch-back’d toad!
• 你这个杂耍演员,你这个毒瘤!
• You juggler, you canker-blossom!
• 你这脑残的血块 !
• Thou boil-brained clotpole!
• 你这该死的败类鸽子!
• Thou pribbling ill-breeding pigeon!
多么富有表现力的语言!或许您可以将其中一些出色的表达重新投入使用!
What expressive language! Perhaps you can bring some of these brilliant expressions back into regular use!
你有多少次真的像那样“放手”?许多人是如此“文明”,他们做梦也不会想到提高自己的声音超过一定程度。当你放下压抑时,享受解放的感觉。
How often do you really ‘let go’ like that? Many people are so ‘civilised’, they wouldn’t dream of raising their voice beyond a certain level. Enjoy the feeling of liberation when you let go of inhibition.
2. 试着对你的伴侣进行更多的侮辱,但这次要背对着对方。
2. Try hurling more insults at your partner, but this time face away from each other.
许多人惊讶地发现,当他们想象将声音从背后抛出时,声音会更自由、更响亮。以这种方式站立可以防止您屈服于将声音向前推的诱惑。
Many people find to their surprise that the sound is freer and louder when they imagine throwing the sound out of their back. Standing this way prevents you from succumbing to the temptation to push the sound forward.
为你的大嗓门加油的能量是你的情感——你的感觉、你的激情、决心、凶猛或大胆的力量。当您将更多的精神和情感能量投入到您所说的内容中时,您可以更轻松地大声说话,而不是从身体上考虑大声说话。
The energy fuelling your loud voice is your emotion – the strength of your feeling, your passion, determination, fierceness or boldness. You can speak louder much more easily when you put increased mental and emotional energy into what you’re saying, rather than thinking physically about speaking louder.
获得关注
Gaining attention
我经常指导那些难以倾听的人。人们有时可以为辩论或对话做出真正的贡献,但不知道如何切入讨论并引起人们的注意。
I often coach people who have a problem getting listened to. People sometimes have a genuine contribution to make to a debate or conversation, but don’t know how to cut into the flow of discussion and get people’s attention.
您是否曾经在会议中想出一个好主意,但直到后来另一个团队成员介绍了相同的想法后才有人接受它?如果您和大多数人一样,当突然之间每个人都热情地接受您已经提出的那个 想法时,您可能会感到吃惊甚至愤怒!
Have you ever been in a meeting when you came up with a great idea but nobody picked it up until another team member introduced the same idea later on? If you’re like most people, you were probably taken aback or even outraged when suddenly everyone enthusiastically latched onto that idea that you had already proposed!
震耳欲聋的kiai喊声肯定会引起人们的兴趣(请参阅边栏“武术中的意图和意识”),但您可能应该避免在会议室这样做。那么,您还能如何使用您的声音来吸引注意力呢?
An ear-splitting kiai shout certainly attracts interest (see the sidebar ‘Intention and awareness in the martial arts’), but you probably should avoid doing that in the boardroom. So how else can you use your voice to gain attention?
马克·安东尼在莎士比亚的戏剧《凯撒大帝》中给出了答案。“朋友们,罗马人,同胞们,请听我说,”他大声宣布,(麦克风还记得那个时代);人群缓和下来,变得安静。然后,他发表了一篇关于凯撒的精彩演讲,激怒了人群。他没有在第一行提到凯撒,因为所有的噪音都在继续,并不是每个人都会听到。他的第一行是听电话。
Mark Antony has an answer in Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar. ‘Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears,’ he declares loudly, (an era before microphones remember); the crowd simmers down and becomes hushed. He then launches into a brilliant speech about Caesar that inflames the crowd. He doesn’t mention Caesar in the first line, because with all the noise going on not everyone is going to hear. His first line is the call to listen.
你可以在会议中做同样的事情。用清晰可听的陈述强烈打断以吸引人们倾听,例如“我想就这个问题提出一个观点”,然后在人们转向你并关注你之后更安静地跟进你的具体论点. 当你真正表达你的主要观点时,人们肯定会倾听。
You can do the same in a meeting. Interrupt strongly with a clearly audible statement to get people to listen, such as ‘I’d like to make a point about the problem’, and then follow up more quietly with your specific argument after people have turned towards you and are paying you attention. By the time you actually make your main point, people are definitely listening.
当您引起听众的注意时,以正常的音高说话可能比使用洪亮的、过大的声音更有影响力。
When you have the attention of your audience, speaking at your normal pitch is probably more influential than using a booming, over-loud voice.
调低你的声音
Toning your voice down
你是一个爱说话的人吗?人们会因为你的声音而成群结队地逃离吗?你认为这是为什么?出色地 。. .
Are you a loud talker? Do people flee in droves from your voice? Why do you think that is? Well . . .
您可能是生活中活跃的沟通者之一。你不是要大喊大叫,但一切都是那么令人兴奋——你只需要表达所有的能量!
You may be one of life’s effervescent communicators. You don’t mean to shout, but everything is just so exciting – and you just have to express all that energy!
也许您专门为了演示而使用“雾喇叭音调”,以便将您的观点传达给后面的人。
Perhaps you put on your ‘fog horn tone’ specifically for presenting, in order to drive your point home to the people right at the back.
您的正常说话方式可能会将声音强烈地推入您的鼻子或撞击您的声带,从而产生无情而有力且难以聆听的声音。
Your normal way of speaking may push the sound strongly into your nose or clash your vocal cords, creating sounds that are relentlessly forceful and hard to listen to.
在所有这些情况下,对于您的听众来说,问题不在于您声音很大,而在于响度不悦耳。我在这里说的是演讲,但可以用一个音乐类比:当音乐家演奏大底鼓时,声音很大,但混响是自由的,你会听到声音的所有谐波。当有人尖叫或叫喊时,声音是被迫的,不会产生耳朵可以应付的音乐谐波。
In all these cases, the problem for your listeners isn’t so much that you’re loud, but that the loudness isn’t tuneful. I’m talking about speaking here, but a music analogy applies: when a musician plays the big bass drum, the sound is huge, but the reverberation is free and you hear all the harmonics of the sound. When someone shrieks or hollers, the sound is forced and does not produce musical harmonics that the ear can cope with.
声音太大的补救措施与声音太小的补救措施没有太大区别:
The remedy for an over-loud voice isn’t much different from the remedy for a too-quiet voice:
努力通过横膈膜和肋骨的呼吸肌为你的声音提供动力。这些肌肉可以真正支撑您的声音。见第 4 章。
Work on powering your voice from the breathing muscles down in your diaphragm and ribs. These muscles can truly support your voice. See Chapter 4.
释放喉咙和嘴巴中的任何紧张感,这样声音就可以随着音乐的和声自由振动。
Release any tension in your throat and mouth, so that the sound can vibrate freely with musical harmonics.
提醒自己,被倾听是关于投射——让你的声音充满精神能量,而不是声音的战争。
Remind yourself that being heard is about projection – placing your voice with plenty of mental energy, not a war of sounds.
检查您在特定位置或对特定听众讲话时真正需要多大声。如有疑问,请询问他们是否能听到您的声音。
Check out how loud you really need to be in a specific location or when speaking to a specific audience. If in doubt, ask whether they can hear you.
当你发展新的说话技巧时,你的声音会失去任何刺耳或过度的鼻音。你开始适应更深沉、更温暖的音调,这对听众的耳朵来说要好得多。
As you develop new speaking skills, your voice loses any stridency or excessive nasality. You begin to settle into deeper, warmer tones, which are much kinder to your listeners’ ears.
如果您认为自己的声音太大,请不要用气喘吁吁的方式说话以试图降低音量。呼吸对你的声音来说并不比大喊大叫更好,并且会严重限制你改变音量的能力。您很可能只是将逃离的观众换成无聊的观众。
If you think that your voice is too loud, don’t speak in a breathy way in an effort to cut the volume. Breathiness is no better for your voice than shouting and severely limits your ability to vary your volume. You’re likely just to swap a fleeing audience for a bored one.
用体积创造神奇的效果
Creating magical effects with volume
你永远不会忍受只包含一种食物的饮食,即使它是你最喜欢的。事实上,一些最美味的食物很有吸引力,因为你不是每天都吃它们。然而,当你听到人们谈论声音时,他们似乎一直想要美妙的声音——鱼子酱。
You would never put up with a diet that consisted of one food alone, even if it were your favourite. Indeed, some of the most delicious foods are appealing because you don’t eat them every day. Yet, when you hear people speak about voice, they seem to want the beautiful sound – the caviar – all the time.
响度可以有许多不同的品质。每天早上,一位年轻女士带着她的狗在我们家后面的山上散步。她的狗总是迷路,所以我们听到她在叫‘黛西!雏菊!' 在尖锐刺耳的歌声中穿过田野。另一方面,我还听到一位扮演李尔王的演员抱着死去的女儿科迪莉亚走进来时发出一声响亮而令人反胃的深沉嚎叫。他的声音似乎来自绝望的深处。又不同的是武将发号施令的洪亮声调和营长鼓励孩子们玩游戏的欢快号召声。
Loudness can have many different qualities. A young woman takes her dog for a walk every morning on the hill behind our house. Her dog is forever getting lost, so we hear her calling ‘Daisy! Daisy!’ across the fields in a shrill, piercing singsong. On the other hand, I’ve also heard a loud and stomach-curdling deep howl from an actor playing King Lear as he entered with his daughter Cordelia dead in his arms. His voice seemed to come from the depths of his despair. Different again are the loud tones of a military commander issuing orders and the cheerful calls of a camp leader encouraging children to play a game.
培养用不同的语调大声和小声说话的能力;那么你已经准备好了。关于共鸣的第 9 章提供了关于如何改变你的声音和在你的语言中加入情感强度的各种想法。
Develop your ability to speak both loudly and quietly in different tones; then you’re ready for anything. Chapter 9 on resonance offers various ideas of how to vary your sounds and put emotional intensity into your words.
欣赏弱音的力量
Appreciating the power of pianissimo
安静的说话有重要作用,但不是那种因为听不见而激怒人们的无精打采的安静说话。区别在于能量之一。
Quiet speaking has an important role, but not the droopy kind of quiet speaking that irritates people because they cannot hear. The difference is one of energy.
当你胆怯地说话时,你的能量很低,你的信息在到达听众之前就掉到了地板上。
When you speak timidly, your energy is low and your message drops to the floor before it can reach the listener.
当你平静而坚定地说话时,你的语气质量会对听众产生强烈的影响。
When you speak quietly yet with strong purpose, the quality of your tone creates a strong impact on the listener.
强大的呼吸和支持
Strong breath and support
发音清晰
Clear pronunciation
打开声音
Open sound
当您小声说话并希望别人清楚地听到时,请像大声说话时一样行事,如果有的话,请更加专注于精神和情感。想想舞台耳语中的能量;区别不在于演员的精力或强度,而在于音量。
When you speak quietly and want to be clearly heard, act the same as you do when speaking loudly, with if anything even more mental and emotional focus. Think of the energy that goes into a stage whisper; the difference isn’t in an actor’s energy or intensity, but just in the volume.
1. 选择一个你可以有目的地说的句子。
1. Choose a sentence that you can say purposefully.
这里有一些建议:
Here are a few suggestions:
• 但你没有这样做,是吗?
• But you didn’t do it, did you?
• 我永远不会忘记你说的话。
• I’ll never forget what you said.
• 这就是生活。
• This is what life is about.
大声、强烈、意味深长地说出这句话。
Say the sentence loudly, strongly and meaningfully.
2. 保持同样强烈的意念、能量和气息,但说话要小声一点,保持情绪的充沛。
2. Keep the same strong intention, energy and breath, but speak the sentence a bit quieter, maintaining the emotional charge.
清楚而有力地发音辅音有助于这一过程。
Enunciating the consonants clearly and emphatically helps this process.
3.意气同气,小声清晰地说出这句话。
3. With the same purpose, energy and breath, speak the sentence quietly and clearly.
当您小声说话时,您可能会发现当您语速较慢时更容易用强烈和强调的方式传达这些词句。
When you speak quietly, you may find it easier to communicate the words strongly and emphatically when you speak slower.
4. 考虑当你改变音量时意义是如何变化的。
4. Consider how the meaning changes as you change the volume.
例如,想象一个场景,您正在向您的同伴讲述一场可怕的灾难。你的家被烧毁了——这一切都是因为门半开着,突然的风吹过一根蜡烛。你曾让你的同伴小心点,离开时记得关门。考虑一下您可以用不同的方式说“但您没有这样做,对吗?”:
For example, imagine a scenario where you’re telling your companion about a terrible disaster. Your home has burned down – and all because the door was left ajar and a sudden wind blew over a candle. You had asked your companion to be careful and to remember to close the door on leaving. Consider the different ways you can say, ‘But you didn’t do it, did you?’:
• 你可以在绝望和指责的爆发中大声喊叫。
• You can shout the line in an outburst of desperation and accusation.
• 你可以突然压低声音,安静而清晰地说出台词——带有威胁意味。
• You can suddenly drop your voice and speak the line quietly and clearly – with menace.
你还能想到哪些其他方式?
What other ways can you think of?
建立电源并找到调光开关
Building the power and finding the dimmer switch
我在前面几节中谈到了大声说话和轻声说话。同样重要和有效的是逐渐变大或变小。
I talk in the preceding sections about talking loudly and softly. Also important and effective is growing gradually louder or quieter.
渐强或渐弱是最好的演讲者用来产生巨大效果的东西。马丁路德金的“我有一个梦想”演讲是一个长长的渐强音,随着它的进行,声音越来越大,也越来越热情。在舞台上表演时,马克·安东尼 (Mark Antony) 在凯撒大帝 (Julius Caesar)中的“朋友、罗马人、同胞”演讲通常会从平静的开始上升为愤怒的骚动,经过几分钟的演讲越来越引人入胜。
The gradual crescendo or diminuendo is something that the best speakers use to great effect. Martin Luther King’s ‘I have a dream’ speech was one long crescendo getting louder and more passionate as it proceeded. When performed on stage, Mark Antony’s ‘Friends, Romans, countrymen’ speech in Julius Caesar usually rises from a calm beginning to a riot of angry passion over the course of several minutes of increasingly compelling oratory.
变得更安静经常被用作歌曲和故事中的一种手段,例如下面的传统儿童故事,开始时声音很大,然后音量逐渐减小,直到结束时非常轻声和恐怖!
Getting quieter is often used as a device in songs and stories such as the following traditional children’s tale, which can start quite loudly, and gradually diminish in volume until it ends very softly and scarily!
在一片漆黑漆黑的树林里,有一栋漆黑漆黑的房子。
而在那个漆黑漆黑的房子里,有一个漆黑漆黑的房间。
而在那漆黑漆黑的房间里,有着一个漆黑漆黑的箱子。
而在那漆黑漆黑的箱子里,放着一个漆黑漆黑的架子。
而在那个漆黑漆黑的架子上,放着一个漆黑漆黑的盒子。
在那个漆黑、漆黑的盒子里,有……。. . 鬼!
In a dark, dark wood, there was a dark, dark house.
And in that dark, dark house, there was a dark, dark room.
And in that dark, dark room, there was a dark, dark chest.
And in that dark, dark chest, there was a dark, dark shelf.
And on that dark, dark shelf, there was a dark, dark box.
And in that dark, dark box, there was . . . a ghost!
1. 从 1 到 5 缓慢而平稳地大声数数,开始时小声,每个数字都大声一点,最后大声数到 5。
1. Count aloud slowly and smoothly from 1 to 5, starting quietly and getting a little louder on each number, finishing loudly on the number 5.
确保您不会因为大声唱完而使喉咙紧张。如果你的呼吸只允许你从 1 数到 4,但你数到最后时没有用力,那就完美了。逐渐建立音量。
Make sure that you don’t strain with your throat to reach the end loudly. If your breath only allows you to count from 1 to 4, but you arrive at the end without straining, that’s perfect. Build the volume gradually.
2. 从 5 倒数到 1,从 5 开始大声数,然后逐渐降低音量,直到用特别安静的声音数到 1。
2. Count backwards from 5 to 1, starting loudly with 5 and decreasing the volume steadily until you reach 1 on a particularly quiet voice.
将音量从大声调到小声可能更具挑战性。“1”需要安静但重要。
Decreasing your volume from loud to soft may be more challenging. The ‘1’ needs to be quiet yet significant.
保持你的呼吸平稳地呼出,否则你会发现音调很快就安静下来了。力求使变化逐渐平稳,任何地方都不会突然颠簸。
Keep your breath moving out steadily or you find the tone falls to quiet too soon. Aim to make the change gradual and smooth with no sudden bumps anywhere.
数到 5 时,您可以稳定地提高音量和降低音量,然后您可能希望将计数增加到 6、7 或 8,并进一步提高音量——切记不要强迫!
When you can get steadily louder and quieter to the count of 5, you may like to increase the count to 6, 7 or 8, and build up your volume even more – all without forcing it, remember!
寻找最佳速度
Finding the Best Speed
当演示接近尾声时,您感到听众放弃了。他们似乎感觉到,随着演讲者试图塞进越来越多的事实,他们不太可能理解太多。当他们准备午休时,我开始听到会议手册关闭和笔被收起的安静拖曳声。
As the presentation neared its end, you felt the audience give up. They seemed to sense that as the speaker attempted to cram in more and more facts, they were unlikely to understand much at all. I began to hear the quiet shuffles of conference manuals closing and pens being put away as they prepared for the lunch break.
如果您自己也遇到过类似的情况,试图完成耗时数天准备的演示文稿,但时间已经用完,您就会知道在最后匆匆忙忙以确保你的听众明白了一切。私下减少损失并冷静地专注于以节奏良好的方式结束谈话所必需的几个要点总是更好。
If you’ve been in a similar situation yourself, trying to get through to the end of a presentation that has taken days to prepare, and run out of time, you know how tempting it can be to rush at the end to make sure that your audience gets it all. It’s always better to privately cut your losses and concentrate calmly on the few points that are essential to bring your talk to an end with a well-paced delivery.
大多数人经常说得太快,当他们紧张时会加快速度。你很少能跟上语速很快的人,尤其是当他们缺乏强烈的强调和方向感时。相比之下,有些人说话太慢,当演讲者缓慢地讲完材料时,听众会失去线索,尤其是当他或她的声音嘶哑时。
Most people regularly speak too fast, and speed up even more when they get nervous. You can rarely follow someone who speaks at a great speed, particularly if they lack strong emphasis and sense of direction. By contrast, some people speak too slowly and listeners lose the thread as the speaker plods through the material, particularly if he or she has a growling voice.
为每个特定场合找到最佳速度是与听众有效沟通的一项极其宝贵的技能,因此我将在以下部分向您展示如何操作。
Finding the best speed for each particular occasion is an extremely valuable skill for communicating effectively with your listeners, so I show you how in the following sections.
为庄严和清晰放慢脚步
Slowing down for gravitas and clarity
用深沉的声音慢慢说话与庄重有关,如果你想被认真对待,这会很有用。当奥运会成为新闻时,我喜欢看电视预告片,看到胜利的运动员冲过终点线,胜利地高举双臂,以光荣的慢动作。放慢速度的图像给人一种高贵和胜利的感觉。你的声音可以产生类似的效果。当它放慢速度时,它显得更加成熟、端庄和有政治家风度。
Speaking slowly in a deep voice is associated with gravitas, so can be useful if you want to be taken seriously. When the Olympic Games are in the news, I enjoy watching TV trailers of conquering athletes crossing the finishing line, arms rising in victory, in glorious slow motion. The slowed-down images give a sense of nobility and triumph. Your voice can have a similar effect. As it slows down, it appears more mature, dignified and statesmanlike.
当你说得慢时,你需要有良好的方向感,因为一个句子可能会迷失方向。不完全是!如果你听到某人一直以同样的速度和强度说一个长句子,你就失去了它的意义。
You need to have a good sense of direction when you speak slowly as a sentence can lose its way. No, really! If you hear someone speak a long sentence at the same speed and intensity all the way through, you lose its meaning.
当您练习计算音量增加的数字时(请参阅前面的“构建电源和找到调光开关”部分),您需要通过每个数字增加音量直到最后一个。每个句子都需要类似的方向动量。
When you practise counting numbers growing in volume (see the earlier section ‘Building the power and finding the dimmer switch’), you need to increase the volume through every number right up to the last. You need a similar directional momentum in every sentence.
'我们可以。' 巴拉克奥巴马
‘Yes, we can.’ Barack Obama
“这位女士不是用来转身的。” 玛格丽特·撒切尔
‘The lady is not for turning.’ Margaret Thatcher
“我们永远不会投降。” 温斯顿·丘吉尔
‘We will never surrender.’ Winston Churchill
“他们将永远被记住。” 乔治华盛顿
‘They will always be remembered.’ George Washington
“不能服从的人不能指挥。” 本杰明·富兰克林
‘He that cannot obey, cannot command.’ Benjamin Franklin
“如果你不能养活一百个人,那就只养活一个人。” 特蕾莎修女
‘If you can’t feed a hundred people, then feed just one.’ Mother Teresa
各位神明,你们在这里看到了我,一个可怜的老人,
和年龄一样充满悲伤;两者都很悲惨。
如果是你激起这些女儿的心
反对她们的父亲,请不要那么愚弄我,
让我温顺地忍受;以崇高的愤怒触动我,
不要让女人的武器,水滴,
弄脏我男人的脸颊!不,你们这些不自然的女巫!
You see me here, you gods, a poor old man,
As full of grief as age; wretched in both.
If it be you that stirs these daughters’ hearts
Against their father, fool me not so much
To bear it tamely; touch me with noble anger,
And let not women’s weapons, water drops,
Stain my man’s cheeks! No, you unnatural hags!
从朋友或同事那里获得有关您如何阅读李尔演讲的反馈。你可能认为你说话的速度慢得离谱,但我相信他们会喜欢你的语速。
Get feedback from a friend or colleague on how you read the Lear speech. You may think that you’re speaking at a ridiculously slow speed, but I’m sure that they’ll like your pace.
花时间在你的脑海里
Taking time in your head
在卡尔文和霍布斯的一次交流中,卡尔文抱怨说,当他说话的时候,他的话跟不上他的想法。他想知道为什么人们思考的速度比说话的速度快。霍布斯回答说,“可能是这样我们可以三思而后行。”
In a Calvin and Hobbes interchange, Calvin complains that when he’s talking, his words can’t keep up with his thoughts. He wonders why people think faster than they speak. Hobbes replies, ‘Probably so we can think twice.’
如果您想以有节制的速度说话,最好放慢您的大脑和舌头的速度。您可能认为说起来容易做起来难!两种帮助你的技巧是利用停顿和深吸一口气。
If you want to speak at a measured pace, it’s a good idea to slow down your brain as well as your tongue. You may think that’s easier said than done! Two techniques to help you are making use of the pause and taking a good breath.
利用暂停
Making use of the pause
在句子之间停顿有两个很好的理由:
Two good reasons come to mind for pausing between sentences:
暂停让你有时间思考。
Pausing gives you time to think.
暂停看起来好像你在花时间思考,你的听众会喜欢的。
Pausing looks as if you’re taking time to think, which your audience will appreciate.
深吸一口气
Taking a good breath
当您深吸一口气时,会发生几件好事:
When you take a full breath, several good things happen:
你的大脑享受氧气,你能够更好地思考。
Your brain enjoys the oxygen, and you’re able to think better.
听众将呼吸解释为一种新的思想,并重新关注你。
The audience interprets the breath as a new thought and pays you renewed attention.
如果你有足够的空气,你就不太可能匆忙。
You’re less likely to rush if you’ve plenty of air.
所以,不管他们是否感兴趣,所有的听众都会时不时地停下来,你应该给他们时间来吸收你的信息。如果他们有空间这样做,他们会吸收更多。
So, whether they’re interested or not, all listeners stop listening from time to time, and it behoves you to give them time to absorb your message. They take in much more if they’re given space to do so.
享受明快的节奏
Enjoying a sprightly tempo
如果你天生说话慢,你可能更容易被理解,甚至可能被认为是权威的。然而,缓慢的声音也有其缺点:
If you naturally speak slowly, you’re likely to be easier to understand and may even be considered authoritative. However, a slow voice has its downsides too:
如果你不以其他方式改变你的声音——在音量、音高和音调方面——你可能听起来很沉闷。
If you don’t vary your voice in other ways – in terms of volume, pitch and tone – you may sound dull.
你发现很难用低沉缓慢的声音快速站起来。想象一下 Arnold Schwarzenegger 或 Henry Kissinger 说话很快!
You find it hard to be quick on your feet with a deep slow voice. Imagine Arnold Schwarzenegger or Henry Kissinger talking fast!
几项调查表明,人们认为语速更快的人更聪明。
Several surveys show that people consider someone with a quicker voice more intelligent.
如果您正在与自然说话比您快得多的人打交道,他们可能会因为您的缓慢语速而感到恼火。
If you’re dealing with someone who naturally speaks much faster than you, they may be irritated by your slow pace.
人们通常只有在说话风格单调时才会听起来不自然地慢。一种补救措施是在音量、音高、音调和重点方面加入大量变化。另一种补救措施是练习以不同的速度说话。以下练习可帮助您按照自己的节奏进行演奏。如果你的声音很慢,或者声音又小又慢,这个练习特别好,但每个人都会觉得它很有用。
People usually sound unnaturally slow only when their speaking style is monotonous. One remedy is to include plenty of variety in terms of volume, pitch, tone and emphasis. The other remedy is to practise speaking at different speeds. The following practice helps you play with your tempo. This exercise is particularly good if your voice is slow, or low and slow, but everyone can find it useful.
猜猜前几天发生在我身上的事——太不寻常了。. .
Guess what happened to me the other day – it was extraordinary. . .
你永远猜不到我刚刚听到了什么。. .
You’ll never guess what I’ve just heard. . .
上周我遇到了人生的惊喜。. .
I had the surprise of my life last week. . .
我以前从未告诉过任何人,但是。. .
I’ve never ever told anyone this before, but. . .
我永远不会忘记我差点死去的那一天。. .
I’ll never ever forget the day that I almost died . . .
好故事有悬念,慢下来有冲击力。他们也有动力,加速热情或增加紧张感。令人难忘的故事有不同的角色,也许是声音低沉粗哑的巨人,也许是声音高亢激动的小女孩。它们包含惊喜和戏剧性。使用所有这些效果来营造故事氛围。当然,如果您有真正的孩子在等待他们的睡前故事来练习,那就更好了!
Good stories have suspense and slow down for impact. They also have momentum, speeding up for enthusiasm or building up tension. Memorable stories have different characters, maybe a giant with the deep gruff voice and a little girl with an excitable high voice. They contain surprise and drama. Play with all these effects to create atmosphere in your story. Of course, if you have real children waiting for their bedtime story to practise on, all the better!
你可以从讲故事中发现很多关于严肃演讲的知识。体积和速度的秘诀是使用你的整个调色板。归根结底,当你满足清楚理解的命令后,没有最好的速度或最好的音量——它必须根据意思而变化。
You can find out a lot about serious speaking from telling stories. The secret of volume and speed is to use your whole palette. In the final analysis, after you satisfy the imperative to be clearly understood, there is no best speed or best volume – it has to vary according to the meaning.
如果你必须在严格的时间限制内发表演讲,请事先尝试不同的方式,每次都给自己计时。
If you have to give a speech within strict time limits, try it out in different ways beforehand, timing yourself each time.
认识到紧张是如何影响你的时间安排的,这样你的演讲就不会太长或太短。
Get to recognise how nerves affect your timing, so that you don’t make your speech either too long or too short.
第8章
Chapter 8
让音乐充满您的演讲
Filling Your Speech with the Sounds of Music
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
巧妙地使用重点
Using emphasis skilfully
进入有节奏的演讲的最佳状态
Getting into the groove of rhythmic speech
掌握古老的修辞艺术
Acquiring the ancient art of rhetoric
充分利用沉默的时刻
Making the most of silent moments
一段令人难忘的音乐,无论是最新的流行歌曲还是经久不衰的古典乐曲,都包含某些关键成分:美妙的旋律、力度和节奏的对比、渐强和渐弱、有趣的和声、重复的节奏和巧妙放置的停顿。您也需要这些相同的成分才能以迷人、令人难忘的方式说话。
A memorable piece of music, whether the latest pop hit or an enduring classical composition, contains certain key ingredients: great melodies, contrasts of dynamics and tempo, crescendos and diminuendos, interesting harmonies, repeating rhythms and artfully placed pauses. You need just those same ingredients to speak in a captivating, unforgettable way too.
当您听到一个具有高度音乐感的演讲者讲话时,您不会特别注意其中的个别元素。然而,您确实会发现自己被文字中的旋律生活所吸引和着迷,并被吸引到演讲者的魔力圈中。聆听年迈的诗人玛雅·安吉洛 (Maya Angelou) 讲述她的诗作“Still I Rise”(您可以在 YouTube 上找到)。她的音高起伏和微妙的停顿带来了一种幽默和感伤,远远超出了实际的文字。听听罗纳德·里根的录音,尤其是当他有机会讲故事或即兴表演时。听听他如何利用时机让听众保持悬念,然后发表妙语。人们常说最好的演讲者,“一切都在时机”。
You aren’t particularly aware of the individual elements when you hear a speaker who has a highly developed sense of music in speaking. However, you do find yourself entertained and entranced, and drawn into the speaker’s magic circle by the melodic life in the words. Listen to the elderly poet Maya Angelou speak her poem, ‘Still I Rise’ (you can find it on YouTube). Her rises and falls of pitch and subtle pauses bring a humour and pathos that goes far beyond the actual words. Listen to recordings of Ronald Reagan, especially where he has the opportunity to tell a story or adlib. Listen to the way he uses timing to keep his audience in suspense and then delivers his punch line. It’s often said of the best speakers, ‘It’s all in the timing.’
听众很容易收听音乐演讲。本章的主题是探索如何改变你的声音以使其更具吸引力。您可以改变的基本元素是:
Listeners tune in easily to musical speaking. This chapter is all about discovering how you can vary your voice to make it more engaging. The basic elements you can vary are:
音量和速度:参见第 7 章。
Volume and speed: Refer to Chapter 7.
音调和共鸣:参见第 9 章。
Pitch and resonance: See Chapter 9.
元音和辅音的发音:参见第6章。
Pronunciation of vowels and consonants: Refer to Chapter 6.
强调、节奏、旋律和静音:我在本章中逐一考察了这些设备。
Emphasis, rhythm, melody and silence: I look at each of these devices in this chapter.
强烈表达你的观点
Making Your Point Strongly
每个有影响力的演讲者都知道如何通过强调某些词来产生影响来让你注意到它们。您可以通过以下方式强调单词或音节:
Every influential speaker knows how to make you notice certain words by emphasising them to create an impact. You can emphasise a word or syllable in the following ways:
增加音量。
Increase its volume.
使最初的短辅音更强。
Make an initial short consonant stronger.
延长单词或音节中的任何长辅音。
Lengthen any long consonants in the word or syllable.
提高音调。
Raise its pitch.
降低音调以与周围的词形成对比。
Lower the pitch to contrast with the surrounding words.
使用不同的语气,例如更刺耳或更刺耳的语气。
Employ a different tone, for example harsher, or more strident.
在实践中,当你想到强调你想强调的词时——感受它在句子中的重要性——你会自动使用上面列表中的相关技巧,并为重要的词赋予适当的权重。
In practice, when you think of emphasising the word you want to stress – feel its importance in the sentence – you automatically employ the relevant skills from the list above and give an appropriate weight to important words.
他们对某些词的强调程度。
How strongly they emphasise certain words.
他们选择强调哪些词。
Which words they choose to emphasise.
他们在句子中强调单词的频率。
How frequently they emphasise words in a sentence.
他们是否在不同时间改变重点。
Whether they vary the emphasis at different times.
探索重点
Exploring emphasis
如果你在演讲中投入如此多的精力,你可能会担心自己会显得过于夸张。别担心,你不会的。
You may fear that you’re going to sound over the top if you put so much energy into your speech. Don’t worry, you won’t.
1. 造一个简单的句子。
1. Make up a simple sentence.
这里有几个例子可以让你开始:
Here are a couple of examples to start you off:
老人倒在街上。
The old man fell in the street.
公共汽车在高峰时间抛锚了。
The bus broke down in the rush-hour.
2. A 大声说出句子,然后 B 提出问题。
2. Person A speaks the sentence aloud, and then Person B asks questions about it.
3. A 回答了每个问题,非常强调。
3. Person A answers each question, using lots of emphasis.
例如:
For example:
乙:谁摔倒了?
Person B: Who fell?
人物A:老人。
Person A: The old man.
乙:怎么了?
B: What happened?
答:他摔倒了。
A: He fell.
乙:是谁?
B: Who was it?
答:老头。
A: The old man.
B:在哪里发生的?
B: Where did it happen?
答:在街上。
A: In the street.
乙:他做了什么?
B: What did he do?
A:他摔倒了。
A: He fell.
扮演 A 时,想象你真的想帮助回答问题,但对 B 明显拒绝理解你在说什么感到越来越不耐烦,所以你越来越坚持强调这些词.
When playing Person A, imagine that you’re genuinely trying to be helpful in answering the questions, but are getting increasingly impatient at the apparent refusal of Person B to understand what you’re saying, so you stress the words with more and more insistence.
4. 交换角色,用一个新的简单句子完成第 2 步和第 3 步。
4. Swap roles and go through Steps 2 and 3 with a new simple sentence.
玩A人的时候,随着游戏的进行,你的愤慨度越来越高,你会发现你的强调越来越强烈,看起来也越来越正常。
When playing Person A, increase your indignation as the game continues, and you’ll find that your emphasis gets stronger and seems more and more normal.
轮流炫耀,你们每个人都必须在强调你的捕获量方面超过另一个人。例如:
Take it in turns to show off, and each of you must out-do the other in emphasising the size of your catch. For example:
人A:我钓到的鲤鱼好大啊!
Person A: The carp I caught was enormous!
B:嗯,我的鱼好大!
Person B: Well, my fish was colossal!
人A:哦,是吗?我只是不能告诉你我的有多大!
Person A: Oh yeah? I just can’t tell you how vast mine was!
人 B:我从来没有见过这样的,我的是巨大的!
Person B: I’ve never seen the like, mine was immense!
人 A:不,但真的,这是巨大的!
Person A: No, but really, this was gigantic!
理解英语重点
Understanding English emphasis
该航空公司昨天通过收购六个额外的航班时刻进一步扩大了其在希思罗机场的运力,但这一消息对股价影响不大。
The airline made further moves to expand its capacity at Heathrow yesterday by acquiring six extra slots, but the news did little for shares.
当您聆听日常、自然的演讲时,强调的词会更加突出,而句子中的其他词会更快或更平淡,这会增加对重要词的关注。
When you listen to everyday, natural speech, the emphasised words come more into focus while the other words in the sentence go by more rapidly or flatly, which increases the spotlight on the important words.
在本练习中,假设您是广播或电视上的新闻播音员。准备一篇文章,并用生动的重点阅读它。大多数人在阅读时比在与朋友热烈聊天时强调的要少得多。阅读时强调重点是一种宝贵的沟通技巧。
For this exercise, imagine that you’re a newsreader on radio or TV. Prepare a text and read it with lively emphasis. Most people emphasise much less strongly when they read than when they’re chatting animatedly with a friend. Emphasising strongly when you read is a valuable communication skill.
1. 找两三句印刷文字大声说出来。
1. Find two or three sentences of printed text to say aloud.
实际的词不必有什么特别的。您可以使用今日报纸、杂志文章或您在网上找到并打印出来的内容中的一小段。关键是打印可以标记的文本。
The actual words don’t have to be anything special. You can use a short paragraph from today’s newspaper, a magazine article, or something you find online and print out. The key is to have printed text that you can mark up.
2.通读句子,决定你要强调哪些词,然后用铅笔在这些词下划线。
2. Read through the sentences, decide which words you want to give strong emphasis and use a pencil to underline these words.
3. 大声朗读你的文章,强调你选择的词,就像新闻阅读器一样强调。
3. Read your passage out loud, putting emphasis on the words you chose, as emphatically as a newsreader.
4. 回顾你的表演,调整并重复,直到它听起来像一个真实的动画新闻公告。
4. Review your performance, and adjust and repeat until it sounds like an authentic animated news bulletin.
如果你和大多数人一样,你可能在第一轮就给太多的单词下了下划线。调整您强调的单词数量,直到您阅读句子时听起来既自然又充满冲击力。如果可能的话,把你的文章读给朋友听,听听他们对你的声音的反馈。我猜他们会喜欢你的强调。
If you’re like most people, you probably underlined too many words the first time round. Adjust the number of words you emphasise until the sentences sound both natural and full of impact when you read them. If possible, read your passage to friends and get their feedback on how you sound. I’m guessing that they’ll enjoy your increased emphasis.
我想开车回家 = 我是司机。也许您喝多了,不应该开车!
I want to drive home = I’m the driver. Perhaps you’ve had too much to drink and should not be driving!
我想开车回家=我坚持。我其实很想做。
I want to drive home = I’m insisting. I actually want to do it.
我想开车回家=我想坐车,而不是打车。
I want to drive home = I want to take the car, not get a taxi.
我想开车回家 =家是我想去的地方,而不是呆在这里或去别的地方。
I want to drive home = Home is where I want to go, rather than stay here or go somewhere else.
以权威的低音结束
Ending on the low note of authority
如果你想用权威说话,特别强调句子或思想的结尾。把最后的重点放在音调上。这种低音使您的陈述完整,并使您听起来好像知道自己在说什么。
If you want to speak with authority, emphasise especially the end of a sentence or thought. Make that final emphasis low in pitch. This low pitch gives your statement completeness and makes you sound as if you know what you’re talking about.
人们经常表达对更深沉的声音的渴望,以便听起来更有权威。以强烈的低音结束,无需强迫您的声音即可达到相同的效果。
People often express the desire for a deeper voice in order to sound more authoritative. Ending on a strong low note achieves the same without forcing your voice.
在一名妇女因涉嫌谋杀被捕后,警方正在展开审查。
Police are mounting a review after a woman was arrested on suspicion of murder.
数字细目显示,超过 100 万美元用于外部顾问。
A breakdown of the figures shows that over one million was spent on external consultants.
结尾必须有力且音调较低。一个弱弱的低尾声表明你已经失去了信心,人们也可能会停止倾听。
The ending must be strong as well as lower in pitch. A low weak ending which tails off suggests that you’ve lost confidence and people may as well stop listening.
将强烈的低端应用到一个想法或想法的结尾,而不是每次遇到句号时。当你说,‘天气太糟糕了。他们好几天没吃东西了。They needed a safe haven', 为'haven'保留强劲的低端,完整声明的结尾。你可以提高前两个句子结尾的音调,使它们有意义但不是最终的:'The weather was ter rible (high pitch)。他们好几天没吃东西了(高音调)。他们需要一个安全的避风港,(低调)'。
Apply the strong low ending to end of an idea or thought, not every time you meet a full stop. When you say, ‘The weather was terrible. They hadn’t eaten for days. They needed a safe haven’, reserve the strong low ending for ‘haven’, the end of the complete statement. You can raise your pitch for the endings of the first two sentences to make them significant but not final: ‘The weather was terrible (high pitch). They hadn’t eaten for days (high pitch). They needed a safe haven, (low pitch)’.
您可能会发现您的口音并非自然而然地以低音结束——例如,许多澳大利亚或新西兰人在句子结尾时倾向于提高音调。如果你以更高的音调结束一个陈述,你听起来好像你在问一个问题或寻求一致。在声明末尾上升会让你的观点不那么强烈,尽管它听起来很友好或更合情合理。此外,如果您以完全相同的高调结束每个句子,人们会感到无聊。变化是关键。
You may find that your accent doesn’t naturally end on a low tone – for example, many people from Australia or New Zealand tend to go up in pitch at the end of sentences. If you end a statement on a higher note, you sound as if you’re asking a question or seeking agreement. Going up at the end of a statement makes your point less strongly, though it can sound friendly or more consensual. Also, if you end every sentence on exactly the same high tone, people get bored. Variation is key.
进入节奏
Getting into Rhythm
即使您认为自己是舞池中的四肢,节奏也深深植根于您的心灵。一个只有几个月的婴儿会随着母亲的声音有节奏地移动,甚至在调整到它的声音之前就已经调整到语言的节奏。你通过童年所有小曲和韵律形式的节奏来发展语言。想想你喜欢的任何曲子,你会发现它有一种有趣的节奏和形状。以世界上最著名的曲调“祝你生日快乐”为例,聆听“快乐”的跳动节奏和“你”的节奏——“dum-ti dum dum dum dum ”。
Even if you think that you’re all arms and legs on the dance floor, rhythm is deep in your psyche. A baby of just a few months moves in rhythm to the voice of its mother, tuning into the rhythm of language before even tuning into its sounds. You develop language through rhythm in the form of all the ditties and rhymes of childhood. Think of any tune you love, and you find that it has an interesting rhythm and shape to it. Take the most well-known tune around the world, Happy Birthday to You, and hear that skipping rhythm on ‘happy’ and the carrying of the rhythm towards ‘you’ – ‘dum-ti dum dum dum dum’.
政治家发表严肃演讲时可能最不会想到音乐,但伟大的演说家总是对话语的节奏有强烈的直觉,并且知道某些演讲节奏令人难忘。强调在这种节奏中起着一定的作用(见上一节),单个单词、短语、句子甚至句子组的节奏也是如此。我稍后会在“改变节奏”中介绍更大的文本块。
Music may be the last thing on the mind of politicians giving serious speeches, but great speakers always have a strong instinct for the rhythm of words, and know that certain speech rhythms are memorable. Emphasis plays a part in this rhythm (see the preceding section), as do the rhythms of individual words, phrases, sentences and even groups of sentences. I cover larger chunks of text later in ‘Varying the rhythm’.
首先考虑单词,英语的词汇量很大,这让你可以选择一个节奏合适的单词来表达你想说的话。您可以使用简短、尖锐的盎格鲁撒克逊语词,例如“get”、“go”、“rule”和“like”,或者您可以使用拉丁语词来表达自己,例如“acquisition”、“procedure”、“operation”和“欣赏”,它们有更多的长度和流量。在 2008 年的美国总统竞选中,巴拉克奥巴马几乎将“是的,我们可以”这句话用作口头禅——三个强烈的盎格鲁-撒克逊语音节来向大众大声疾呼。想一想如果他选择说“我肯定这对我们来说是可能的”会产生什么影响。几乎一样的感觉,却有着截然不同的影响。
Thinking of words first, English has a huge vocabulary, and that allows you to choose a word with the appropriate rhythm for what you want to say. You can use short, sharp Anglo-Saxon words, such as ‘get’, ‘go’, ‘rule’ and ‘like’ or you can express yourself with Latinate words, such as ‘acquisition’, ‘procedure’, ‘operation’ and ‘appreciate’, which have more length and flow. In the 2008 US Presidential campaign, Barack Obama used the phrase ‘Yes we can’ almost as a mantra – three strong Anglo-Saxon syllables to pound out to the masses. Think of the impact if he’d chosen instead to say, ‘I affirm that it is possible for us.’ Almost the same sense, but a very different impact.
调整显示出具有挑战性的迹象。
Adjustment shows signs of being challenging.
新的情况肯定会受到考验。
New circumstances are guaranteed to be testing.
转型说起来容易做起来难。
Transformation is likely to be easier said than done.
革命有可能是残酷的。
Revolution threatens to be brutal.
改变必须是艰难的。
Change has got to be hard.
大声说出这些短语,听听每个节奏如何产生特定效果。该短语的某些版本显然不如其他版本引人注目。交换文字,直到产生您想要的效果。
Speak these phrases out loud and hear how each rhythm creates a particular effect. Some versions of the phrase clearly aren’t as compelling as others. Swap the words around until you create the impact you desire.
随着旋律移动
Moving to the melody
如果您边说话边移动,您通常会发现您的说话节奏更容易,因为您所说的话的能量会在您的身体中表达出来。
You can often find your speaking rhythm easier if you move as you speak, because the energy of the words you speak is expressed in your body.
现在,以众神的名义,
我们的凯撒吃的是什么肉,
他长得如此伟大?年龄,你感到羞耻!
罗马,你失去了贵族血统!
自从大洪水以来,他去了一个世纪,
但它比一个人更出名?
他们什么时候能说到现在,那个谈论罗马的人,
她宽阔的城墙只围住了一个人?
现在真的是罗马了,房间足够了,
当里面只有一个人的时候。
Now, in the names of all the gods at once,
Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed,
That he is grown so great? Age, thou art shamed!
Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods!
hen went there by an age, since the great flood,
But it was famed with more than with one man?
When could they say till now, that talk’d of Rome,
That her wide walls encompass’d but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed and room enough,
When there is in it but one only man.
改变节奏
Varying the rhythm
你有没有注意到一些演讲者有他们不断重复的节奏。你几乎可以在下面听到“ der de der de der ”的旋律:
Have you noticed how some speakers have a rhythm they repeat endlessly. You can almost hear a tune of ‘der de der de der’ in the following:
我们今天到了。很高兴你在这里。这是一个棘手的一年。利润略有下降。市场不太好。但是有很多事情要做。得坚持下去。
Here we are today. S’great to have you here. S’been a tricky year. Profit down a bit. Markets not so good. But there’s lots to do. Gotta keep it up.
这种节奏肯定会让人乏味。与其让你的听众有规律地入睡,不如改变你的时间和短语的长度,这样你就永远不会被预测到。
This kind of rhythm is a sure recipe for tedium. Rather than lulling your listeners to sleep with regularity, vary your timing and the lengths of your phrases so that you’re never predictable.
请考虑比尔·克林顿 (Bill Clinton) 2008 年民主党大会演讲中的以下摘录。听听他对问题进行分类时句子是如何变长的。还要注意从第四行开始你有一个上升的结尾和逐渐增加的速度在“伤害”、“下降”、“上升”、“增加”、“消失”上,然后一切突然落在最后三个的强烈音符上名词。克林顿是演讲中的音乐大师。尝试自己说出这些词并感受节奏。
Consider the following excerpt from Bill Clinton’s 2008 Democratic Convention speech. Hear how the sentences grow in length as he catalogues the troubles. Notice too how from line four onwards you have a rising ending and gradual increase in pace on ‘hurting’ ‘declining’, ‘rising’, ‘increasing’, ‘disappearing’, and then everything suddenly lands on a strong note for the final three nouns. Clinton is a master of music in speaking. Try speaking the words yourself and feel the rhythm.
我们的国家在两个方面都遇到了麻烦。
美国梦在国内遭到围攻,
美国在世界上的领导地位被削弱。
Our nation is in trouble on two fronts.
The American dream is under siege at home,
and America’s leadership in the world has been weakened.
中产阶级和低收入的美国人正在受到伤害,
Middle-class and low-income Americans are hurting,
随着收入下降、
失业、贫困和不平等加剧、
抵押贷款止赎和信用卡债务增加、
医疗保健覆盖面消失,
with incomes declining,
job losses, poverty, and inequality rising,
mortgage foreclosures and credit card debt increasing,
health care coverage disappearing,
以及食品、公用事业和汽油的成本大幅上涨。
and a big spike in the cost of food, utilities and gasoline.
当你阅读莎士比亚戏剧中的诗歌时,台词总是一样长。他使用的抑扬格五音步节奏在其他人手中可能会很无聊,因为节奏是僵硬的dum de dum de dum de dum de dum节奏。但压力就像一段爵士乐中的节拍。在掌握了规则图案后,您会注意到使线条生动起来的细微不规则性。
When you read Shakespeare poetry in his plays, the lines are always the same length. The iambic pentameter rhythm he employs can be boring in the hands of others with a rigid dum de dum de dum de dum de dum rhythm. But the stresses are only like the beat in a piece of jazz. After you grasp the regular pattern, you notice the subtle irregularities that bring the lines alive.
我想知道你和我做了什么直到我们相爱? _ 到那时我们还没有断奶吗?
I wonder by my troth what thou and I
Did till we lov’d? Were we not weaned till then?
第一行都很规则;然后在第二个你得到da -di-di da - '直到我们爱了吗?’你能感觉到说话者的惊讶:‘我们做了什么? 非凡的!' 就好像这些词违背了你期望的节奏,让这条线更加丰富多彩。您期待这种模式,但它给了您一些不同的东西。听听我在 Track 24 中的变奏。
All pretty regular in the first line; then in the second you get da-di-di da – ‘Did till we lov’d?’ You sense the amazement of the speaker: ‘What did we do? Extraordinary!’ It’s as if the words push against the rhythm you expect and make the line more colourful. You’re expecting the pattern, but it gives you something different. Listen to my variations in Track 24.
说唱和嘻哈艺术家做类似的事情。他们进入节奏,然后稍微改变一下以适应特定的含义,赋予它新鲜感和活力。您可以像这样从许多不同的来源发现关于节奏的想法。
Rap and hip-hop artists do something similar. They get into a pounding rhythm, and then they vary it a bit to suit a particular meaning, giving it freshness and vitality. You can discover ideas about rhythm from many different sources like this.
玩音调
Playing with pitch
您还可以在音调的起伏中听到语音中的音乐。要了解这个想法,请再听一遍“祝你生日快乐” 。如果你注意曲调的音符而不是节奏,你会感觉到曲调越来越高,然后在最后再次下降。
You can also hear music in speech in the ups and downs of pitch. To get the idea, listen to ‘Happy Birthday to You’ again. If you pay attention to the notes of the tune instead of the rhythm, you get a sense of a tune climbing higher and higher and then coming down again at the end.
祝你生日快乐。祝你
生日快乐。亲爱的生日快乐;
Happy birthday to you.
Happy birthday to you.
Happy birthday dear someone;
然后在最后一行,注释再次落在粗体注释中:
and then in the last line, the notes fall again in the notes in bold:
祝你生日快乐。_
Happy birthday to you.
现在听新闻播报员或其他演讲者讲话,注意他们是如何形成音调模式的。以下是温斯顿丘吉尔爵士 1940 年演讲的摘录:
Now listen to a newsreader or another speaker, and notice how they make a pattern in pitch. Here’s an extract from a 1940 speech by Sir Winston Churchill:
你问,我们的目的是什么?(丘吉尔以高音结尾)
我可以用一个词来回答,这是胜利,(中音)
不惜一切代价的胜利,(中)
尽管有所有恐怖的胜利,(高)
胜利,无论道路多么漫长和艰难是; (低)
因为没有胜利,就没有生存。(结束极低)
You ask, what is our aim? (Churchill ends on a high note)
I can answer in one word, it is victory, (medium note)
victory at all costs, (medium)
victory in spite of all terror, (high)
victory, however long and hard the road may be; (low)
for without victory, there is no survival. (ends extremely low)
前面是一个强有力的陈述的典型形式:一个开头的短语把你带到一个高大上的有意义的词;另一个短语将您带到另一个重要的高点,最后一个短语将您带到一个重要的低点。它就像一连串的山峰,总是最终到达低谷。高耸的山峰给你一种悬念感,穿越一句话:'这!还有这个!还有这个!最终将您引向低位的“ this ” 。如果你这样说话,你就会保持悬念。你的听众不太可能在你发言中途打断你,而是等到最后的低点出现。
The preceding is a typical shape for a strong statement: an initial phrase takes you to a significant word on a high; another phrase takes you to another significant high, and the final phrase takes you to an important final word on a low. It’s like a series of mountain peaks, always arriving finally at a low at the end. The high peaks give you a sense of suspense as you travel through a sentence: ‘This! and also this! and this!’ leading you eventually to a low ‘this’. If you speak in this way, you maintain suspense. Your listeners are unlikely to interrupt you mid-statement, but wait until the release of the final low.
您可以通过多种方式给出语句形状。例如,如果你的陈述是一个问题,它不会以低音结束。请注意,高音将单词或短语标记为重要,而强调的低音则给人一种终结的感觉。您可以使用这些元素为您的陈述创建不同的形状。
You can give a statement shape in several ways. For example, if your statement is a question, it won’t end on a low note. Be aware that high sounds mark a word or phrase as significant, and an emphasised low pitched sound gives an air of finality. You can play with these elements to create different shapes for your statements.
复兴古老的修辞艺术
Reviving the Ancient Art of Rhetoric
修辞可能是一个过时的术语,但这种古老的艺术在今天依然生机勃勃。修辞学在公元前 600 年希腊智者的演讲者中发挥了重要作用,并且在今天的政治家的演讲中仍然发挥着重要作用。有关修辞学的起源和持续影响的更多信息,请参阅“力量与说服力:修辞学的艺术”。
Rhetoric may be an old-fashioned term, but the ancient art is alive and well today. Rhetoric played a big part in the impact of speakers from the Greek Sophists in 600 BC, and still plays a major role in the speeches of politicians today. See ‘Power and persuasion: the art of rhetoric’ for more on rhetoric’s beginning and on-going influence.
修辞学是说服他人说话的艺术,尤其是当它与语言的声音、重复、变化、音乐性和节奏相关时。利用修辞的目的是影响您的听众,通常是在他们意识以下的水平上。
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion in speaking, particularly as it relates to the sounds of language, its repetitions, variations, musicality and rhythms. The point of utilising rhetoric is to influence your listener, often at a level below their consciousness.
以下部分向您介绍一些最有用的修辞手段。想象一下,古典教育——只需几分钟!
The following sections introduce you to a few of the most useful rhetorical devices. Imagine, a classical education – in minutes!
三时起舞
Dancing in three time
最明显和最常用的修辞工具之一是三法则。“我来了,我看到了,我征服了,”尤利乌斯凯撒宣称。在三原则中,三个单词或短语的强度通常会增加,最后一个短语最强。前两个通常在形式上相似,而最后一个略有不同。
One of the most obvious and well-used rhetorical tools is the rule of three. ‘I came, I saw, I conquered,’ declared Julius Caesar. In the rule of three, the three words or phrases typically grow in intensity with the last phrase being the strongest. The first two are often similar in form with the final one slightly different.
这不是结束。
这甚至还没开始结尾。
但这也许是开始的结束
This is not the end.
It is not even the beginning of the end.
But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning
温斯顿丘吉尔爵士
Sir Winston Churchill
生命、
自由 和对幸福的
追求
Life,
liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness
美国独立宣言
US Declaration of Independence
明天果酱,
昨天果酱, 但今天
决不果酱
Jam tomorrow,
and jam yesterday,
but never jam today
刘易斯·卡罗尔,《镜中奇遇记》
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass
我知道…
I know that…
过得很辛苦……
It’s been hard…
有些人…
Some people…
这是我对其中之一的尝试(听 Track 26):
Here’s my attempt at one of them (listen to Track 26):
我知道这对我们所有人来说都是艰难的一年。
我知道我们感觉好像一直在艰难上坡。
我也知道,我亲眼目睹了我们的员工所能提供的一些最好的服务。
I know that it’s been a difficult year for all of us.
I know that we feel as if we’ve been struggling uphill.
I also know that I’ve witnessed some of the best our people have to offer.
您可以在任何情况下使用三原则,而不仅仅是在正式演讲中。顺便说一句,它也是制作喜剧的好工具:
You can use the rule of three in any context, not just in formal speech. By the way, it’s a great device for creating comedy too:
周末我没有时间收拾太多东西,只有
袜子和
内衣。. .
还有我的忍者剑。
I didn’t have time to pack much for the weekend, just
socks,
undies . . .
and my ninja sword.
蓄势待发
Building up momentum
三法则是建立动力的好方法(见上一节)。正如我在本节中所说明的那样,简单的重复方法也可以通过其他方式建立动力。
The rule of three is a great way to build momentum (see the preceding section). The simple device of repetition can build momentum in other ways too, as I illustrate in this section.
丘吉尔在 1940 年下议院著名演讲的这段摘录中一次又一次地使用了战斗的形象。每一行都以相同的短语开头:
Churchill used the image of fighting again and again in this extract from his famous speech in the House of Commons in 1940. Every line begins with the same phrase:
我们将进行到底,
我们将在法国作战,
我们将在海上作战,
我们将以越来越大的信心和越来越强的力量在空中作战,
我们将保卫我们的岛屿,无论付出何种代价,我们都将在海滩上战斗, 我们将在登陆场上战斗, 我们将在田野和街道上战斗, 我们将在山上战斗; 我们永远不会投降。
We shall go on to the end,
we shall fight in France,
we shall fight on the seas and oceans,
we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air,
we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be,
we shall fight on the beaches,
we shall fight on the landing grounds,
we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
we shall fight in the hills;
we shall never surrender.
当他终于说到最后一句“我们永远不会投降”时,在他最深沉的声音中,它的影响是非同寻常的。在 YouTube 上收听摘录,听听他的声音如何通过十行来保持悬念。
When he finally reaches the last line, ‘we shall never surrender’, in his deepest of deep voices, its impact is extraordinary. Listen to the extract on YouTube and hear how his voice maintains the suspense through ten lines.
约翰·肯尼迪 (John Kennedy) 在 1963 年的柏林演讲中使用这些技巧将演讲推向高潮。在这次演讲中,重复采用了副歌的形式。在最后一次迭代中,他通过将他重复的短语翻译成德语来产生影响,然后最后一次用英语再次强调:
John Kennedy built up to a grand climax using these skills in his Berlin speech in 1963. In this speech, repetition takes the form of a refrain. In the last iteration, he creates an impact by slipping in a German translation of his repeated phrase, before saying it again in English with great emphasis for the last time:
世界上有很多人真的不明白,或者说他们不明白,自由世界和共产世界之间的重大问题是什么。
让他们来柏林。
There are many people in the world who really don’t understand, or say they don’t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world.
Let them come to Berlin.
有人说共产主义是未来的潮流。
让他们来柏林。
There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future.
Let them come to Berlin.
还有一些人说,在欧洲和其他地方,我们可以与共产党合作。
让他们来柏林。
And there are some who say, in Europe and elsewhere, we can work with the Communists.
Let them come to Berlin.
甚至有少数人说,共产主义确实是一个邪恶的制度,但它使我们能够取得经济进步。Lass' sie nach Berlin kommen。
让他们来柏林。
And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. Lass’ sie nach Berlin kommen.
Let them come to Berlin.
押韵和鸣响
Rhyming and chiming
您可以尽情享受本节中的修辞手段,这些修辞手段都是关于呼应声音的。您可以回显:
You can enjoy yourself with the rhetorical devices in this section, which are all about echoing sounds. You can echo through:
头韵:重复最初的辅音(pickled p umpkin)
Alliteration: Repeating the initial consonants (pickled pumpkin)
谐音:元音回声(Bl a ck b a ckp a ck)
Assonance: Echoing vowel sounds (Black backpack)
辅音:呼应内部辅音(ri ch batch elor)
Consonance: Echoing internal consonants (rich batchelor)
押韵:相似的元音和最后的辅音。(烹饪书) _
Rhyme: Similar vowel sounds and final consonants. (Cook book)
如果你抓到一个吹毛求疵的牧师为厨师杀腌鱼
如果你看到一艘战舰轰击比斯开湾
如果你看到一个胡说八道的梦想家把小鸭子淹死在沟里。
If you caught a captious curate killing kippers for the cook,
If you beheld a battleboat bombarding Biscay Bay
If you saw a drivelling dreamer drowning ducklings in a ditch.
协音(元音回音)通常带有回音和半回音,例如昂山素季在1995 年非政府组织妇女论坛上的主题演讲的开场白。 , 并以坚定的a音结尾(斜体)。
Assonance (echoing vowel sounds) is often subtle with echoes and half-echoes, as in the opening of Aung San Suu Kyi’s Keynote Address at the NGO Forum on Women in 1995. She opens with sonorous or, uh and ah sounds (in bold), and ends with firm a sounds (in italics).
这是一项艰巨但艰巨的任务,让我在这个论坛的开幕式上说几句话,这是女性最伟大的课程(有一些勇敢的男人加入!)它曾经出现在我们的 pl a net上。
It is a wonderful but daunting task that has fallen on me to say a few words by way of opening this Forum, the greatest concourse of women (joined by a few brave men!) that has ever gathered on our planet.
来吧,在黑暗中漂流,在黑暗的夜晚像大海一样摇摆不定,沿着漂流的海黑色街道漂流,来到杰克布莱克上方的圣经般的黑色密闭阁楼,鞋匠的商店杰克布莱克独自野蛮地睡觉,穿着睡衣松紧带一直到他的脚踝,他梦想着追逐那些淘气的情侣,追逐到树林里草绿色的醋栗双人床上,在唾沫和木屑中抽打那些乱七八糟的东西,把那些裸露的大胆女孩从他噩梦中的六便士啤酒花中赶出来。
Come now, drift up the dark, come up the drifting sea-dark street now in the dark night seesawing like the sea, to the bible-black airless attic over Jack Black the cobbler’s shop where alone and savagely Jack Black sleeps in a nightshirt tied to his ankles with elastic and dreams of chasing the naughty couples down the grassgreen gooseberried double bed of the wood, flogging the tosspots in the spit-and-sawdust, driving out the bare bold girls from the sixpenny hops of his nightmares.
享受沉默
Enjoying the Silence
在经历了前一段的夸张之后,我想请你停下来享受安静。如果你说话时有点紧张,沉默是最难忍受的事情之一。每次你停下来,一微秒感觉就像一个小时,你会变得难为情,感觉每个人都在看着你。
After the rhetorical excitement of the preceding section, I want to invite you to pause and enjoy the quiet. If you get at all nervous when you speak, silence is one of the hardest things to endure. Every time you stop, a micro-second feels like an hour, and you become self-conscious and feel everyone looking at you.
然而,在沉默中暂停片刻的能力却大有裨益。适当的停顿:
Yet the ability to pause in silence for a few moments has much going for it. A well-placed pause:
作为自信的重要标志:当你舒服地停下来时,人们会发现你很自信。
Serves as a great mark of confidence: When you pause comfortably, people find you self-assured.
让听众有机会处理您所说的内容:没有人可以持续聆听。他们需要反思的空间。在停下来思考你的话之后,人们更愿意倾听你接下来要说的话。
Gives listeners the chance to process what you’re saying: No one can listen continuously. They need space for reflection. After a pause to think about your words, people are more ready to listen to the next thing you say.
使人们更强烈地听到您在沉默之前所说的话:那些重要的话悬在空中,人们有时间在沉默中考虑它们。
Makes people hear the words you spoke just before the silence more strongly: Those important words hang in the air, and people have time to consider them in the silence.
制造紧张或期待: “他在地板上看到了……”。. . 身体。' 或 '今年的获胜者是 . . . 简·奥斯本!
Creates tension or anticipation: ‘And there on the floor he saw . . . the body.’ or ‘This year’s winner is . . . Jane Osborne!’
给你思考的空间: 当你匆匆忙忙地进行演讲时,沉默可能看起来不自然,但沉默是交流自然节奏的重要组成部分。当你在正常谈话中放松时,当你想到接下来要说的话时,自然会停顿一下。如果没有几次思考停顿,您很快就会听起来机械或过度排练。
Gives you thinking space: Silence may seem unnatural when you’re going headlong through a speech, but silence is an important part of the natural rhythm of communication. When you’re relaxed in normal conversation, a pause happens naturally as you think of the next thing to say. Without a few thinking pauses, you can quickly sound mechanical or over-rehearsed.
使 你的话的意思清楚:如果你不停顿地匆匆说完某些句子,人们可能会严重误解你。以令人费解的说法为例,“理查国王死后十分钟与他的人民交谈”,这实际上应该意味着“理查国王与他的人民交谈”;(停顿)十分钟后,他死了!
Makes the meaning of your words clear: If you rush through certain sentences with no pause, people can seriously misunderstand you. Take the mystifying statement, ‘King Richard talked to his people ten minutes after he was dead’, which is actually supposed to mean, ‘King Richard talked to his people; (pause) ten minutes after, he was dead!’
清楚地表明您将继续进行演讲的另一部分:例如,“So that completed the trial”。暂停; 新的开始:'项目的下一阶段是。. .'
Clearly indicates that you’re going to move on to another section of your speech: For example, ‘So that completed the trial.’ Pause; new beginning: ‘The next phase of the project was. . .’
在你说了一些你不想说的话之后,可以作为你嘴巴的“后退键”:一旦你发出了一个 gaff,暂停,移动到另一个位置(或者只是在你的椅子上改变位置),然后说话用一种完全不同的语气,几乎像是换了一个人:‘啊,我不是那个意思!我想说的是。. .' 您的听众会忘记之前出现的令人困惑或不正确的材料,您可以自由地继续您的信息。
Can function as a ‘back space’ key for your mouth after you say something you wish you hadn’t: As soon as you make a gaff, pause, move to another spot (or just shift position in your chair), and then speak in a completely different tone of voice, almost like a new person: ‘Ah, that’s not what I meant to say! What I’d like to say is. . .’ Your listeners forget the confusing or incorrect material that came before and you’re free to carry on with your message.
“朋友”——在你说出这个词之前,环顾观众四周,寻找离你最近的人。想一想您与他们之间的良好关系,以及他们如何支持您渡过难关,他们是多么了不起。用亲密的声音说话。
‘Friends’ – Before you say the word, look around the audience for the people who are closest to you. Think of the good relationships you have with them and how they’ve supported you through thick and thin, how amazing they are. Speak with a voice of intimacy.
“罗马人”——在你说这个词之前,把注意力转移到那些属于你所在城市的人身上;那些喜欢你的人会爱上这个地方;像您这样的人为自己生活在已知宇宙的中心而感到自豪,拥有它所有的历史、力量和力量。只要靠近他们就会让你想站得更高。用自豪的声音说话。
‘Romans’ – Before you say the word, turn your attention to those who belong to your city; those people who like you feel a love for this place; people like you who feel so proud that they live in the centre of the known universe, with all its history, its strength and power. Just being near them makes you want to stand taller. Speak with a voice of pride.
“乡下人”——在你说这个词之前,扫视一下你的听众,看看有没有人是从远方来的;想想他们在土地上劳作,为这座城市和这个庞大的帝国提供粮篮;想一想这些远在他乡的人也是忠诚和真诚的。带着感激之情说出这个词。
‘Countrymen’ – Before you say the word, scan your audience for people who have come in from afar; think of them working the land, providing the grain basket for the city and for this vast empire; think about these people who though from far away are also loyal and true. Say the word with a sense of gratitude.
用最后一句话“把你的耳朵借给我”来结束这个练习,感受这个伟大而光荣的人为了你必须给他们的信息而聚集在一起。
Finish the exercise with the final words, ‘Lend me your ears’, and sense the coming together of this great and glorious people for the message you have to give them.
想想你刚才说的话。
Think about what you’ve just uttered.
转向你的下一个陈述。
Move towards your next statement.
创造并分享一种心态——平静、兴奋、悬念、决心等等。
Create and share a state of mind – calm, excitement, suspense, determination and so on.
在那种心态下感受与你的听众的联系。
Feel a connection with your audience in that state of mind.
我有一个梦想 。. . (哦,是的,我们梦想着未来,它真的会发生吗?)那一天。. . (是的,我们等了多长时间才说“有一天”,但“一天”是具体的,它会发生)这个国家将会崛起。. . (这是我们的“国家”,我们是其中的一部分,这里也有革命的迹象)。
I have a dream . . . (Oh yes, we dream of a future, could it really happen?) that one day . . . (Yes, how long we have waited and said ‘one day’, but ‘one day’ is specific, it will happen) this nation will rise up . . . (this is our ‘nation’ and we are part of it, and there’s a hint of revolution here too).
在此演讲中,金每一次有力的停顿期间,您听到了哪些具体的词语——您有哪些具体的感受?
What specific words do you hear – what specific feelings do you feel – during each of King’s powerful pauses in this speech?
第9章
Chapter 9
以共鸣的力量充分表达自我
Expressing Yourself Fully with the Power of Resonance
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
在不同的音高上发出你的声音
Producing your voice at different pitches
说话有表情
Speaking expressively
来自自信、权威和热情的地方
Coming from places of confidence, authority and passion
扩大范围
Expanding your range
在本章中,我将与您分享拥有好嗓子的最重要秘诀,它赋予您的声音音质,放大您的声音,并为各种声音提供基础。是共鸣。
In this chapter I share with you the most important secret of a great voice, the one thing that gives your voice tonal quality, that amplifies your voice and that provides the basis for such a variety of sounds. It’s resonance.
共振是声带通过身体的物理振动。当您不受限制地发出声音时,当您表达不同的能量(例如决心或同理心)时,共振会在您身体的不同部位产生振动。发现如何使用共鸣打开了一条能够有力和有影响力地表达自己的道路。在本章中,我将依次向您介绍不同的谐振器。
Resonance is the physical vibration of your vocal folds through your body. When you produce your voice without constriction, resonance produces vibrations in different parts of your body as you express different energies such as determination or empathy. Discovering how to use resonance opens the way to being able to express yourself powerfully and influentially. In this chapter, I introduce you to the different resonators in turn.
开始探索共振
Beginning to Explore Resonance
如果你的声音没有共鸣,它就会很虚弱。您的声带就像细小的橡皮筋,它们自己不会发出太多声音。他们需要您的头部、胸部和身体其他部位的共振腔来放大您的声音并创造出有力、动感的声音。
If your voice didn’t resonate, it would be feeble. Your vocal chords are like tiny rubber bands and don’t produce much sound on their own. They need the resonating cavities of your head, chest and the rest of your body to amplify your sound and create a powerful, dynamic voice.
小提琴的琴弦在乐器的中空主体上伸展,其工作方式类似于在碗周围伸展的绷紧的橡皮筋。琴弦两端固定,小提琴琴身可以自由振动。这些振动产生了乐器温暖、有力的声音。
The strings of a violin stretched across the instrument’s hollow body work in a similar way to a taut rubber band stretched around a bowl. The strings are fixed at each end, leaving the body of the violin free to vibrate. These vibrations produce the warm, powerful sound of the instrument.
当您说话时,您相当于小提琴的木结构是您的头部和您的身体。声带产生的振动(请参阅第 4 章)在遇到您体内的骨骼表面和腔体时会倍增,从而引发谐波,使音调令人满意地丰富而复杂。
When you speak, your equivalent of the violin’s wood structure is your head and your body. The vibrations produced by your vocal folds (refer to Chapter 4) multiply as they encounter the bony surfaces and cavities within you, setting off harmonics that make the tone satisfyingly rich and complex.
您独特的体型创造了您的声音。传奇男高音帕瓦罗蒂优美的声音因他庞大的体格而得到增强。另一位伟大的歌手玛丽亚·卡拉斯 (Maria Callas) 在减掉相当多的体重后,为了看起来更像肺病女主角,牺牲了她丰富的声调。不过别担心——小提琴听起来和低音提琴一样好听——反之亦然!
Your unique body shape creates your sounds. The legendary tenor Pavarotti’s beautiful sounds were enhanced by his vast bulk. Another great singer, Maria Callas, sacrificed some of her rich vocal tone when she lost a considerable number of pounds to look more the part of the consumptive heroine. Don’t worry though – a violin sounds just as good as a double bass – and vice versa!
表达共鸣
Expressing resonance
正如我在以下部分中详细探讨的那样,当您接触不同的精神和情感能量时,身体不同部位的共振会自然发生。然而,为了产生共鸣,你的身体需要自由灵活,你的思想和情感必须允许你表达正在发生的事情。如果这些条件中的任何一个没有到位,自然过程就会被打乱,你就会遇到发声问题(我将在第 11 章探讨)。现在,我假设你是自由和灵活的,愿意充分表达自己。
As I explore in detail in the following sections, resonance in different parts of your body happens naturally as you access different mental and emotional energies. In order for resonance to happen, however, your body needs to be free and flexible, and your mind and emotions must permit you to express what’s going on. If either of these provisos isn’t in place, the natural process is disrupted and you experience vocal problems (which I explore in Chapter 11). For now, I assume that you’re free and flexible and willing to express yourself fully.
当你自由地发声时,每一个不同的想法、感觉或冲动都会影响共鸣,你的声音以非凡的微妙表达这些不同能量的不断变化的组合。当你做本章的练习时,你一次只关注一个谐振器。您在现实生活中不会这样做,但一次将它们隔离开来可以让您分别了解每个谐振器的功能,并研究您迄今为止可能忽略的特定谐振器。
When you produce your voice with freedom, every different thought, feeling or impulse affects the resonance, and your voice expresses ever-varying combinations of these different energies with extraordinary subtlety. When you do the exercises in this chapter, you focus on just one resonator at time. You don’t do this in real life, but isolating them one at a time enables you to understand the function of each resonator separately, and to work on particular resonators that you may have neglected until now.
改变你的音高
Varying your pitch
当您的声音在您的身体周围回响时,它还可以改变音高。大多数人说话时的音域是三四个音,但如果他们用歌手的奉献精神训练自己的声音,他们可以有三四个八度的音域。
As your voice resounds around your body, it also has the ability to vary in pitch. Most people have a vocal range of three or four notes when they speak, but they could have a range of three or four octaves if they trained their voices with the dedication of singers.
您的范围不仅取决于您个人生理的物理限制,还取决于您的条件。你可能仍然可以用非常 高的音调尖叫,但你可能最后一次做到这一点是在你的摇篮里。
Your range is defined not only by the physical limitations of your individual physiology but also by your conditioning. You may still be able to scream on a really high note, but you probably last performed that feat in your cradle.
较宽的音高范围涉及比您在日常生活中可能表现出的更大的情感自由和强度。许多人将声音的共鸣压在嗓子眼和胸腔里,这证实了一个普遍的观点,即在日常谈话中不能表达激情或喜悦。大多数人都很压抑!
A wider pitch range involves greater emotional freedom and intensity than you probably demonstrate in daily life. Many people keep the resonance of their voices down in their throats and chests, confirming the common view that expressions of passion or joy don’t have a place in everyday speaking. Most people are quite inhibited!
发出不同的音调时,身体的不同部位会发挥作用:
Different parts of your body come into play when producing different pitches:
低音胸部
The chest for low sounds
中音的喉咙、上颚、牙齿和下巴
The throat, palate, teeth and jaw for middle sounds
鼻窦、颧骨、鼻子、上鼻窦和颅骨发出最高音
The sinuses, cheekbones, nose, and the upper sinuses and skull for the highest sounds
在接下来的部分中,我将依次提供开发每个谐振器的活动。也就是说,整个身体都在不断地参与创造声音,因为身体某一部分的共振会在其他地方引起其他共振、谐波和泛音。
In the following sections, I offer activities to develop each resonator in turn. That said, the whole body is constantly involved in creating sound because a resonance in one part of the body sets up other resonances, harmonics and overtones elsewhere.
“有人吃了我的粥,”熊爸爸用低沉粗哑的声音说。
‘Somebody’s been eating my porridge,’ said the Daddy Bear in a deep gruff voice.
“有人一直在吃我的粥,”熊妈妈用温和的中等声音说道。
‘And somebody’s been eating my porridge,’ said the Mummy Bear in a gentle medium voice.
“有人一直在吃我的粥,他们把粥都吃光了,”熊宝宝用尖锐的声音尖叫着说。
‘And somebody’s been eating my porridge, and they’ve eaten it all up,’ said the Baby Bear in a high squeal of a voice.
您可以使用约翰·多恩 (John Donne) 的爱情诗《早安》(The Good Morrow) 中的以下摘录,以稍微严肃一点的方式练习这些技能 。为了进入戏剧模式,在背诵台词时使用宽阔的手势在房间里大步走:
You can practise these skills in slightly more serious mode using the following extract from the love poem ‘The Good Morrow’ by John Donne. In order to get into dramatic mode, stride around the room using broad gestures as you recite the lines:
我想知道,老实说,你和我
做了什么直到我们相爱?到那时我们还没有断奶吗?
(这些台词的惊呼声很高)
I wonder, by my troth, what thou and I
Did till we loved? Were we not weaned till then?
(high voice of surprise for these lines)
却幼稚地享受着乡村的乐趣?
(此行的中间声音)
But sucked on country pleasures childishly?
(middle voice for this line)
或者我们在七睡者的巢穴里哼了一声?
(此行的声音很深)
Or snorted we in the Seven Sleepers’ den?
(deep voice for this line)
'Twas so
(最深沉的缓慢低沉的声音)
’Twas so
(deepest of slow deep voices for this phrase)
避免身体下压以使声音低沉。不要勉强什么。想象并感受从你身体深处传来的低沉声音。发出什么声音都可以。
Avoid pushing down physically to make your voice deep. Don’t force anything. Just imagine and feel a low voice coming from deep in your body. Whatever sounds come out are fine.
支持你的胸部声音
Championing Your Chest Voice
当您说出您认为是真实的事情并想分享您的信念时,您的声音自然会在您的胸腔中颤动。你也可以在语言中听到身体的这一部分与真相之间的联系:你“把事情从你的胸膛里拿出来”并且“把它做成一个干净的胸膛”。如果您想发出更具权威性和庄重感的声音,这就是您需要培养的共鸣。
When you state something you believe to be true and want to share your belief, your voice naturally vibrates in your chest. You hear the connection between this part of the body and truth in language too: you ‘get things off your chest’ and ‘make a clean breast of it’. If you want to develop a voice with more authority and gravitas, this is the resonance you need to develop.
回荡在胸口的声音不高不低,很好听,很好听。它拥有权威之环,往往值得信赖。听起来很自信和放心。有关胸部声音特别有效的情况的更多信息,请参阅后面的“使用胸部声音”部分。
The voice that resounds in your chest is easy to listen to, not too high and not too low, and it carries well. It has the ring of authority and tends to be trusted. It sounds confident and assured. See the later section ‘Using your chest voice’ for more on situations in which your chest voice is particularly effective.
发出你的胸音
Producing your chest voice
为所有这些共鸣练习挺身而开。保持放松,尤其是在身体的上半部分,放松肩膀,放松喉咙。对于较低的共振,请低调思考并在没有向上张力的情况下安定下来。有关更多放松技巧,请参阅第 5 章。
Stand tall and open for all these resonance practices. Stay relaxed, particularly in the upper part of your body, with your shoulders loose and throat free. For the lower resonances, think low and settle down into your body with no upward tension. See Chapter 5 for more relaxation techniques.
1. 将手放在胸前,吸气。
1. Put your hand on your chest and breathe in.
2. 当你呼气时,沉浸在轻松的嗡嗡声中。
2. As you breathe out, settle into the easy humming sound hermmm.
有一种向下放松的感觉——没有任何推动或压力。
Have a feeling of relaxing downwards – without any pushing or strain.
相反,您可以选择以舒适的音调开始嗡嗡声,然后将声音调低,直到感觉好像到达您的胸部。然后打开嗡嗡声变成加长的单词mmmore。
You may choose instead to start on a hum at a comfortable pitch and slide the sound down in pitch until it feels as if it reaches your chest. Then open the hum out into the lengthened word mmmore.
3. 感觉你的胸骨在你的手下振动。
3. Feel your sternum bone vibrate under your hand.
4.继续吸气,一边用手反复拍打胸口,一边发出“啊”的声音。
4. Continue to breathe and make an aah sound while patting your chest repeatedly with your hand.
注意你的手的动作是如何打断声音的——如果你的声音在那里振动的话。当他发出著名的哭声时,声音像泰山一样嘶哑。
Notice how the movement of your hand interrupts the sounds – if your voice is vibrating there. The sound ululates like Tarzan when he does his famous cry.
5. 找到胸部震动的地方,用饱满的泰山叫声放开自己,用力捶打胸部。
5. When you find the place where your chest vibrates, let yourself go with the full-bodied Tarzan cry, beating your chest vigorously.
享受在您胸中振动的强劲声音!
Enjoy the robust sounds that vibrate in your chest!
1. 双手轻轻放在腹部,呼吸新鲜空气。
1. Lay your hands lightly on your belly and take a good fresh breath.
当你向下吸入空气时,感觉你的手轻轻抬起。
Feel your hands gently rise as you take in air low down.
2.呼气时发出ffff 的 声音,双手轻轻接触腹部以监测气流的顺畅。
2. Make the sound ffff on the out-breath, keeping your hands in gentle contact with your belly to monitor the smooth flow of air.
继续发出声音几秒钟,让空气保持美丽稳定的流动。
Continue making the sound for a few seconds, keeping the air flowing in a beautiful steady stream.
3. 重复第 1 步和第 2 步,但这次在呼气时发出vvvv (它会刺激你的声带)。
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2, but this time make the sound vvvv (which engages your vocal cords) on the out-breath.
想得相当低,但让球场自己决定。保持气流畅通且稳定。注意身体的振动。如果你的胸部在振动,那就完美了。
Think fairly low, but let the pitch decide itself. Keep the air flow free and steady. Be aware of vibrations in your body. If your chest vibrates, that’s perfect.
4. 从与你发出的vvvv声音 相同的地方说话。
4. Speak from same place as the vvvv sound you made.
如果你喜欢,直接从vvvv直接变成一句话:' Vvvveronica loves to play chess.' 听听音调如何低沉并在您的胸腔中产生共鸣。
If you like, go straight from vvvv into a sentence within the same breath: ‘Vvvveronica loves to play chess.’ Hear how the tone is low and resonates in your chest.
通过身体练习找到共鸣后,您还可以通过心理意图发现它——通常更强烈。当大多数人对某事有强烈的看法时,尤其是当意见是否定的时候,大多数人会自然而然地在胸中发出共鸣。所以现在,如果可能的话,找个人听你讲,强烈地谈论你认为应该发生或不应该发生的事情,一些错误的、荒谬的或令人震惊的事情。找到一个您有强烈看法的主题,以便您可以将真正的精力投入其中。当你使你的陈述成为现实时,声音就会在你的胸中回响。
Having found the resonance through physical practice, you can also discover it – often more strongly – through mental intention. Most people resonate their voice naturally in the chest when they have a strong opinion about something, especially if the opinion is negative. So now, with someone to listen to you if possible, speak strongly about something you think should happen or shouldn’t happen, something that is wrong, ridiculous or shocking. Find a subject that you have a strong opinion about so that you can put genuine energy into it. When you make your statement real, the sound resounds in your chest.
使用你的胸腔声音
Using your chest voice
胸部的声音非常适合公开演讲和您想要被认真对待的所有情况。大胸骨提供出色的共鸣,不会使您的声音紧张,因此这种说话方式对您的发声器官也很友好。
The chest voice is ideal for public speaking and for all situations where you want to be taken seriously. The big sternum bone provides excellent resonance without straining your voice, so this way of speaking is kind to your vocal apparatus too.
如果您害怕表达人们可能不同意的观点,那么以您的胸部共鸣为中心是很困难的。在公共场合听别人说话,你会听到他们失去信心时,声音如何从胸腔强烈的共鸣滑向身体稍高的地方。能够发出胸腔的声音就是要相信自己能够坚定地陈述自己的观点,而不会被别人的想法所左右。
Centring in on your chest resonance is difficult if you fear expressing opinions that people may disagree with. Listen to others in the public arena, and you can hear how their voices slip away from strong resonance in their chest to a slightly higher place in the body when they lose confidence. Being able to produce the chest voice is about trusting yourself to state your case firmly without being swayed by what others think.
对你的头部共振感到兴奋
Getting Excited about Your Head Resonance
当您对某事感到兴奋时,您的声音会做出一些特别的事情,这让我产生了共鸣。
Your voice does something special when you get excited about something, and this brings me to head resonance.
你永远猜不到发生了什么!
You’ll never guess what’s happened!
我赢了!我知道,这太棒了!
I won! I know, it’s amazing!
这是我见过的最不寻常的事情!
It was the most extraordinary thing I’ve ever seen!
你真的?你不可能有!
Did you really? You couldn’t have!
对于大多数人来说,当您兴奋地阅读前面的短语时,您的声音会在整个短语中或在其中最强的地方变得更高。你感觉越有活力、热情和兴奋,你的声音就越大。
For most people, when you read the preceding phrases with excitement, your voice goes higher, throughout the phrase or at the strongest point within it. The more energetic, enthusiastic and excited you feel, the more your voice rises.
考虑不同的场景。扮演依次问候以下每个人的角色:
Consider different scenarios. Play the part of greeting each of the following people in turn:
出现的人是你最不想见的人。
Someone who turns up and he or she is the last person you want to see.
一个你不太了解的商业伙伴。
A business associate you don’t know well.
您真正关心的人突然来访。
Someone you really care about, who turns up on a surprise visit.
每个人的声音有何不同?我猜第一个是低而平的,第二个是中档和商业类的,第三个是高而兴奋的。
How was your voice different with each person? I’m guessing it was low and flat for the first, mid-range and business-like for the second, and high and excited for the third.
你的语气通常是你热情的相当准确的指标。听听其他人的意见。如果没有什么能让他们太兴奋,你会发现他们的声音不会经常升高。如果你认识一个人,他的生活就像过山车,在巨大的热情和彻底的绝望之间摇摆,你很可能会听到一个声音随着情绪的变化而上下波动,甚至可能在一个句子或短语中。老师们通过他们在课堂上的语气来识别孩子的特征:胆小的人安静低沉的声音和'我!我!我小姐!我知道答案!'
Your tone is usually a fairly accurate indicator of your enthusiasm. Have a listen to other people. If nothing excites them much, you find their voices don’t go up often. If you know someone whose life is a roller coaster, swinging between enormous enthusiasm and utter despair, you’re likely to hear a voice that swoops up and down with the changes of mood, perhaps even within a single sentence or phrase. Teachers recognise children’s characteristics through their tone in their classrooms: the quiet low voices of the timid and the high ‘have to speak’ tones of, ‘Me! Me! Me Miss! I know the answer!’
产生头音
Producing head tones
1. 发出长长的呜呜声!声音从舒适的中音开始,然后迅速上升到最高音。
1. Make a long whoo-oop! sound that starts at a comfortable mid-level and rises quickly to your highest pitch.
2. 做上升的“呐喊!” 再次然后自己重复高音:oop 。
2. Do the rising ‘whoop!’ again and then repeat just the high sound on its own: oop.
3. 探索你头部的不同共鸣器。
3. Explore the different resonators of your head.
像《指环王》 中的咕噜一样用鼻子发出有趣、高亢的声音,使用大量的“n”音,例如:“Nn, nn, nno, never! 绝不!'
Speak in a funny, high voice in your nose like Gollum in Lord of the Rings, using lots of ‘n’ sounds, for instance: ‘Nn, nn, nno, never! Never!’
注意你的颧骨,并用很多吱吱作响的“w”音说话:“为什么?哇,那太好了!
Become aware of your cheek bones and speak with lots of squeaky ‘w’ sounds: ‘Why? Wow, that’s wonderful!’
想象声音从您的耳朵中传出:'Eeeears!在我耳边!
Speak imagining sound coming out of your ears: ‘Eeeears! Out of my eeeears!’
发出从你的头骨顶部发出的声音,你能想象到的最高音:'Eeee!呜呜呜!Wee Willy Winkiiii!
Make sounds that issue from the very top of your skull, the highest sounds you can ever imagine: ‘Eeee! Wiiiii! Wee Willy Winkiiii!’
是的,我知道!这些声音看起来不像是您在明智的成人对话中经常使用的那种声音。但是一起玩;这些音调是您声音中极其重要的组成部分,可能没有得到足够的锻炼和使用。
Yes, I know! These sounds don’t seem like the kind you’re going to use often in sensible adult conversation. But play along; these tones are vitally important components of your voice and probably under-exercised and under-used.
1. 想象你和你的伙伴都是操场上的孩子。
1. Imagine that you and your partner are both children in the playground.
无需认真对待这一步!
No need to take to take this step seriously!
孩子们声音很大,很兴奋,有时会争吵,而且往往非常坚持。当你们互相高声说话、喊叫和喊叫时,包括这些元素。“那是我的球!” ‘不,这是我的!它来了!哇!“哦,你弄丢了!” “嘻嘻,太好笑了!” . . . 你明白了。
Children have high voices, get excited, sometimes squabble and are often exceedingly insistent. Include these elements as you speak, shout and yell to each other in high voices. ‘That’s my ball!’ ‘No it’s mine! Here it comes! Whee!’ ‘Oh you’ve lost it!’ ‘Hee hee, that’s so funny!’ . . . you get the idea.
2. 选择一个更日常的话题,进行更真实的对话,使用成人的声音,同时仍然包含高音。
2. Choose a more everyday subject and have a more realistic conversation, using your adult voice while still including high tones.
谈论你的经历,并在每条评论中尝试超越对方,坚持认为你的经历比他们的更令人兴奋。边走边增加兴奋度。
Talk about your experience and, with each comment, try to outdo the other person in insistence that your experience was more exciting than theirs. Escalate the excitement as you go.
在下面的例子中(两个人谈论假期),高音用斜体表示——如果你坚持和热情,它们自然会发出高音:
In the example below (in which two people talk about holidays), the high sounds are in italics – they come out naturally high if you’re insistent and enthusiastic:
人 A:我们刚刚去过坎布里亚郡。风景壮丽! B:啊,但是阿尔卑斯山——那些山太棒了! 人 A:是的,但是崎岖的多洛米蒂山——太美了! B:我会告诉你什么——如果你想要辉煌,试试新西兰——太棒了! A:很好,我敢肯定,但是如果想一次完整地尝试加拉帕戈斯群岛——它们令人难以置信! B 人:好的,但请检查一下!大堡礁——非凡 !
Person A: We’ve just been in Cumbria. The landscape is magnificent! Person B: Ah but the Alps – those mountains are amazing! Person A: True, but the craggy Dolomites – just stunning! Person B: I’ll tell you what – if you want splendour, try New Zealand – astonishing! Person A: Good I’m sure, but for a complete one-off try the Galapagos Islands – they’re unbelievable! Person B: Okay, but check this out! The Great Barrier Reef – it’s extraordinary!
只需用你自己的话来表达惊奇——太棒了、奇妙的、辉煌的、美妙的、超级的、精湛的、惊人的和奇妙的等等——让你的声音达到顶峰。
Just use your own words for expressing wonder – terrific, fantastic, brilliant, wonderful, super, superb, stupendous and marvellous are other examples – and let your voice hit the roof.
您可能会发现您的声音在斜体字上并不自然地提高;对于这个练习,鼓励它这样做,即使它感觉很尴尬。通常,您会发现单词中只有重音音节听起来很高,例如“a ma zing”或“ter rri fic”。这很好,听起来比用高音说出整个单词更自然。
You may find that your voice doesn’t rise naturally on the italicised words; for this exercise, encourage it to do so even if it feels awkward. Usually, you find that just the accented syllable in the word sounds high, as in ‘amazing’ or ‘terrific’. That’s fine, and sounds more natural than saying the whole word on a high pitch.
使用你的头声
Using your head voice
你的高共鸣就像圣诞树装饰上的闪光。它增加了谈话的趣味性。你不会一直使用它,但当你这样做时,人们会立即感受到你的兴奋、热情或你赋予某一点的特殊意义。
Your high resonance is like the sparkle on a Christmas tree decoration. It adds interest to your conversation. You don’t use it all the time, but when you do, people catch instantly your excitement, enthusiasm or the special significance you’re giving to a certain point.
你总是在媒体的聊天节目中听到这些高亢的热情。例如,聆听演员 Jane Horrocks 或节目主持人 Jonathan Ross 的声音,听到频繁的头部音调,让他们的演讲充满活力。
You hear these high tones of enthusiasm all the time on chat shows in the media. Listen, for example, to the actor Jane Horrocks or show host Jonathan Ross to hear frequent head tones giving high energy to their delivery.
高共鸣的另一个重要用途是赋予你的声音更强的承载力。您越想让自己的声音投射出来,就越需要让您的鼻子、脸颊和脸部前部的骨骼(您的面罩)产生共鸣。我并不是说你只使用那些高音,而是它们与你的胸部共鸣相结合,使你的声音具有很好的亮度。您可以在第 7 章中了解更多关于投射声音的信息。
Another vital use of high resonance is to give your voice stronger carrying power. The more you want your voice to project, the more you need to include the resonance of your nose, cheeks and the bones of the front of your face – your mask. I don’t mean that you use just those high tones, but they join with your chest resonance to give your voice a brightness that projects well. You can discover more about projecting your voice in Chapter 7.
温暖你的心声
Warming to Your Heart Voice
考虑以下媒体对最优秀演讲者的描述:
Consider the following media descriptions of the finest speakers:
'我们这个时代最伟大的传播者之一。. . 发自内心地说话。
‘One of the greatest communicators of our time . . . speaks from the heart.’
“这个星球上最有天赋的沟通者之一——用人的声音发自内心地说话。”
‘One of the most gifted communicators on the planet – speaks from the heart in a human voice.’
'她热情而善于表达。. . 充满激情、口才和干巴巴的幽默。
‘She is fervent and articulate . . . speaking with passion, eloquence and dry humour.’
“说话充满激情和信念。”
‘Speaks with passion and conviction.’
每个描述指的是谁?按顺序:科林鲍威尔、比尔克林顿、作家阿兰达蒂罗伊和特蕾莎修女。一个多元化的群体,但他们共同拥有的一个重要品质就是热情。激情说服。雄辩可能给人留下深刻印象,但强烈的感情会改变人心。
Who does each description refer to? In order: Colin Powell, Bill Clinton, author Arundhati Roy and Mother Teresa. A diverse group, yet one important quality they all share is passion. And passion persuades. Eloquence may impress, but strong feeling changes hearts.
在本节中,我将介绍我所说的心声。当你关心某事时,你会表现出一种不同的能量,这种能量自然会为你的声音着色,赋予它更深沉的声音和更柔和的说服力。情感有一种直接从你的心进入听众心的方式。
In this section, I introduce what I call the voice of the heart. You display a different kind of energy when you care about something, and that energy naturally colours your voice, giving it a deeper sound and a softer persuasive edge. Emotion has a way of travelling straight from your heart into the hearts of your listeners.
在各种交流中,声音都带有情感能量的色彩。即使在古典歌唱这种技术难度极高的艺术中,最受推崇的歌手也是那些用心演唱的歌手。著名男高音何塞·卡雷拉斯 (José Carreras) 认为,发自内心的歌声是善与伟的区别。或者,正如诗人 Maya Angelou 所说,“人们会忘记你说过的话,会忘记你做过的事,但人们永远不会忘记你给他们带来的感受。”
Voice is coloured by emotional energy in every kind of communication. Even in classical singing, an art characterised by extremely difficult technique, the most adored singers are those who put heart into their voices. The famous tenor José Carreras suggested that singing from the soul is what distinguishes the good from the great. Or, as the poet Maya Angelou said, ‘People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.’
找到你的激情
Finding your passion
你表达心声的难易程度取决于你向他人展示你的感受的意愿。发自内心的说话就是说话时的感觉。 在您说话时以某种方式感到感动的准确时刻,您的声音会呈现出柔和的音质。
How easily you produce your heart voice depends on how willing you are to show others how you feel. Speaking from your heart is simply about feeling while speaking. At the precise moments when you feel moved in some way while speaking, your voice takes on a softer-edged quality.
向听众透露你的情绪状态感觉很亲密,会让你感到脆弱。然而,当你分享你现在的感受时,你就有很大的联系和影响力的潜力。情感会打动人们,使他们与您建立更多联系,并更强烈地记住您所说的话。如果你想成为有影响力的演讲者,你需要发现这种共鸣。
Revealing your emotional state to your listeners feels intimate and can make you feel vulnerable. When you do share your present feelings, however, you have great potential for connection and influence. Emotion moves people and makes them connect more with you and register more strongly what you’ve said. If you want to be influential as a speaker, you need to discover this resonance.
1. 选择你喜欢或关心的人或事。
1. Choose someone or something you love or care about.
想一想您认识的人或动物或对您来说很特别的地方。想一想您喜欢的一项活动,它能让您感受最真实的自己。或者你热切关心的事业。
Think about a person you know or an animal or a place that is special to you. Think about an activity you enjoy that allows you to feel most yourself. Or a cause that you passionately care about.
选择其中一个主题作为您要谈论的话题。
Choose one of these subjects as the topic you’re going to talk about.
2. 让自己沉浸在对主题的愉快回忆中,然后花几分钟谈谈你的热情。
2. Absorb yourself in enjoyable memories of the subject for a moment, then take a couple of minutes to talk about your passion.
您可能不会立即“开启”您的热情,但别担心;当你谈论它时,你就会进入它。特别想一想您喜欢和关心的事情,以及是什么“让您兴奋”或让您为之感动。
You may not instantly ‘switch on’ to your passion, but don’t worry; you get into it as you talk about it. Think especially of what you enjoy and care about and what ‘turns you on’ or moves you about it.
3. 完成后,询问听众听您讲话时的感受。
3. After you finish, ask your audience what it was like for them to listen to you.
大多数听众发现他们会被一位运用这种感觉的演讲者打动,即使主题不是他们通常涉及的主题。感情极富感染力。
Most listeners discover that they’re moved by a speaker who employs this kind of feeling, even if the subject isn’t one they usually relate to. Feelings are extremely contagious.
恐惧的情绪会妨碍其他情绪。恐惧使你自我意识。这导致你试图给人留下印象,而不是诚实地感受一种感觉,而真正的联系就消失了。也许最大的恐惧是,如果你深深地感受到一种情绪,你将无法在别人面前应对它,所以你最终会压抑所有的情绪。如果你这样做了,那就太可惜了,因为发自内心的交流是美好而有力的,无论你是在对着一群人还是对着一个人。此外,在你敢于分享你的情感之后,你就可以从绩效期望、所有那些“应该”和“不应该”中解脱出来。您意识到已经建立了真正的联系,可以放手享受这种体验。每个听你讲话的人也是如此。
The emotion of fear gets in the way of other emotions. Fear makes you self-conscious. That leads to you to try to make an impression rather than honestly feel a feeling, and true connection goes out of the window. Maybe the biggest fear is that if you feel an emotion deeply you won’t be able to cope with it in front of other people, so you end up suppressing all emotion. It’s a shame if you do, as heart-felt communication is beautiful and powerful, whether you’re speaking to a group or to one person. Moreover, after you do dare to share your emotion, you release yourself from performance expectations, all those ‘shoulds’ and ‘shouldn’ts’. You realise that a real connection has been established, and can let go and enjoy the experience. The same is true for everyone who listens to you.
用你的心声
Using your heart voice
许多专业演讲者和商业领袖回避心声,认为它“不专业”或不适合在办公室或会议室使用。当你从你的曲目中完全消除这种声音时,你就失去了公开演讲的强大元素。
Many professional speakers and business leaders avoid the voice of the heart, considering it ‘unprofessional’ or not appropriate in the office or conference room. When you eliminate this voice entirely from your repertoire, you’re missing a powerful element of public speaking.
你不需要一直用你内心的声音。事实上,总是把心藏在袖子里可能不是最好的主意。但是当你使用你的心声时,它是强大的,它会打动人。在表达你的情绪时,你会接触到你生命力中一个强大的元素。
You don’t need to use the voice of your heart all the time. In fact, wearing your heart constantly on your sleeve is probably not the best idea. But when you use your heart voice, it’s powerful and it moves people. In expressing your emotions, you get in touch with a powerful element of your life force.
内心的声音也使用个人语言。你不能用非感官的商业语言来发自内心。“已确定该战略方法将为公司带来可观的利益”永远不会产生“我下定决心要长远考虑并取得成功”的情感影响。
The voice of the heart also uses personal language. You can’t be heartfelt in the non-sensory language of business. ‘It has been determined that the strategic approach will afford the company considerable benefits’ can never have the emotional impact of ‘I’m fiercely determined to think long-term and win through.’
您可能会发现自己对分享您的真实感受持谨慎态度,因为在过去您的声音已经破裂或者您发现自己在强忍泪水。为了严格控制自己的情绪,有些人坚持平淡无情的表达方式。但感受包括决心、激情、动力、同理心、快乐以及几乎所有与听众产生强烈联系的东西。你的感觉是在你的身体里,而不是你的头上。完全堵住感情,就像把值钱的宝贝连同洗澡水一起倒掉!首先练习在安全的情况下偶尔表露您的感受,然后发现当您这样做时人们的反应如何。
You may find yourself wary of sharing what you genuinely feel because in the past your voice has cracked or you found yourself fighting back tears. Some people stick to a flat unemotional delivery in order to keep tight control of their feelings. But feelings include determination, passion, motivation, empathy, joy and almost everything that connects powerfully with your listeners. You feel in your body, not your head. Blocking feelings entirely is like throwing out a valuable baby with the bath water! Practise revealing your feelings occasionally in safe situations at first, and discover how well people respond when you do.
跟随你的直觉:用庄严和真实说话
Going with Your Gut: Speaking with Gravitas and Authenticity
谈话停止了,因为说话者的声音来自肠子深处的某个地方,产生了一种促使人们倾听的声音。这是全身的声音,一种在内心深处产生共鸣并在全身产生和谐共鸣的声音。它传达了一种难以抗拒的承诺感。我称之为直觉的声音。
The conversation stopped because the speaker’s voice came from a place deep in the gut, producing a sound that impels people to listen. This is the voice of the whole body, one that resonates deep down and finds harmonic resonance throughout the body. It conveys a sense of commitment that is hard to resist. I call it the voice of the gut.
发出你的直觉的声音
Producing the voice of your gut
1. 敞开心扉,放松。
1. Stand open and relaxed.
有关放松的更多信息,请参见第 5 章。
See Chapter 5 for more on relaxation.
2. 吸一口新鲜的空气,以让您感到舒适的低音 顺畅地进入长音欧姆。
2. Take a fresh breath and launch smoothly into the long sound ohm on a low note that is comfortable for you.
3. 意识到振动。
3. Become aware of vibration.
在任何你能感觉到的地方注意你身体的振动——你的胸部、你的腹部和背部、你的手臂和手、你的指尖、你的腿和整个身体。
Be aware of vibration in your body wherever you can sense it – your chest, lower in your belly and your back, in your arms and hands, the tips of your fingers, your legs and throughout your frame.
4. 适时呼吸,不要紧张,依次注意身体的各个部位。
4. Take a breath whenever you need to without strain, and pay attention to each part of your body in turn.
专注于身体任何可以感觉到振动的部位,从头顶到脚底。
Focus on any parts of your body where you can sense vibration, from the top of your head to the soles of your feet.
5. 感觉到身体的震动后,再吸一口气,用同样的震动小声说几句话。
5. After feeling the vibration in your body, take another breath and say some words quietly using the same vibration.
这是你本能的明智声音。选择一些来自你内心深处的词。也许开始你的句子,'我坚信...... . . ' 或 '我的直觉是。. . '.
This is the wise voice of your instinct. Choose a few words that come from deep within you. Maybe start your sentence, ‘I hold the deep belief that . . . ’ or ‘My gut instinct is . . . ’.
1. 用您选择的任何元音哼唱或唱低音调。
1. Hum or sing a low note on any vowel you choose.
你不是在这里参加电视歌唱比赛!只是想低调。不要做任何降低声音的事情:不要把头缩进去或向后拉。以一种自由自然的方式低沉地思考。
You’re not trying out for a televised singing contest here! Just think low and intone. Do nothing to push the sound down: don’t tuck your head in or pull it back. Just think low and intone in a free and natural way.
如果您有钢琴或键盘来检查您的位置,则可能喜欢使用钢琴或键盘。
Use may like to use a piano or keyboard if you have one to check where you are.
2. 从完全相同的地方平静而轻松地说话,不紧张。
2. Speak calmly and easily without strain from exactly the same place.
说一些来自使用整个身体的感觉的简短内容。你能说什么来自你的整体?我想到的一句话是:“这就是它的全部意义所在。” 意义只为我!你会选择什么?
Say something short that comes from that sensation of using your whole body. What can you say that comes from the whole of you? The phrase I think of is: ‘That’s what it’s all about.’ The meaning is just for me! What will you choose?
3. 注意你的声音产生的振动。
3. Be aware of the vibrations that your voice creates.
使用你的直觉
Using the voice of your gut
当某人陈述一个对他或她来说至关重要的真理时,你会听到深沉的直觉声音,超越热情,超越信念,超越情感 - 只是来自这个人的整个内在。直觉声音通常是具有更深刻理解的老年人的声音。这种声音完全没有自我意识、角色扮演和任何其他姿态或自我定位。它简单地说,“就是这样。”
You hear the deep gut voice when someone is stating a truth that is fundamental to him or her, beyond enthusiasm, beyond conviction, beyond emotion – just from the person’s whole inner being. The gut voice is most typically the voice of an older person who has deeper understanding. This voice is entirely free of self-consciousness, role playing and any other posturing or ego-positioning. It says simply, ‘This is how it is.’
仅当您使用直觉或说出对您来说至关重要的真相时,您才会使用直觉,这样人们就不会一直从您的声音中听到它。事实上,这种声音很可能很少出现。
You use your gut voice only when you’re accessing your gut instinct or speaking a truth that is fundamental to you, so people won’t hear it in your voice all the time. In fact, this voice is likely to appear fairly rarely.
当每个人深入挖掘他们的基本目的感时,无论年龄(或魔法力量)如何,每个人都可以听到直觉。如果有人问您一个严肃的问题,例如“生活对您意味着什么?”,您可能会用这种声音发出共鸣。并且您能够从内心深处公开而无畏地回答问题。这个表情不会让你毫发无损;您会感觉到自己的界限正在扩大。
The gut voice is available to everyone, regardless of age (or wizardly powers) when they dig down into their sense of fundamental purpose. This voice is the resonance you may use if someone asks you a serious question, such as, ‘What does life mean to you?’ and you’re able to answer the question openly and fearlessly from your deepest being. The expression doesn’t leave you untouched; you have the sense of your boundaries being expanded.
了解你声音的门楼:你的喉咙
Understanding the Gatehouse of Your Voice: Your Throat
在头部明亮的声音和身体自信而发自内心的声音之间,您找到了自己的脖子。
In between the bright sounds of your head and the confident and heartfelt sounds of your body, you find your neck.
如果把人体比作沙漏,喉咙就是沙子滴过的狭窄通道。如果你放松和自由,通道允许声带的振动进入头部和身体的所有共振器,但如果你紧张或恐惧,通道阻塞,阻止你的某些部分产生共鸣。
If you think of the human body as an hourglass, the throat is the narrow passageway where the sand trickles through. If you’re relaxed and free, the passage allows the vibrations of the vocal cords access to all the resonators of head and body, but if you’re tense or fearful, the passageway blocks, preventing certain parts of you from resonating.
喉咙变窄使它成为强大的守门人。
The narrowing of your throat makes it a powerful gatekeeper.
对于某些人来说,喉咙不允许任何低频共鸣,他们的声音只会在喉咙和头部回响——幼稚的、古怪的、聪明的知识分子或过于悦耳的声音。
For some people, the throat permits none of the lower resonance, and they have voices that just resound in the throat and head – childish, geeky, clever intellectual or over-pleasant voices.
对于其他人来说,喉咙会阻挡头部所有快乐兴奋的声音,他们的声音会在喉咙下方或胸腔中一成不变地回响——压抑、无聊或无情的某些声音。
For others, the throat blocks off all the joyful excited noises of the head and they have voices that resound just below the throat or unvaryingly in the chest – inhibited, boring or relentlessly certain voices.
喉咙在说话时的正确用途是作为声音的通道。有人称它为“心脏的烟囱”,是与世界分享您真实感受和能量的管道。为此,它需要开放和免费。请参阅边栏“第五脉轮:自我表达”,了解喉咙的重要性。
The throat’s proper purpose in speaking is as a channel for sound. Someone called it ‘a chimney for the heart’, the conduit for sharing your real feelings and energies with the world. For this it needs to be open and free. See the sidebar ‘The fifth chakra: Self-expression’ for another take on the throat’s importance.
允许自己说话
Giving yourself permission to speak
如果你用小声和别人说话,你的喉咙自然会发出声音。这很好,但如果你总是从喉咙里说话,你的声音就没有太多变化。如果您不使用头部和身体的共振来改变声音,而是试图通过将声音发到喉咙来产生不同的音调,就会出现问题。
If you talk to someone in a quiet voice, you produce sound naturally from your throat. That’s fine, though if you speak always from the throat, your voice doesn’t have much variety in it. A problem arises when instead of using the resonance of head and body to vary the sound, you try to produce different tones by forcing your voice at your throat.
喉咙很容易受到头部和心脏发生的事情的影响。恐惧、兴奋、压抑、紧张、忧虑——都会以不同的方式影响喉咙。如果您跟踪自己的健康状况,您可能会意识到喉咙痛有时与紧张期同时发生,感冒和鼻塞与即将到来的具有挑战性的约会同时发生。
The throat is vulnerable to what is going on in head and heart. Fear, excitement, inhibition, nervousness, apprehension – all affect the throat physically in different ways. If you track your well-being, you may be aware that sore throats sometimes coincide with periods of tension, and colds and congestion with challenging upcoming engagements.
我注意到当人们来找我指导时,能否成功地以不同的共鸣说话取决于他们给予自己内在的许可。例如,如果你无法用胸部共鸣坚定地说话,原因很少是因为身体无能,而是你无法将自己视为“那种人”。换句话说,你不会给自己内部许可那样做。这种未经许可的情况在欢快热情的头声中尤为明显。如果你不允许自己像孩子一样或顽皮——做“呼呼”——你会发现自己与头部声音分离。
I notice when people come to me for coaching that success in speaking with different resonances depends upon their giving themselves inner permission. If you’re unable to speak firmly with chest resonance, for example, the reason is seldom because of physical incapacity but rather that you cannot see yourself as ‘that kind of person’. In other words, you don’t give yourself internal permission to be that way. This lack of permission is particularly noticeable with the joyful enthusiastic head voice. If you don’t give yourself permission to be child-like or playful – to do ‘whoopy’ – you find yourself separated from your head voice.
使用你的整个音域
Using Your Whole Vocal Range
我在前面的部分分别讨论了每个主谐振器,但声音并不是为谐振而设计的。当你说话时,你的各种谐振器会相互作用。
I discuss each main resonator separately in the preceding sections, but the voice isn’t designed for resonances to work in isolation. When you speak, your various resonators interplay with each other.
如果你的声音是完全自由和开放的,你可以在你发出的声音中创造美妙的微妙;此刻,谐振器在不同程度上发挥作用。例如,您可以从轻松舒适的声音开始,在您的喉咙和胸部回响,然后轻微的惊喜会增加您的能量并为您的声音增加更高的振动。当您变得更加兴奋时,声音会被释放到头骨中的共振器中,同时您会感受到一种同理心,当共振找到下半身时,您的声音会变得柔和。因此,随着您的继续,声音会不断变化的共振组合、相互作用、产生谐波并产生奇妙的细微差别,从而为有意识的听众赋予意义。那是理想的自由之声!
If you have a voice that is completely free and open, you can create wonderful subtlety in the sounds you make; resonators come in and out of play to different degrees by the moment. For instance, you may start with a relaxed comfortable sound, resounding in your throat and chest, and then a slight element of surprise increases your energy and adds higher vibrations to your voice. As you become more excited, sounds are released into the resonators in the skull, while meanwhile you feel an empathy that gives your sound an element of softness as resonance finds the lower body. So, as you continue, the sounds are constantly varying combinations of resonances, interacting with each other, producing harmonics, and creating wondrous nuances that make meaning for the aware listener. That’s the ideal free voice!
只用一两个共鸣器说话,比如你的喉咙和胸部,你的声音会更难。如果你全身都产生共鸣,你的声音就会更有效率。
Speaking just in one or two resonators, such as your throat and chest is much harder on your voice. If you resonate throughout your body, your voice is working more efficiently.
共振协同工作,因此,当所有共振都可用时,您的声音听起来更丰富、更饱满。
Resonances work together so, when all are available, your voice sounds richer and fuller.
如果您将头部共鸣器包含在您的套件中,您就拥有了在任何地方都能听到的终极工具。
If you include your head resonators in your kit, you have the ultimate tool for being heard anywhere.
在表达中呼吸和使用你的所有部分对你的身体健康有好处。
Breathing and using all parts of you in expression is good for your physical well-being.
庆祝你自己的声音盒
Celebrating your own box of sounds
如果您采取有趣的方式来练习共鸣,那么您肯定会发现自己的潜力。以下是我最喜欢的一些想法。
You can discover your own potential most surely if you take a playful approach to practising resonance. Following are a few of my favourite ideas.
1. 第一任导演要求哈罗德·品特风格——平庸、“厨房水槽”和低调。让你的陈述变得乏味和冷漠。
1. The first director demands Harold Pinter style – banal, ‘kitchen sink’ and understated. Make your statement dull and indifferent.
2. 第二个想要夸大其词,几乎达到疯狂的程度。说话流畅宏大,延伸所有的声音,声音从高到低涵盖了巨大的音域。
2. The second wants extreme over-the-top declamation, almost to the extent of insanity. Speak smoothly and grandly, extending all the sounds, and cover an enormous range from high to low with your voice.
3. 第三种想要心理强度,每一个想法都来自你的大脑、心灵和灵魂深处。像诗歌一样阅读演讲,像在自言自语一样理解意思。
3. The third wants psychological intensity, where every thought comes from deep within your brain, heart and very soul. Read the speech as poetry, connect to the meaning as if you’re speaking to yourself.
你练习的文本是著名的哈姆雷特独白,他在其中考虑结束自己的生命:
The text for your practice is the famous Hamlet soliloquy where he contemplates ending his life:
是,还是不是:这就是问题所在:
在头脑中忍受
无耻的命运的投石索和箭,
还是拿起武器去面对麻烦的海洋,
并通过反对来结束他们?死:睡觉;
不再; 并通过睡眠说我们结束了肉体所继承的
心痛和千种自然冲击,这是一个完美的愿望。死去,睡去;睡觉:也许做梦:是的,有问题;
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, ’tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish’d. To die, to sleep;
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub;
1.找一个主题做一个简短的演讲。
1. Find a subject to make a short speech about.
尽管您只打算说大约四句话,但请选择一个有趣的话题——也许是您正在从事的项目或个人活动。
Although you’re only going to speak for approximately four sentences, choose an interesting topic – perhaps a project you’re working on or a personal activity.
2. 依次考虑每个主要的共鸣,做出适合每个共鸣的陈述。
2. Taking each of the main resonances in turn, make a statement which fits each resonance.
每个句子的开头如下:
Start each sentence as follows:
• 头部共鸣:热情和兴奋。'我很兴奋。. . '
• Head resonance: enthusiasm and excitement. ‘I’m very excited about . . . ’
• 胸腔共鸣:自信的事实和逻辑。'最重要的事实是。. . '
• Chest resonance: confident facts and logic. ‘The most important facts are . . . ’
• 心的共鸣:感觉和情绪。'这让我觉得。. . '
• Heart resonance: feeling and emotion. ‘This makes me feel . . . ’
• 直觉共鸣:深刻的本能和内在的真理。'从根本上说,在内心深处。. . '
• Gut resonance: deep instinct and inner truth. ‘Fundamentally, deep down . . . ’
3. 将四个陈述结合起来,就您的主题创建一篇流畅且令人信服的演讲。
3. Join up the four statements to create one flowing and convincing speech on your topic.
夸大共振以清楚地区分四种不同的声音。享受探索你的范围!
Exaggerate the resonances to distinguish clearly between the four different voices. Enjoy exploring your range!
探索你的极限
Exploring your limits
共鸣是有启发性的,因为你缺失的声音让你知道你允许或不允许自己的存在方式。
Resonance is revealing because your missing voices let you know which ways of being you allow or don’t allow yourself.
如果你太在意别人的想法,你就很难找到你的胸部共鸣中心。
If you care too much what people think, you have problems finding your centred chest resonance.
如果你不能表达你的感受,你的声音中就听不到柔和的心声。
If you’re not able to show your feelings, the softer heart resonance isn’t heard in your voice.
如果你把生活看得太严肃而忘记了你的兴奋和乐趣,你的声音就找不到你旺盛的头音。
If you take life too seriously and have forgotten your sense of excitement and fun, your voice won’t find your exuberant head tones.
如果你扮演任何一种角色,你就无法从内心深处真实的地方说话。
If you play a role of any kind, you’re not able to speak from the deep authentic place in the gut.
如果你只在头脑中产生共鸣,那么生活的情感和直觉是无止境的。
If you resonate just in the head, life’s emotions and gut instincts are beyond limits.
你需要你的整个声音才能充分表达。任何被“封锁”的共鸣都会揭示你生活中你没有表达或生活的一部分。
You need your whole voice to be fully expressive. Any resonance that’s ‘locked out’ reveals a part of your life that you aren’t expressing – or living.
我觉得很好奇。
I feel curious.
我对此下定决心。
I am determined about this.
那好美丽。
That’s beautiful.
放松并安静片刻。深呼吸几次。现在,在你的脑海中说出其中一个陈述,并调整你身体的感觉。将一只手放在身体对话语最有反应的部位。例如,很多人在调到好奇心时会指着自己的头,而其他人在调到决心时会感到胸中充满力量。你的感受对你来说是个人的。
Relax and be quiet for a few moments. Take a few deep breaths. Now, say one of the statements in your mind and tune into the sensations of your body. Place a hand on the part of the body that most responds to the words. For example, many people point to their heads when they tune into curiosity, while others feel strength in their chests when they think about determination. What you feel is individual to you.
第10章
Chapter 10
发现你独特的声音
Uncovering Your Unique Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
用感觉和意图超越技术
Transcending technique with feeling and intent
发现你真实的声音
Discovering your authentic voice
从内部说话
Speaking from within
将本章视为一场伟大的冒险,我将作为你探索发现最能表达你的声音的向导——你自己真实的声音。
Think of this chapter as great adventure, with me as your guide on the quest to discover the voice that expresses the best of you – your own authentic voice.
第一步,花点时间从各种来源列出一些你最喜欢的传播者:节目主持人、评论员、演员、喜剧演员以及你在广播、电视或电影中听到的其他人。您的名单还可能包括您认识的人,例如一位出色的演讲者的专业同事、一位在会议上令人信服的团队成员、一位在酒吧里吸引热切人群的朋友,或者一位乐于聆听的家人。对于您列表中的每个人,写下关于他们的声音的几句话,以描述您认为使他们成为良好沟通者的原因。
As a first step, take a moment to make a list of some of your favourite communicators from various sources: show hosts, commentators, actors, comedians and others you’ve heard on radio, television or in film. Your list may also include people you know, such as a professional colleague who’s a great presenter, a team member who’s convincing at meetings, a friend who draws an eager crowd in the pub or a member of your family who’s fascinating to listen to. For each person on your list, write down a few words about their voice to describe what in your view makes them a good communicator.
大多数人发现他们喜欢一系列不同的品质,并且每个演讲者的吸引力都是不同的。每当你对一位演讲者产生好感时,你就是在回应那个人独特的声音。有多少人,就有多少种不同的方式来成功沟通。现在是您探索声音独特之处的机会了。
Most people discover that they like a range of different qualities and that the appeal of each speaker is different. Whenever you warm to a speaker, you’re responding to something in the voice that is unique to that person. There are as many different ways to communicate successfully as there are people. Now is your opportunity to explore what is unique and special in your voice.
超越技术
Moving Beyond Technique
另一方面,某些演讲者的声音不是最好的,他们有时会急于说出话来,或者偶尔会停顿一下,找不到合适的词。然而,当他们说话时,您会发现自己受到启发,因为他们必须说些什么以及他们如何与您建立联系。
On the other hand, certain speakers don’t have the finest voices and rush sometimes in their eagerness to get the words out or occasionally pause, unable to find the right word. Yet you find yourself inspired when they speak, because of what they have to say and how they’re able to connect with you.
虽然缺乏 技术有时可能会妨碍交流,但过度展示 技术同样有问题,而且往往更严重。明显可见的技术实际上会阻碍理解。您会发现自己很欣赏这项技能,而不是与信息联系起来。在某种程度上,听众知道当演讲者炫耀自己的音域和力量时,他们会感到自大和过分沉迷于自己的实力。在政治会议和选举的时候,你不必找很久就能听到这样的演讲者。
While lack of technique may get in the way of communication at times, over-displayed technique is just as problematic, often more so. Technique that is patently visible actually impedes understanding. You find yourself admiring the skill rather than connecting with the message. On some level, the audience knows when a speaker is feeling self-important and indulging too much in their prowess as they show off the brilliance of their range and power. In times of political conferences and elections, you don’t have to look for long before you hear such a speaker.
与你的内在能量一起工作
Working with your inner energy
当你的内在能量与身体呼吸和声音和谐地工作时,你的声音反应最好。当你感到热情时,你的声音想要有力地回应;当你被感动时,你的声音想要表达那种不同的能量。当你允许这种情况发生时,你的内在感受就会反映在你的外在表达中。
Your voice responds best when your internal energy works harmoniously with the physical breath and sound. When you’re feeling passionate, your voice wants to respond vigorously; when you’re moved to sympathy, your voice wants to express that different energy. When you allow this to happen, your inner feelings are reflected in your outer expression.
当您的身体对内在能量做出反应时,您的交流就会真实而轻松地传递给您的听众,让您的听众充满活力。你自己会觉得这个过程充满活力。
When your body responds to the inner energy, your communication has an authenticity and ease that transmits to your listener, energising your audience. You yourself feel energised by the process.
如果您的精力和声音不匹配,则情况恰恰相反。这会造成紧张并浪费能量。例如,如果你强迫能量,使用过多的呼吸并推动声音,结果会很累——对你和你的听众来说。如果你收到一条激动人心的信息,但又忍不住用无聊的声音说话,你们也会感到疲倦。此外,观众会感到脱节并在情感上退后一步。
The opposite is true if your energy and voice are mismatched. This creates tension and wastes energy. If, for example, you force the energy, using too much breath and pushing the sound, the result is tiring – to you and your listener. You’ll also both get tired if you have a message of excitement and passion but hold back and speak in a boring voice. Moreover, the audience feels the disjunction and steps back emotionally.
以下是您获取这种能量的三种方式。在重要的演讲场合之前练习任何和所有的活动,让你的能量流动起来,准备好开始运行。
The following are three ways for you to access this energy. Practise any and all of the activities before important speaking occasions to get your energy moving, ready to hit the ground running.
查找就绪状态
Finding the state of readiness
武术练习者熟悉准备状态。你可以称之为“开启”。下面的练习给你思路。
The state of readiness is familiar to practitioners of martial arts. You can call it being ‘switched on’. The following practice gives you the idea.
移动两三分钟后,稍作停顿。在寂静中,感受能量在你的血管中流动。你的身体已经停滞不前,但你身体的每一个细胞都还活着。你感到警觉。这就是准备状态。
After moving for two or three minutes, pause for a moment. In the stillness, feel the energy coursing through your veins. Your body has come to a standstill, but every cell of your body is alive. You feel alert. That’s the state of readiness.
用你的整个身体
Using your whole body
说话绝不仅仅是一种大脑活动;它让你全身心投入。
Speaking is never just a cerebral activity; it engages the whole of you.
回想一下当你对某件事说“不”时下定决心的时候。抬起你的手臂和整个上半身,握紧你的手并用力向下压,同时用坚定的声音宣布,'不!’或者‘我不会!'
Remember a time when you were determined when you said ‘no’ to something. Lift your arms and your whole upper body, make fists of your hands and bring them sharply down, at the same time declaring in a determined voice, ‘No!’ or ‘I will not!’
回想一下,当你感到温暖和舒适时,你会因极度的幸福而叹息。深吸一口满足的快乐气息,在你叹息的时候,让你的肩膀带着愉悦的感觉沉下来,然后说,“今天真是美好的一天。”
Remember a time when you felt warm and comfortable and you sighed with utter bliss. Take in the full happy breath of contentment, and as you sigh, let your shoulders sink down with the feeling of pleasure and say, ‘What a beautiful day it is.’
在想象一个滴答作响的时钟时感到不耐烦地上下跺脚片刻。你即将错过最后期限!然后停下来,用整个运动的全部能量说,‘现在必须完成!'
Stomp up and down for a few moments feeling impatient while picturing a ticking clock. You’re about to miss that deadline! Then stop and speak with all the energy of the movement, ‘It’s got to be done now!’
填充空间
Filling the space
1. 自信地走进房间中央,就好像你要发表演讲一样。
1. Walk into the centre of the room with confidence as if you’re about to give a speech.
2. 站在那里,放松,双臂伸直伸直在身前。
2. Stand there open and relaxed, and raise your arms straight out in front of you.
想象一下,您的指尖正在触摸您面前的墙壁。
Imagine that your fingertips are touching the wall in front of you.
3.张开你的双臂,想象你正在触摸你两侧的墙壁。
3. Open your arms out expansively and imagine that you’re touching the walls at each side of you.
这个空间是你的,你拥有它!
This space is yours, and you own it!
4. 放下手臂,站在那里时注意自己的身体。
4. Lower your arms, and become aware of your body as you stand there.
扩大你的意识,发现你比你的身体更大。感觉你的身体向外扩张,超出它的边缘进入空间。填满心理空间。这种膨胀的能量引起了人们的注意。
Expand your awareness and discover that you’re larger than your body. Feel your body expand outwards beyond its edges into the space. Fill the space mentally. This expanded energy commands attention.
5. 睁开眼睛,用手臂做一个缓慢向上的大动作来表达这种感觉。
5. Open your eyes and make a large slow upward gesture with your arm to express this feeling.
感觉你的手指可以触及墙壁。
Sense that your fingers can reach to touch the walls.
请注意,这种感觉与您感到害怕时的局促感相反。卡尔·荣格建议人太有限;他说,“我们走路时穿的鞋太小了。” 做你膨胀的自己。想象你的胸膛有张开的翅膀,感觉它们开始飞翔。
Note that this feeling is the opposite of that cramped sensation you get when you feel frightened. Carl Jung suggested that people are too limited; he said, ‘We walk in shoes that are too small.’ Be your expansive self. Imagine that your chest has wings that open, and feel them begin to fly.
寻找内心的声音
Finding your inner voice
产生强大声音和广泛手势的能量从你内心深处开始,伴随着交流欲望的火花。找到你的声音就是与内在的火花联系起来。
The energy that produces powerful sound and broad gesture starts within you in the core of your being with a spark of desire to communicate. Finding your voice is about connecting with that inner spark.
将内心的冲动或欲望与行动联系起来的能力是不同领域中表现最好的人所共有的。伟大的网球击球始于将球放在某个地方的愿望,而这种愿望与身体的运动有关。艺术家的创造力火花变成了握着画笔的手的微妙动作。在声音方面,欲望的火花变成了产生声音的肌肉运动。你的声音反映了你的内心世界,并与你真实的事物联系在一起。这种联系不需要你的身体在任何明显的意义上都处于活跃状态,但在你的内心深处,你会意识到一些非常活跃的东西。你的生命力和其他人的不一样。它是你的,也是你一个人的。
The ability to connect your inner impulse or desire with action is shared by the best performers in different fields. The great tennis shot begins with the desire to put the ball somewhere, and that desire connects to the movement of the body. The spark of creativity in the artist turns into the subtle movement of the hand holding the paintbrush. In terms of voice, the spark of desire turns into the muscle movements that produce sound. Your voice reflects your inner world and connects with what is real for you. This connection doesn’t require your body to be physically active in any noticeable sense, but inside you’re aware of something intensely alive. Your life force is not the same as anyone else’s. It is yours and yours alone.
当您调入这种生命力时,您的听众就会收到您的信息。如果出现以下情况,您就没有调整自己的生命力:
When you tune into this life force, your listeners get your message. You aren’t tuning into your own life force if:
你担心别人的想法。
You’re worried about what others are thinking.
你希望给人留下深刻印象。
You’re hoping to impress.
你认为你应该以一种特殊的方式说话。
You think that you should sound a particular way.
你想和其他人一样思考。
You want to think the same as everyone else.
你想成为别人的一员。
You want to be one-up on someone else.
调谐要求您在内部参考,对自己放松。你可以在第 11 章中找到一些有用的技巧来消除这些担忧。如何与你的生命力取得联系类似于拥有强烈的意图,正如下一节“掌握意图的力量”中所解释的那样。
Tuning in requires you to be internally referenced, at ease with yourself. You can find some helpful tips for combating such concerns in Chapter 11. How to get in touch with your life force is similar to having a strong intention, as explained in the next section ‘Grasping the power of intention’.
掌握意图的力量
Grasping the power of intention
意图是激发你声音的欲望或能量。这与希望完全不同。如果你说,“我希望我能完成”,你会听到怀疑。相反,如果你说,“我打算完成”,你会听到这句话背后的强大能量,涉及思想、身体和情感。
Intention is the desire or energy that fuels your voice. It’s quite different from wishing. If you say, ‘I wish I could finish’, you can hear doubt. If instead you say, ‘I intend to finish’, you can hear the strong energy, involving mind, body and emotions, behind the words.
意图的内在火花使呼吸活跃起来,吸气的质量决定了你发出的声音(见第 4 章)。为了大喊大叫,你快速地吸了一口气;为了描述一个美丽的地方,你轻轻地吸了一口气。呼吸和你发出的声音一样,都是你发声的一部分。特定的呼吸会产生特定的声音。
The inner spark of intention enlivens the breath, and the quality of the in-breath determines the sound you make (see Chapter 4). In order to shout, you take in a quick energetic breath; to describe a beautiful place, you take in a gentle slow breath. The breath is as much a part of producing your voice as the sound you make. Particular breaths create particular sounds.
1. 想想你生活中的某件事,你热情地说“是”或决心说“是”。这可以是任何东西——一个你想对之说“是”的人,一个你完全相信的事业,你下定决心要实现的事情,对生活的一个坚定的肯定——任何让你想说“全心全意”的东西是的'!
1. Think of something in your life that you passionately say ‘yes’ to or are determined to say ‘yes’ to. This can be anything – a person you want to say ‘yes’ to, a cause that you completely believe in, something you’re determined to achieve, a big yes to life – anything that makes you want to say a full-hearted ‘yes’!
2. 向前迈出一大步,迈步时吸气,前脚着地时呼气。
2. Take a big step forward, breathing in as you take the step and breathing out as you land on your front foot.
向前迈步时不要过度伸展,但步幅要足够大,这样当您从后脚离开并落在前脚上时,您会感觉到体重的明显变化。
Don’t over-extend as you step forward, but make the step big enough so that you feel a clear change in body weight as you come off the back foot and land on the front one.
3. 着地时弯曲膝盖,同时热情地说“是的!”。
3. Bend your knee as you land, and at the same time come out with a passionate, ‘Yes!’.
当你吸气并向前迈出一大步时,强烈地感受到那个“是”的激情。
Feel strongly the passion of that ‘yes’ as you breathe in and take the giant step forward.
你也可以用“不”这个词来尝试这个练习,事先想好你强烈要说“不”或打算说“不”的事情。想一想世界上您认为不应该发生的活动,您想大声说“不”的人,您决心不再做的事情,或者任何您可以大声说“不”的事情。
You can also try this practice with the word ‘no’, thinking beforehand of something you strongly say ‘no’ to or intend to say ‘no’ to. Think of activities in the world that you feel shouldn’t happen, someone you want to say a loud ‘no’ to, something you’re determined to do no longer, or anything you can say a loud strong ‘no’ to.
你的意图会深刻影响你的声音和肢体语言。改变你的意图,你会得到截然不同的结果。
Your intention profoundly affects your voice and body language. Change your intention and you get a very different result.
扮演角色
Playing Roles
如果您在说话时没有得到预期的反应,则您的意识意图与您对某种情况的真实感受之间可能存在不匹配。
If you aren’t getting the reaction you expect when you speak, a mismatch may exist between your conscious intention and what you’re truly feeling about a situation.
或许你有时会花很多精力思考你想要给人留下的印象,并有意识地创造你认为会得到你认可或尊重的说话方式。你挺直双肩,就像戴着高级肩章一样,声音里充满了不自然的能量。如果你这样做,你可能会创造出你想要的印象,但你的声音会以一种奇怪的方式揭示你有多努力。充满活力的步伐和强调是存在的——但是你的努力所产生的紧张感限制了你的呼吸,这反映在你的声音收紧上。如果你通过强迫你的声音执行你的命令来抵消这种影响,你的声音会变得紧张和推动。你最终会为了紧张和可预测的事情而牺牲自由和微妙。
Perhaps you sometimes spend a lot of energy thinking about the impression you want to make and in consciously creating ways of speaking that you believe will get you approval or respect. You straighten and stiffen your shoulders as if you’re wearing the epaulettes of high rank, and you put an artificial energy into your voice. If you do that, you may create the impression you want, but your voice has a curious way of revealing how hard you’re trying. The energetic pace and emphasis are there – but the tension created by your effort restricts your breathing, which is reflected in a tightening of your voice. If you counteract this effect by forcing your voice to do your bidding, your sound becomes tight and pushed. You end up sacrificing freedom and subtlety for something strained and predictable.
答案是停止如此努力,重新获得一种自在的感觉,这样呼吸和声音才能顺畅地运作。当你这样做时,你会获得真正的能量,这比虚假的自信和装腔作势要强大得多。无论您的角色是 CEO、经理、团队领导还是父母,在您感觉相反的情况下试图表现得自信和专业是行不通的。以下部分描述了人们过度努力的各种方式,并向您展示了如何避免它们!
The answer is to stop trying so hard, and to regain a sense of ease, so that breath and sound can work smoothly. When you do this, you access your authentic energy, which is much more powerful than false confidence and posturing. Whether your role is CEO, manager, team leader or parent, trying to look assured and professional while you’re feeling the opposite isn’t likely to work. The following sections describe various ways in which people try too hard, and shows you how to avoid them!
机械地说:无个性的角色
Speaking mechanically: The personality-free role
一个 安全但失败的扮演角色的方法是从你的声音中去掉所有的个人特征。这样做是一种非常普遍的策略——尽管是无意识的——当你感到脆弱和恐惧等不想要的情绪时,这是一种可以理解的策略。
A safe but defeating way of playing a role is to cut all the personal characteristics out of your voice. Doing so is a surprisingly common – albeit unconscious – strategy, and an understandable one when you feel unwanted emotions like vulnerability and fear.
1. 想想你想说的重要事情。
1. Think of something important you want to say.
2. 吸气并准备好说话——但要停下来屏住呼吸。
2. Breathe in and feel ready to speak – but stop for an instant and hold your breath.
3. 说话时不要再吸一口气,注意你发出的声音。
3. Speak without taking another breath and notice the sound you make.
大多数人在停顿后开始发声时会稍微踢一下,有时会随着声带突然聚集在一起而发出咔嗒声。如果你说一个以元音开头的词,比如“egg”或“apple”,非常尖锐,你就会明白我的意思。这被称为声门攻击。无论如何,你会失去与促使你发表言论的能量的联系;所有的能量都从声音中耗尽,使它失去了表达的能量。声音感觉很紧张,你没有任何东西可以为声音提供动力。
Most people, after the hiatus, start their voice with a little kick, sometimes with an audible click as the vocal folds come abruptly together. If you say a word starting with a vowel, such as ‘egg’ or ‘apple’, quite sharply, you will hear what I mean. It’s called a glottal attack. In any case, you lose the connection with the energy that prompted your remarks; all energy drains out of the voice leaving it stripped of its expressive energy. The voice feels tense and you have nothing with which to power the sound.
您经常会听到以上述方式产生的声音,尤其是在商务或正式社交场合。这种声音有时被称为“社交声音”,因为人们在进行礼貌、感兴趣等动作时会使用它。不幸的是,它没有表达呼吸能量中存在的信息。声音似乎与真正的交流隔绝了。
You often hear voices produced in the preceding manner, especially in business or formal social settings. This kind of voice is sometimes called a ‘social voice’ because people use it when they’re going through the motions of being polite, interested and so on. Unfortunately, it doesn’t express the message that existed in the energy of the breath. The voice seems cut off from genuine communication.
您可能已经习惯了以这种方式发声,以至于您不知道自己正在这样做。每当你花半秒时间考虑或否决你的情绪反应,而不是用当下的自然感受做出反应时,它就会发生。(请转至第 11 章以更深入地解释当您阻止您的声音时会发生什么以及如何有效回应。)
You may be so used to producing your voice in this way that you’ve no idea that you’re doing it. It happens every time you take a half-second to consider or veto your emotional response instead of responding with the natural feelings of the moment. (Go to Chapter 11 for a more in-depth explanation of what happens when you block your voice and how to respond effectively.)
尝试用意图说话的练习(参见前面的“掌握意图的力量”部分),练习从思想和感觉直接进入声音,并听出你声音的不同。
Try the exercise on speaking with intention (see the earlier section ‘Grasping the power of intention’), to practise going from thought and feeling straight into sound, and hear the difference in your voice.
扮演女主角:扮演角色
Playing the prima donna: Putting on roles
另一种类似地从声音中切断呼吸的说话方式是“创造”或“制造”的声音,说话者已经找到一种方法来发出能产生特定效果的声音。这种行为可以在当下有意识地进行,但更常见的是,这是一种在生命早期习得的说话方式,现在是非自愿和自动的。
Another way of speaking in which the breath is similarly cut off from sound is the ‘created’ or ‘manufactured’ voice, where the speaker has found a way to make sounds that create a particular effect. This act can be performed deliberately in the moment, but more commonly it’s a way of speaking that was picked up early in life and is now involuntary and automatic.
墨索里尼的嗓音以这位意大利独裁者的名字命名,包括压低喉咙和胸部,让自己听起来威严、权威和有控制力。你过于用力地推出空气,给声音带来一种坚硬的、无调的边缘,使听众的耳朵受到挤压。在伦敦,Speakers' Corner 提供了许多在公共场合咆哮的例子,你经常在工会或露天政治会议上听到这种声音,而演讲者没有合适的麦克风。不幸的是,许多扬声器也将声音带入内部!美国国会议员安东尼·韦纳等人利用这种声音来宣传他的观点。
The Mussolini voice, named after the Italian dictator, involves pushing down into the throat and chest to make yourself sound imposing, authoritative and in control. You push out air too forcibly, giving the sound a hard tuneless edge that bulldozes the listeners’ ears. In London, Speakers’ Corner offers many examples of ranting in public, and you often hear this voice at union or political meetings in the open air, where the speaker lacks a proper microphone. Unfortunately, many speakers also bring the voice inside! US Congressman Anthony Weiner, among others, uses this voice to push his point home.
建立的声音,就像墨索里尼的声音一样,也以受控的方式低调地创造出来,产生一种音调丰富而深沉但不变的声音。这个人呼吸,停顿片刻,换上深沉的海绵状音调,然后说话。伦敦市长鲍里斯·约翰逊 (Boris Johnson) 的声音属于此类。它具有浓郁的伊顿公学“圆润度”,无论他要表达的是什么情绪,它都几乎不会改变。政治家威廉黑格用他的声音做了类似的事情。音调以其不变的品质而著称。快乐和恐惧以同样丰富的音调表达。
The Establishment voice, like the Mussolini voice, is also created low down in controlled fashion, producing a voice whose tone is rich and deep but unvarying. The person breathes, pauses for an instant to put on deep cavernous tones, and then speaks. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, has a voice that comes into this category. It has a rich Eton ‘plumminess’, which changes very little whatever mood he is intending to convey. The politician William Hague does something similar with his voice. The tone is distinguished by its unvarying quality; pleasure and horror are expressed in the same rich tones.
无论遇到什么倒钩,“芭比娃娃”的声音仍然甜美而高亢。它以柔和的语调宣告说话者是一个可爱的人,但更多时候表明说话者太过努力让自己听起来不悦耳,而且听起来像是居高临下的。在40、50年代,女性用这种方式说话是一种时尚,所以你可以在那个时期的录音中找到很多例子。一个很好的例子是多洛雷斯乌姆里奇这个角色,她在哈利波特电影中由伊梅尔达斯汤顿扮演。
The ‘Barbie Doll’ voice remains sweet and high pitched whatever barbs are thrown its way. It proclaims in its gentle tones that the speaker is a sweet person, but more often reveals that the speaker is trying too hard to sound pleasant and can sound patronising. It was the fashion for women to speak in this way in the 40s and 50s, so you can find many examples in recordings of that period. A great example is the character Dolores Umbridge, played by Imelda Staunton in the Harry Potter films.
使用上述任何一种声音的人都必须在呼吸后花一秒钟时间才能发出他们的特殊声音。这些声音不会与其他人调谐,也不会回应听众的能量(见第 10 章);它们只是为了特定效果在真空中创造的声音。听到这样的声音,你的第一印象可能不错,但听一会,这种做作就变得乏味或烦人。
People who use any of the preceding voices have to take a second after breathing to engage their special voices. These voices don’t tune into others or respond to the energy of an audience (see Chapter 10); they’re simply sound created in a vacuum for a particular effect. Your first impression on hearing such a voice may be good, but listen for a while and the artificiality becomes boring or irritating.
真实
Being Authentic
真实是获得信任和尊重的最有力方式之一,这使得人们在多大程度上隐藏自己的真实身份变得非同寻常。
Being authentic is one of the most powerful ways to be believed and respected, which makes it extraordinary how far people go to hide who they really are.
当你真实时,你会创造活力和兴奋。人们会立即调入您的频道并发现您很有趣。另一方面,无论是无意识的还是有意的,经过净化和可预测的演讲都会切断联系并造成无聊、失望甚至不信任。
When you’re authentic, you create aliveness and excitement. People instantly tune into you and find you interesting. Sanitised and predictable speaking on the other hand, whether unconscious or deliberate, cuts off connection and creates boredom, disappointment and even mistrust.
如果你观察任何观众——或阅读小报或关注非脚本电视——你很快就会发现人们对其他真实的人很好奇,而对总是扮演角色的人不太感兴趣。人们在演讲和演示中听到的大部分内容都是可以预见的,而且表达方式生硬而正式;商业领袖在其工作角色中的官方行为通常也是可以预测的。观众喜欢真实的一面,奇怪的错误,突然回归常态。你越真实,你就越有说服力——你就越能感受到自己。反之亦然:你越死板,你就越不像自己,在别人看来你就越做作。
If you watch any audience – or read the tabloids or pay attention to non-scripted television – you quickly see that people are curious about other real people and aren’t very interested in people who always perform a role. Much of what people hear in speeches and presentations is predictable and its delivery stiff and formal; the official behaviour of business leaders in their work roles is usually predictable too. Audiences love the genuine aside, the odd mistake, the burst into normality. The more real you are, the more convincing you are – and the more you feel yourself. The opposite is also true: the more rigid you are, the less you feel like yourself, and the more artificial you seem to others.
声音的真实性当然与情感上的真实有关。当你在的时候,你的声音、你的眼神、你的面部表情和你身体的平衡就会和谐地运作,所以你的所有部分都在讲述一个故事。真实性会让您的听众放心,并让他们信任您。另一方面,你的信号不匹配会造成烦恼、困惑和怀疑。“把你脸上的笑容擦掉,”老师厉声说,因为没有什么比一个学生用不协调的笑容道歉更烦人的了。
Authenticity in your voice is certainly about being emotionally truthful. When you are, the sound of your voice, the look in your eye, your facial expression and the balance of your body work in harmony, so that all parts of you are telling one story. Authenticity puts your listeners at ease and makes them trust you. Mismatching your signals, on the other hand, creates annoyance, confusion and disbelief. ‘Wipe that smile off your face,’ snaps the teacher, for nothing’s more annoying than a pupil apologising with a mismatching grin.
表达自己的不同“部分”
Expressing different ‘parts’ of yourself
我鼓励你做真实的自己,让你的声音更真实,但你可能遇到了障碍。如果您感到不自信,甚至感到可怜和绝望,您可能想知道“做自己”对您有何帮助。在这种情况下,能够在需要时访问自己的不同“部分”是很有用的。例如,虽然你在公开场合可能会缺乏自信,但你不会一直感到不自信——这并不代表你的全部。有时,当您与朋友在一起、打高尔夫球、烘焙、钓鱼或系鞋带时,您会感到积极和自信!如果你能恢复你当时的精神状态并在你必须发表演讲时使用它,那么你就在笑。
I’m encouraging you to be real and to be yourself to make your voice more authentic, but a snag may have occurred to you. If you’re feeling unconfident, or even pathetic and hopeless, you may wonder how ‘being yourself’ is going to help you. This situation is where it’s useful to be able to access different ‘parts’ of yourself when needed. For example, while you may lack confidence when you present in public, you don’t feel unconfident all the time – it doesn’t represent the whole of you. At times you feel positive and sure of yourself, when you’re with friends, or playing golf, or baking, or fishing, or tying your shoelaces! If you can recover the state of mind you have at those times and access it when you have to give a speech, then you’re laughing.
1. 回想一下你自信的时候,想象一下你自己在那种情况下。
1. Remember a time you have been confident, and imagine yourself in that situation.
清楚地记得当时的信心。好好了解一下。当你有那种感觉时,你是如何站起来并控制住自己的?你如何呼吸和说话?这种感觉伴随着什么身体感觉?那种感觉是金粉。
Remember vividly the feeling of confidence of that time. Get to know it well. How do you stand and hold yourself when you have that feeling? How do you breathe and speak? What physical sensations accompany that feeling? That feeling is gold dust.
2. 把自信的感觉带到你需要自信的地方。
2. Take that confident feeling into a situation where you need confidence.
当你发现自己处于令人生畏的境地时,回想一下你现在所熟悉的自信的感觉。请注意获得自信的感觉如何使您的体验变得更好。
When you find yourself in a daunting situation, recall the feeling of confidence that is now familiar to you. Note how accessing the confident feeling changes your experience for the better.
许多演员为了真实地刻画角色而使用的这一技能。您可以使用此技巧来获得对说话有用的其他感觉,例如平静、轻松、热情或决心。当你采用这种技巧时,你并不是在扮演一个假装的角色;您正在访问自己的一部分,这是真实的 – 但在关键时刻没有出现!
This skill is one that many actors use in order to portray characters authentically. You can use this technique to access other feelings useful for speaking, such as calm, ease, enthusiasm or determination. When you adopt this technique, you aren’t stepping into a pretend role; you’re accessing a part of yourself that is true – but just hasn’t shown up at a crucial time!
真理总是有力量的。它不会阻止您有时感到脆弱,但隐藏脆弱性的本能可能会被误判。当你敢于展示自己的脆弱时,比起试图(通常没有成功)掩饰它并努力压低你的声音时,你在别人看来更强大。当你不隐藏你的脆弱时,它就会变成一种美丽的力量,你的声音的全部音域都会为你所用。你的声音有可能表达你的现在、你的过去、你的全部经历、你的痛苦和你的狂喜。
Truth is always powerful. It won’t stop you feeling vulnerable at times, but the instinct to hide your vulnerability can be misjudged. You look stronger to others when you dare to show your vulnerability than when you attempt (often without success) to mask it and in the effort deaden your voice. When you don’t hide your vulnerability, it turns into a beautiful strength, and the full range of your voice becomes available to you. Your voice has the potential to express your present, your past, your total experience, your agony and your ecstasy.
诚然,您不能总是让人们了解您的一切——有时您最好戴上面具。但请注意,只有当面具脱落时,您才能真正建立联系,人们才能真正倾听您的意见。您可以在我的书Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: 25 Sure-fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence(Crown House Publishing,2012 年)中找到其他一些让您变得更真实的好策略。
Granted, you cannot always let people know everything about you – sometimes you’re better off putting up a mask. But be aware that it’s when the mask comes down that you truly connect and people really listen to you. You can find some other good strategies for becoming more authentic in my book, Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: 25 Sure-fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence (Crown House Publishing, 2012).
我有什么感觉?
What am I feeling?
我最清楚什么?
What am I most aware of?
我的重点在哪里?
Where is my focus?
当我重温自我感觉最充实的时光时,我的真实情况是什么?
What is true of me as I relive the time when I felt most fully myself?
当您在内部回答这些问题时,您会重新获得一种让您的身心自由并让您踏实的存在方式。当您以这种方式说话时,您的声音清晰、开放、自信——并且最终具有影响力。
As you answer these questions internally, you re-access a way of being that frees your body and mind and grounds you. When you speak from this way of being, your voice is clear, open, confident – and ultimately influential.
时不时地回到这个练习中,逐渐尝试建立对真实对你的感觉的意识,这样你就可以更容易地识别你什么时候是真实的,什么时候不是真实的。
Return to this practice from time to time, and gradually try to build up awareness of how being real feels for you, so that you can recognise more easily when you are and when you are not.
发展适合你的声音
Developing a voice that suits you
当你意识到自己什么时候是真实的,什么时候是不真实的(见上一节)时,你可以更频繁地练习不戴面具说话。
As you develop an awareness of when you’re authentic and when you’re less so (see the preceding section), you can practise more often speaking without a mask.
例如,如果您很生气,用声音表达愤怒可能不符合您的最佳利益——但戴上愉快或屈服的面具可能同样无益。你想找到一种方法,将你愤怒的一些能量带入你的说话方式,而不是真的生气。你可以通过承认所有情绪都是能量,并使用愤怒的声音的能量品质而不感到生气来带来能量。这样,你听起来更诚实,其他人也更有可能因此而尊重你。
For example, if you’re angry, expressing that anger in your voice may not be in your best interest – but wearing a mask of pleasantness or subjugation may be equally unhelpful. You want to find a way to bring some of the energy of your anger into how you speak without actually getting angry. You can bring the energy in by acknowledging that all emotion is energy, and using the energetic qualities of an angry voice without feeling angry. That way, you sound more honest and others are more likely to respect you for it.
1. 当你获得不同的感受时,反思你声音的不同音调。
1. Reflect on your voice’s different tones as you access different feelings.
当你说话时不耐烦或有紧迫感,与你说话时带着忧虑或关心时相比,你的声音感觉如何?想想其他一些感受,并尝试每种感受的语调。
What does your voice feel like when you speak with impatience or a sense of urgency, compared to when you speak with worry or concern? Think of some other feelings and try out the tone of voice for each.
2. 对于每一种感觉,反思你的声音发自内心的什么地方,以及你感觉到它振动的地方。
2. For each feeling, reflect on where inside your voice emanates and where you feel it vibrate.
3. 想一想您最常从声音中听到什么感受。
3. Think about what feelings you hear most often in your voice.
你的声音主要传达什么信息?紧迫感、担忧、担忧、控制、兴奋、不耐烦?
What message does your voice mostly communicate? Urgency, worry, concern, control, excitement, impatience?
你允许自己发出什么声音?自信、俏皮、严厉、愤怒、悲伤、温柔、善解人意?反思这些声音并选择你 最喜欢的。
What voices do you allow yourself? Confident, playful, stern, angry, sad, gentle, empathetic? Reflect on these voices and choose your favourites.
4. 现在问问自己,您不允许自己发出哪些声音?
4. Now ask yourself which sounds you don’t allow yourself?
愚蠢的、坚强的、平和的、自信的、温柔的、愤怒的、快乐的?想象一下,允许任何缺失的感受空间来表达自己。那会是什么样子?
Silly, strong, peaceful, assertive, tender, angry, joyful? Imagine allowing any missing feelings space to express themselves. What that would be like?
5. 你现在要表达什么新声音?找一首你喜欢的诗,用新的声音朗读。那也是你的声音。
5. What new voice will you give expression to now? Find a poem you love and read it in a new voice. That is your voice too.
如果你想不出一首最喜欢的诗,试着说出古代苏菲派诗人鲁米的话。在这里,他邀请您欢迎您所有感受的能量:
If you can’t think of a favourite poem, try speaking the words of the ancient Sufi poet Rumi. Here he invites you to welcome the energies of all your feelings:
这个人是一个招待所。
每天早上都有新的到来。
一种喜悦,一种沮丧,一种卑鄙,
一些瞬间的意识,
就像一个不速之客。
欢迎并款待他们!
This being human is a guest house.
Every morning a new arrival.
A joy, a depression, a meanness,
some momentary awareness comes
as an unexpected visitor.
Welcome and entertain them all!
相信当下
Trusting in the Moment
边栏“Stanley Kunitz 的最后一首诗歌朗诵”描述了当演讲者“从他的灵魂与你的灵魂”直接连接时所产生的强大连接,没有虚荣、伪装或角色扮演。为此,演讲者需要留在当下并相信当下。这需要他或她放弃严格的控制,并且愿意不去确切地知道每时每刻会发生什么。那可能很可怕!但它给你一种无与伦比的自由感和自信,直接而有力地传递给听众。当你这样说话时,人们会喜欢这样一个事实:你完全是你自己,对自己的皮肤很自在。
The sidebar ‘Stanley Kunitz’s last poetry reading’ describes the powerful connection that is created when a speaker connects directly ‘from his soul to yours’, without vanity, pretence or role playing. For that to happen, the speaker needs to stay present and trust in the moment. This requires him or her to let go of tight control and be willing not to know exactly what is going to happen from moment to moment. That can be scary! But it gives you an incomparable sense of freedom and self confidence that transmits directly and powerfully to listeners. When you speak like that, people love the fact that you’re completely yourself and at ease in your own skin.
让它发生
Letting it happen
喜欢猫的人常说那是因为它们太像自己了。你永远不会看到一只猫有意识地行动,或者太过努力。如果你看到一只猫专注于捕捉一只鸟,那么这种体验的一切都是优雅的。它的静止是活跃和警觉的,当它扑向鸟时,动作是流畅和毫不费力的。
People who like cats often say it’s because they’re so much themselves. You never see a cat acting self-consciously, or trying too hard. If you watch a cat focused on catching a bird, everything about the experience is graceful. Its stillness is active and alert, and when it leaps for the bird the action is fluid and effortless.
作为演讲者,这只猫是您的绝佳榜样。它的能量完全被吸收在当下,没有任何努力。你会在伟大的音乐家和舞者身上发现这种品质。无论这件作品对体力有多大要求,艺术家的脸上都显示出完全、毫不费力地全神贯注于这项活动。它使您想观看和聆听;它吸引你。
The cat is a great model for you as a speaker. Its energy is entirely absorbed in the now and nothing presents effort. You find this quality in great musicians and dancers. However physically demanding the piece, the artist’s face reveals complete and effortless absorption in the activity. It makes you want to watch and listen; it draws you in.
当您提醒自己某些事情时,您可能会像一只猫:
You can be like a cat when you remind yourself of certain things:
专注于你正在做的事情。
Focus on what you’re doing.
活在当下。
Stay in the present.
享受你正在做的事情。
Enjoy what you’re doing.
对发生的任何事情保持警惕。
Be alert for whatever happens.
享受不确定性
Enjoying uncertainty
当你对发生的一切保持警惕时,你就已经放弃了人类对生活可预测性的渴望。生活是不可预测的。唯一可以确定的是。. . 不确定!当你完全明白这个道理之后,你就可以做任何事了。
When you’re alert for whatever happens, you’ve relinquished that all too human desire for life to be predictable. Life isn’t predictable. The only thing to be sure of is . . . uncertainty! After you can fully grasp this truth, you can do anything.
伟大的波兰戏剧导演耶日·格洛托夫斯基 (Jerzy Grotowski) 告诉他的学生最好不要思考,而要行动。他鼓励他们让自己的表现自发地、有机地增长,并向他们保证,如果他们这样做,结果总是比任何计算都更漂亮。
The great Polish theatre director, Jerzy Grotowski, told his students it was better not to think but to act. He encouraged them to let their performance grow spontaneously and organically and assured them that if they did, the result would always be more beautiful than anything calculated.
当你说话时,声波消散在空气中。即使你第二次说完全相同的词,你也必须重新创造它们。当历史以故事的形式讲述时,每个人都认为每个古老的故事在讲述时都是新的。音乐家们承认,每次演奏一首熟悉的曲子都是一个新故事。因此,即使您正在阅读书面演讲,每次阅读都是新的话语,因此与您之前说过的任何内容都不一样。无论你说什么,都是你所说的话与你、你的个性和人生故事之间的相遇。
When you speak, the sound waves dissipate on the air. Even if you say exactly the same words a second time, you have to recreate them. When history was told in stories, everyone accepted that each old story was new in the telling. Musicians accept that each playing of a familiar piece is a new story. So even if you’re reading a written speech, each reading is a new utterance and therefore different from anything you’ve spoken before. Whatever you say is a meeting between the words you speak and you, your personality and life story.
喜欢公开演讲的人陶醉于这样一个事实,即即使他们在重复以前说过的话,他们也在重新创造词语。他们从不觉得无聊,喜欢玩弄每次都说些不同的话。每一次,他们所说的都像是新事物。
People who enjoy public speaking revel in the fact that, even when they’re repeating something they’ve said before, they’re creating words afresh. They never get bored and love to play with saying things a bit differently each time. Each time, what they say is heard like something new.
玛丽玛丽恰恰相反,
你的花园是如何生长的?
“带着银铃和海扇贝壳
,还有一排漂亮的女仆。”
Mary Mary quite contrary,
How does your garden grow?
‘With silver bells and cockle shells
And pretty maids all in a row.’
用以下方式讲述这个故事:
Tell this story in the following ways:
充满怀疑和谴责的能量
Electrified with the energy of disbelief and condemnation
因骄傲或优越感而膨胀
Inflated with the energy of pride or superiority
充满了巨大的同情和关心的能量
Infused with the energy of huge empathy and concern
在世界上有发言权
Having a Voice in the World
音乐鉴赏家有时会说贝多芬在他最后的四重奏中找到了他真正的声音,或者说莫扎特在他最后的安魂曲中找到了他真正的声音。他们描述了作曲家创作生活中的那一刻,当其他作曲家的回声被完全吸收,他们的声音最终成为他们自己的声音时。
Music connoisseurs sometimes say that Beethoven found his true voice in his final quartets or that Mozart found his true voice in his final Requiem. They describe that moment in a composer’s creative life when echoes of other composers become fully assimilated, and their sound is at last uniquely their own.
当您使用声音的所有可能性时,这一刻就会发生。“做你自己,其他人都被带走了”,奥斯卡·王尔德说。当你终于能够将自己的声音从障碍和压抑中释放出来时,真实的你就会出现,其他人就会开始倾听你所说的话。在说话的过程中,你表达了真正的你。
This moment happens for you when you use all the possibilities of your voice. ‘Be yourself, everyone else is taken’, says Oscar Wilde. When at last you’re able to free your voice of its blocks and inhibitions, the true you emerges, and other people begin to listen to what you have to say. In the act of speaking, you give voice to what is truly you.
以下部分提供了一些与远近的人分享您真实声音的想法。
The following sections offer some ideas for sharing your true voice with others near and far.
给自己开绿灯
Giving yourself the green light
一位在冲突地区的慈善机构工作的人在我的一个研讨会后写道,‘我找到了我的声音!我觉得这门课程让我可以看到自己,而不是做演示的技术方面。我可以将这些应用到我生活的方方面面!
Someone who worked for a charity in conflict zones wrote after one of my workshops, ‘I found my voice! I felt like this course allowed me to look at me, rather than the technical side of making presentations. I can apply so much of this to all areas of my life!’
学习技术语音技能可以促进找到自己的声音,但这也需要您的同意。你内心充满激情,但未经你的允许,人们无法从你的声音中听到激情,而这需要勇气让你的声音中看到你自己。
Finding your own voice can be facilitated by learning technical voice skills, but it also requires your consent. You’ve passion inside you, but people cannot hear passion in your voice without your permission, and that requires the courage to allow yourself to be seen in your voice.
变得雄辩
Becoming eloquent
你习惯于在媒体上听到清晰的声音,但它们正变得越来越可预测的现实版本。听广告,声音与图像相符,但它们平淡无奇,没有人情味。大多数聊天节目和纪录片都一样,声音很合适,但你可以换成另一个相似的声音,而且不会发现太大的区别。
You’re used to hearing articulate voices in the media, but they’re becoming increasingly predictable versions of reality. Listening to adverts, the voices fit the images, but they’re bland and non-personal. It’s the same with most chat shows and documentaries, the voice fits, but you can change it for another similar voice and not notice much difference.
去年我看了一个关于盖新房的节目。今年另一个频道也诞生了一个类似的节目,新主持人的语调与之前节目中的人一模一样。怎么了?越来越多的人像刻板印象一样表演,成为自己的卡通片。
I watched a programme on building new homes last year. This year a similar programme was born on another channel, and the new presenter’s intonation identical to the person’s on the earlier programme. What is happening? More and more people are performing like stereotypes, becoming cartoons of themselves.
如果你发出你认为在特定情况下被期望的声音,如果你太在意别人的想法,或者旨在创造印象或害怕表达自己的真相,你就不会找到自己的声音。这对你来说是一种耻辱——社会也因此变得更加贫穷。世界需要直率和诚实的声音,以便彼此真正沟通。充满信念的真理之声以有意识创造的声音无法做到的方式打动人们。真实的声音每时每刻都在变化,反映出你的坚强、自信、温暖、友善和真诚。演讲者不再讲早先准备好的东西;相反,这些话是从内心深处开始的。这是改变世界的声音。
If you produce the voice that you think is expected in a particular situation, if you care too much about what others think, or aim to create an impression or fear to express your own truth, you will not find your own voice. That’s a shame for you – and society is the poorer for it as well. The world needs voices that are forthright and honest in order to truly communicate with each other. A voice of truth ringing with conviction moves people in a way that consciously created voices cannot. The voice of truth constantly varies second by second, reflecting your strength, confidence, warmth, friendliness and sincerity. The speaker is no longer delivering something prepared earlier; instead the words move through, starting from deep inside. This is the voice that changes the world.
第四部分
Part IV
吃声音小精灵
eating the Voice Gremlins
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
在这一部分中,你会发现所有可怕的部分——你对说话的恐惧和其他破坏你声音的情绪障碍——你会发现如何坚定地让它们继续前进。您将学习如何将您的口音变成祝福并修改您不喜欢的部分。你会触及犹豫和口吃的核心,并用顺畅的跟进代替停止反射。您已准备好自信地踏上公共舞台!
Packed together in this part you find all the scary bits – your fears of speaking and other emotional blocks that sabotage your voice – and you discover how to send them firmly on their way. You learn how to turn your accent into a blessing and modify the bits you don’t like. You get to the core of hesitation and stuttering and replace the stop reflex with a smooth following-through. You’re ready to step out into the public arena with confidence!
第11章
Chapter 11
停止声乐破坏
Stopping Vocal Sabotage
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
欣赏情绪如何影响你的声音
Appreciating how emotions affect your voice
克服情绪障碍
Overcoming emotional blocks
用新习惯停止发声
Stopping vocal gremlins with new habits
是什么阻碍了您拥有一副好嗓子——更根本的是,是什么阻碍了您表达自己和传达您的信息?
W hat gets in the way of you having a great voice – even more basically, what gets in the way of you expressing yourself and communicating your message?
您声音中的毛病——例如吱吱声、呼吸声或喃喃自语——以各种形式出现,并且源于各种原因,包括恐惧、粗暴的控制、过于用力以及健康和年龄等其他问题。一些更微妙的问题,例如在生活的不同部分有两种截然不同的声音,或者故意通过你的声音隐藏你的感受,会导致人们误会你。你声音中的小毛病几乎总是与你的情绪有关,这正是我开始本章的地方。
Your voice’s gremlins – such as squeakiness, breathiness or mumbling – come in various guises and stem from various causes, including fear, heavy-handed control, trying too hard and other issues such as health and age. Some more subtle gremlins such as having two distinct voices for different parts of life, or deliberately hiding your feelings through your voice, result in people taking you the wrong way. Your voice’s gremlins are nearly always connected to your emotions, which is exactly where I begin this chapter.
检查情绪对声音的影响
Examining the Impact of Emotions on Your Voice
任何造成紧张的情绪都会切断你呼吸的途径,而这正是你声音中的生命。对您的声音产生负面影响的最常见的无益情绪是恐惧或焦虑,但各种情绪过载和冲突情绪都会削弱您的声音。
Any emotion that creates tension cuts off access to your breath, which is the life in your voice. The most frequent unhelpful emotion that negatively impacts your voice is fear or anxiety, but all kinds of emotional overload and conflicting emotions can play roles in weakening your voice.
在你的生活中,各种充满情绪的因素影响了你的声音,塑造它以适应你的家庭和环境或以各种方式保护你。结果,您的声音不再完全自发地发出声音。
During your life various emotion-laden factors have affected your voice, moulding it to fit in with your family and environment or to protect you in various ways. As a result, your voice no longer works entirely spontaneously.
现在,您可能不希望自己的声音完全是自发的。 想象一下,如果您总是脱口而出您脑海中出现的第一件事,您的生活会怎样 !但是,如果你保护自己的本能过度发展,你就会剥夺自发性的交流,并且在极端情况下,会破坏你所说的真实生活的每一丝痕迹。
Now, you probably don’t want your voice to be completely spontaneous. Imagine life if you blurted out the first thing that came into your head all the time! But if your instincts to protect yourself are over-developed, you deprive your communication of spontaneity and, in the extreme, can destroy every vestige of authentic life in what you say.
我有一个熟人,当有人踩到他的脚趾时,他甚至会花点时间做出反应;而不是立即“哎哟!” 他在几分之一秒后用一种受控的方式回答说,‘我说,那有点……。. . 不舒服。
I had an acquaintance who even took a moment to react when someone stepped on his toe; instead of an immediate ‘ouch!’ he responded after a fraction of a second with a controlled, ‘I say, that was a bit . . . uncomfortable.’
一个欺负老师的老师让汤姆在学校很难过,但当汤姆哭泣时,他在同学的嘲笑下遭遇了更糟糕的命运。所以汤姆学会了不做出反应。每当人们说出任何伤人或侮辱的话时,他都没有表现出他们的话有效果的迹象。这种策略起到了自卫的作用,但作为一个成年人,他已经失去了对人做出自发反应的能力。结果,他的声音平淡而乏味。
A bullying teacher gave Tom a difficult time at school, but when Tom cried he suffered an almost worse fate at the hands of teasing classmates. So Tom learned not to react. Whenever people said anything hurtful or insulting, he gave no sign that their words had an effect. This strategy worked as self-defence, but as an adult he had lost the ability to react spontaneously to people. In consequence, his voice was flat and boring.
汤姆和我一起做的工作帮助他摆脱了多年来一直紧张的身体。同时,他建立了内心的自信,这使他在表达情感时更加坦率。由于这些成对的方法,他的声音变得更加自由和有力。
The work Tom and I did together helped him to free his body of tensions he’d been holding for years. At the same time, he built up his inner confidence, which enabled him to be more open in showing emotions. As a result of these paired approaches, his voice became freer and stronger.
小时候,杰西害怕祖母的尖锐告诫,学会了愉快而礼貌地说话,不管她的感受如何。因此,她的声音带有一种淡淡的虚无缥缈的质感,完全不符合她作为一家国际制药公司的人力资源总监的角色。
As a young child, Jessie feared the sharp admonitions of her grandmother and learned to speak pleasantly and politely, regardless of how she felt. As a result, her voice had a light unsubstantial quality completely at odds with her role as HR director of an international pharmaceutical company.
帮助杰西找到她的声音的一个重要因素是与她内在的力量接触,并让它支撑她的声音。随着她的声音越来越响亮,她注意到人们对她更加尊重,其他董事在会议上也更多地听取她的意见。请参阅第 10 章,了解如何用声音表达内在品质。
An important factor that helped Jessie find her voice was getting in touch with her inner strength, and allowing it to underpin her voice. As her voice became more robust, she noticed that people treated her with more respect and other directors listened to her opinion in meetings more. See Chapter 10 for how to express inner qualities in your voice.
为了保护自己,您可能会喃喃自语或喋喋不休、说话单调或压低声音。也许您听起来咄咄逼人或矫揉造作,或者声音刺耳、刺耳、鼻音很重或发牢骚,这与您的个性不相符。
To protect yourself, you may mumble or gabble, speak in a monotonous tone or tail off. Perhaps you sound aggressive or artificial or have a piercing, screeching, heavily nasal or whining voice, that’s not a match to your personality.
无论您的具体声音是什么,请花时间首先检查您的恐惧和焦虑,正如我在以下部分中探讨的那样。
Whatever your specific vocal gremlins, take the time to examine your fears and anxieties first, as I explore in the following sections.
通过运动战胜恐惧
Fighting Fear through Movement
说话时感到紧张——这种经历很常见——会以各种方式破坏你。紧张可以:
Feeling nervous when you speak – common as the experience is – can sabotage you in all sorts of ways. Nervousness can:
影响你的肢体语言:在你全身不适时,你会坐立不安、拖着脚、把手举到脸上或咬嘴唇。
Affect your body language: You fidget, shuffle your feet, put your hands up to your face or chew your lips in your general discomfort.
导致你注意力不集中:你忘记了你要说的话,混淆了你的论点或跳过了重点。
Cause you to lose focus: You forget what you have to say, muddle your argument or skip important points.
让你的身体收缩:你拥抱自己,双手紧紧握在一起,收窄肩膀并缩回自己。结果,您的声音/听起来很紧绷。
Make your body contract: You hug yourself, grip your hands tightly together, narrow your shoulders and shrink into yourself. As a result, your voice/sounds tight and constricted.
让你想逃跑或被吞没:你可能会在绝望中喃喃自语或匆忙说出话来逃离现场。
Make you want to run away or be swallowed up: You may mumble or rush through your words in your desperation to flee the scene.
防止你看与你交谈的人:你盯着你的脚或天花板,与你的听众失去联系。
Prevent you from looking at the people you’re talking to: You stare at your feet or the ceiling and lose connection with your listeners.
您可以在Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley) 的优秀《傻瓜肢体语言》中找到对其中许多行为的描述,以及对这些行为进行有效调整的方法。
You can find descriptions of many of these behaviours – as well as ways to make effective adjustments to them – in the excellent Body Language For Dummies by Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley).
当您的思想在您的身体中造成紧张时,它会使您的声音收紧。恐惧对声音的影响比对身体的影响更微妙,但更具破坏性。你可能会觉得一切都缩进了你的喉咙里。你的肩膀向上和向内,就像你的胸部一样。你的呼吸似乎收缩到你的喉咙里。
When your mind creates tension in your body, it tightens your voice. The effect of fear on your voice is more subtle than on your body, but even more devastating. You may feel that everything is shrinking into your throat. Your shoulders go up and in, as does your chest. Your breath seems to contract into your throat.
另一方面,恐惧的影响可能是全身颤抖——膝盖颤抖、双手颤抖、胃部翻腾、心跳加速。但是在你的喉咙区域,你仍然被卡住,因为恐惧阻碍了你呼吸的自由流动。如果你的呼吸没有正常发挥作用,其他更脆弱的肌肉就会进入缺口以控制呼吸,你的喉咙会紧张以将声音推出。这种由不适合工作的肌肉接管会给你的声带带来灾难,而且,由于紧张会影响你身体的其他部位,这对身体共鸣来说也是一场灾难。
On the other hand, the effect of fear may be a general shakiness – wobbling knees, trembling hands, churning stomach and pounding heart. But in the area of your throat, you’re still stuck because fear is preventing the free flow of your breath. And with your breath not doing its job properly, other more delicate muscles step into the breach to control the breath and your throat tenses to push the voice out. This take-over by muscles wrong for the job spells disaster for your vocal folds, and, as the tightness affects other parts of your body, it’s a disaster for body resonance too.
事实上,你对恐惧的感觉,而不是恐惧本身,才是你声音最大的问题。你认为恐惧不好的判断正在破坏你。你内心的批评家会压制并阻止你。驾驭摇摇欲坠的紧张感比解除因控制自我批评而产生的僵化要容易得多。让自己感到颤抖并不像看起来那么糟糕——事实上,正如以下练习所示,运动可以产生积极的帮助。
Actually, your feeling about the fear, more than the fear itself, is what creates the biggest problem for your voice. Your judgement that fear is not okay is what sabotages you. Your inner critic clamps down and blocks you. Riding the feelings of shaky nervousness is easier than unblocking rigidity created by controlling self-criticism. Allowing yourself to feel shaky isn’t as bad as it may seem – in fact, movement can be positively helpful, as the following practice shows.
1. 想象自己在海滩上,恐惧的巨浪正在快速逼近。
1. Imagine yourself on a beach with a big sea wave of fear fast approaching.
如果你像克努特国王那样一动不动地站在岸边,告诉海浪退去,大海不会盲目地注意,恐惧的海浪会不断涌来。
If you just stand immobile on the shore like King Canute and tell the wave to go back, the sea doesn’t take a blind bit of notice and the waves of fear keep coming.
2. 与其在恐惧的浪潮逼近时原地踏步,不如成为风帆冲浪者。
2. Rather than standing still as that wave of fear approaches, become a wind surfer.
你可以乘风破浪,让它带你去你想去的地方。
You can ride the wave and let it take you where you want to go.
应对恐惧的方法是运动。颤抖只是能量的另一种形式。专注于与你的能量一起前进的感觉,而不是阻挡它。
The solution to working with your fear is movement. Shakiness is only another form of energy. Focus on the feeling of going with your energy rather than blocking it.
3. 在你说话之前,进行一些精力充沛的活动。
3. Before you speak, engage in energetic activity.
走来走去。摇晃你的身体。给自己一个锻炼。接受你身体中所有的紧张运动,并将它们放大为更广泛的运动。
Walk about. Shake out your body. Give yourself a workout. Accept all the nervous movements in your body and exaggerate them into broader movements.
当您事先处于活跃状态时,开始说话会容易得多;你的大脑也能更好地工作。
Launching into words is much easier when you’re active beforehand; your brain works better as well.
聆听人们的呼吸可以告诉您很多关于他们的心理状态的信息,并让您深入了解自己的声音会发生什么。当你倾听他们时,更加注意他们的呼吸。训练你的耳朵,当支撑呼吸的肌肉停止工作,喉咙无助地参与发出声音时,就会听到。聆听声音质量和功率的降低;聆听紧绷感和缺气的声音。
Listening to people’s breathing tells you a lot about their state of mind – and gives you insight into what can happen with your own voice. Become more aware of people’s breath as you listen to them. Train your ear, and hear when the muscles that support the breath stop working and the throat is unhelpfully getting involved in producing the sound. Listen to the reduced quality and power of the sound; listen for tightness and the voice being starved of air.
我在我的书Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: How to Speak and Present with Confidence (Crown House Publishing,2012 年)中深入探讨了如何应对表现恐惧。
I write in depth about how to deal with performance fear in my book, Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: How to Speak and Present with Confidence (Crown House Publishing, 2012).
对吱吱声和刺耳声保持冷静
Pouring Calm on Squeakiness and Shrillness
声音嘶哑是恐惧的最初结果之一。如果您正遭受心跳加速、出汗、颤抖和呼吸困难的困扰,您的喉咙会发紧,声音也会变得更高。这几乎是瞬间的;恐惧会产生肾上腺素,肾上腺素会在一微秒内影响你的发声器官,让你听起来刺耳。然后当你听到那些高音时,你会担心它们,紧张感会增加,你的声音会更高——一个恶性循环!
Squeakiness in your voice is one of the first results of fear. If you’re suffering from a pounding heart, sweating, trembling and struggling to breathe, your throat tightens and your voice comes out higher. It’s almost instantaneous; fear produces adrenaline and in a micro-second the adrenaline affects your vocal apparatus, making you sound shrill. Then when you hear those high sounds, you get concerned about them, and the tension increases even more and your voice goes higher still – a vicious circle!
喉咙的收缩将你的身体一分为二。下面,你有强大的呼吸器和共振腔,让你听起来成熟和权威,但它们无法发挥作用。上面是你的头,舌头和上颚的紧张意味着这种共鸣被夸大了。你的声音听起来又高又细。
Constriction in your throat cuts your body in two. Below, you have your powerful breathing apparatus and resonating cavities that make you sound adult and authoritative, but they’re unable to come into play. Above, you have your head, and the tension in your tongue and palate means that this resonance gets over-played. Your voice sounds high and thin.
您可以通过语音听到压力。英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本 (George Osborne) 有时会因为在事情变得紧张时声音嘶哑而高亢而受到批评。希拉里·克林顿 (Hillary Clinton) 在她早期的政治生涯中曾因尖锐刺耳而受到攻击。一位记者甚至谈到她“你在踩我的脚”的语气!
You can hear when the pressure is on from voice tones. The British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne is sometimes criticised for his strangled high-pitched voice when matters get tense. Hillary Clinton was attacked in her earlier political career for being shrill. One journalist even talked about her ‘you’re stepping on my foot’ tone!
公共生活中最令人惊讶的高音之一是足球名人大卫贝克汉姆。《名利场》杂志将其比作“在背景中不断叮当作响的风铃”。在他的运动生涯中,他非常了解如何在他的身体里,但他的声音却切断了脖子以下的所有能量。随着他的成熟,他的能力和自信也有所提高,但他的声音并没有从他害羞的早期开始更新。
One of the most surprising high voices in public life is that of football celebrity David Beckham. The magazine Vanity Fair likened it to ‘wind chimes that tinkle constantly in the background’. In his sporting life he understands brilliantly how to be in his body, yet vocally he cuts off all the energy from below his neck. He has grown in competence and confidence as he has matured, but his voice hasn’t updated itself from his shy early days.
恐惧并不是尖叫的唯一原因。有时,由于渴望变得淑女、贞洁或知识分子,避免了更深层次的共鸣。我稍后将在“让工作变得简单”一节中探讨这些问题。
Fear is not the only reason for a squeaky voice. Sometimes deeper resonance is avoided because of a desire to be ladylike, chaste or intellectual. I explore these issues later in the section ‘Making Effort Easy’.
减轻喃喃自语
Mitigating Mumbling
一些紧张和声音障碍是由于对自己缺乏信任而引起的——这确实是一种奇怪的情况。你想被听到,但同时又害怕被听到。你有一半希望自己是隐形的,听不见的,并且你的某些部分想象如果你胆怯地说话,人们会原谅你的任何错误。因此:
Some tension and vocal blocks arise from a lack of trust in yourself – a strange state of affairs indeed. You want to be heard but at the same time you fear to be heard. You half hope that you’re invisible and inaudible, and that some part of you imagines that if you speak timidly people will forgive you any mistakes. As a result:
你听起来好像刚开始说话,但又在最后一刻拔掉了插头。你开始说些什么,但你的呼吸骤降,你的话也消失了。或者你突然想到一个想法,但随后就放弃了,没有完成。或者你开始了一个词,但没有说完。
You sound as if you’re starting to speak but then pulling the plug at the last minute. You begin to say something, but your breath slumps and your words die away. Or you launch into a thought but then slip off it and don’t finish. Or you start a word but don’t get to the end of it.
或者,你听起来低沉而充满空气。你只能发出一半的声音,因为你的一部分空气让你的声带振动,而另一部分只是发出耳语。
Alternatively, you sound muffled and full of air. You produce only half a voice because part of your air is making your vocal cords vibrate while the other part is just coming out as whispering.
你的肢体语言也会让你失败。你耸起肩膀,垂下头,凝视着地面。你锁住你的膝盖和手臂。你的下巴变得僵硬。你的姿势宣告你关闭和阻挡——就像你发出的声音一样。
Your body language also sets you up for failure. You hunch your shoulders, slouch and gaze on the ground. You lock your knees and your arms. Your jaw becomes rigid. Your stance declares you closed and blocked – just like the sounds you’re producing.
咕哝不会引起同情。当你声音很小时,人们会很生气。他们的负面反应会增加你对自己的不信任感。所以轮到你了。
Mumbling doesn’t attract sympathy. When you’re semi-audible, people get irritated. Their negative reactions then increase your lack of trust in yourself. So round you go again.
休·格兰特 (Hugh Grant) 在《诺丁山》(Notting Hill) 等电影中将这个笨手笨脚、喃喃自语的英国人塑造成了喜剧艺术形式。当他撞到某物时要低声道歉,或者通过低声打招呼来表现害羞,请当心。
Hugh Grant has made a comedic art form of the bumbling, mumbling Englishman in films such as Notting Hill. Watch out for when he bumps into something mumbling an apology, or shows shyness by mumbling a greeting.
男孩站在燃烧的甲板上,除了他,其他人都从那里逃走了;点燃战争残骸的火焰在他周围照耀着死者。_ _ 然而,他站在那里美丽而明亮,生来就是为了统治风暴;英雄血统的生物,骄傲的,
虽然孩子般的形式。
The boy stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled;
The flame that lit the battle’s wreck
Shone round him o’er the dead.
Yet beautiful and bright he stood,
As born to rule the storm;
A creature of heroic blood,
A proud, though child-like form.
让你说的每一个词都比你的伴侣说的前一个词更有力、更有激情。如果需要,可以用手指向或敲打空气,为每个单词增加能量。
Make each word you speak stronger and more passionate than the previous word that your partner spoke. Point or strike the air with your hand to add energy to each word if you want.
在你和你的搭档成功读完这首诗后,单独读出这些诗句,投入与双人组相同的精力。
After you and your partner read through the poem successfully, read out the lines alone, investing them with the same level of energy as you did as a duo.
控制喋喋不休和喋喋不休
Controlling Gabbling and Jabbering
恐惧常常使你喋喋不休或喋喋不休。伴随着焦虑而来的空气短缺会让你急于在喘不过气来之前把单词读完。因此,当空气用完时,您会听到声音逐渐减弱。
Fear often causes you to gabble or jabber. The shortage of air that goes with anxiety makes you rush to get through the words before your breath runs out. As a result, you can hear the sound tail off as you run out of air.
当孩子们说话跟不上他们的想法时,他们也会喋喋不休。有时,这种说话方式会养成一种习惯,并在成年后继续存在。聆听电视剧《小不列颠》中少年犯 Vicky Pollard 的喋喋不休的喜剧表演。
Children also gabble when their talking can’t keep up with their ideas. Sometimes this way of talking hardens into a habit that persists in adulthood. Listen to the teenage delinquent character Vicky Pollard in the TV series Little Britain for a virtuoso comic performance of gabbling.
丘吉尔不是天生的演说家。他必须学会如何清晰有力地说话——就像你现在所做的那样。假装你是丘吉尔本人,带着他所有的庄严。我把台词写得像诗一样(就像他自己做的那样)。花点时间阅读每一行;它们很短,所以呼吸应该不会有问题。阅读每一行时深吸一口气,然后稳定地抬头并用大量的呼吸说话。慢语慢呼吸——权威的声音!
Churchill wasn’t a born speaker. He had to discover how to speak clearly and powerfully – as you’re doing now. Pretend that you’re Churchill himself, with all his gravitas. I’ve laid the lines out like poetry (as he did himself). Take your time to read each line; they’re short so breathing shouldn’t present a problem. Take a good breath as you read each line, then look up steadily and speak using lots of breath. Slow words, slow breath – the voice of authority!
我们可以看到 我们必须走的
艰难而危险的前进道路
。. .
We can see before us
the difficult and dangerous onward path
which we must tread. . .
我们在周围感受到 欧洲
所有被奴役国家的兴起 。
. .
We feel around us
the upsurge of all the enslaved
countries of Europe. . .
我们正
与绝大多数人类同行,
共同前行,共同承担,共同
锻造,
向着一个虽然遥远,
却又清晰可见的最终目标稳步前进。
We are marching in company
with the vast majority of mankind,
all trending, bearing,
forging, steadily forward
towards a final goal, which though distant,
can already be plainly seen.
找人听你说话并发表评论。您可能会发现,对您来说似乎很慢的音乐听起来既轻松又舒服。
Get someone to listen to you and comment. You’ll probably find that what seems slow to you, is easy and comfortable to listen to.
解开你的舌头
Untying Your Tongue
维吉尔在2000 多年前的《埃涅阿斯纪》中写道“我的声音卡在喉咙里” ——所以这部分不是在处理新现象!
Virgil wrote ‘My voice stuck in my throat’ in The Aeneid more than 2,000 years ago – so this section isn’t dealing with a new phenomenon!
与喃喃自语(参见上一节“减轻喃喃自语”)一样,舌头打结有一种推拉冲动。你想说话又害怕说话;你想被听到,但又害怕被听到。在拔河比赛中,当对立的力量势均力敌时,运动就会停止。系统卡住。
In common with mumbling (see the previous section ‘Mitigating mumbling’), getting tongue-tied has a push-pull impulse. You want to speak and yet you fear to speak; you want to be heard and yet you fear to be heard. In a tug of war, when opposing forces are even, movement ceases. The system seizes up.
甘地最终向全球各国发表了强有力的讲话,他年轻时很害羞。他回忆说,作为一名年轻的律师,第一次盘问证人时,他的头晕目眩,一句话也说不出来。他完全无法继续下去。
Gandhi, who eventually spoke powerfully to nations across the globe, was shy as a young man. He recalls that the first time he cross-examined a witness as a young lawyer, his head reeled and he couldn’t get a single word out. He was completely unable to continue.
英国保守党前领袖伊恩·邓肯·史密斯(Iain Duncan Smith)说话困难,以“喉咙里的青蛙”着称。他被称为“安静的人”,反对派在他说话时将手指举到嘴唇上要求保持沉默来嘲笑他。
Iain Duncan Smith, former leader of the British Conservative Party, struggled to speak up and was famous for his ‘frog in the throat’. He became known as the ‘quiet man’, and the opposition taunted him by raising their fingers to their lips to ask for silence whenever he spoke.
有时你会因为对自己期望过高而受阻。你正要在会议上大声疾呼,这时内心的声音告诉你,你知道的不够多,不够有趣,或者人们会蔑视你说的话。然后其他人填补了这一刻。您再次等待谈话出现空档,当它出现时,同样的事情再次发生。你的破坏思想抓住了你喉咙周围的肌肉,你抓住了。主题线程很快就转移了,你想发表的评论不再相关。这个过程是一种非常有效的自我破坏方式!
Sometimes you become blocked through expecting too much of yourself. You’re just about to pipe up in a meeting when an inner voice tells you that you don’t know enough, aren’t interesting, or people are going to scorn what you say. Then someone else fills the moment. Again you wait for a gap in the conversation and, when it arrives, the same happens again. Your sabotaging thoughts grip the muscles around your throat, and you seize up. All too soon the subject thread has moved on and the comment you wanted to make is no longer relevant. This process is a pretty effective way to sabotage yourself!
如果说话不是你经常做的事情,确保你练习给轮子上油,这样你就习惯了说“错误和所有”。首先,选择安全的环境进行练习。随地谈天。对超市收银员发表评论。当别人在电梯里时谈论天气。然后毕业到其他机会。报名参加成人教育口语班。加入委员会并在会议上发言。找一个业余戏剧协会加入。每次发言时都拍拍自己的背。
If talking isn’t something you do much, make sure you practise to oil the wheels, so that you get used to speaking ‘mistakes and all’. First, choose safe settings in which to practise. Talk anywhere. Make a comment to the person at the supermarket checkout. Talk about the weather when someone else is in the lift. Then graduate to other opportunities. Enrol in an adult education speaking class. Join a committee and speak at meetings. Find an amateur dramatic society to join. Pat yourself on the back every time you speak up.
放松强硬控制
Loosening Heavy-handed Control
许多人认为隐藏所有的恐惧和怀疑,同时展现出最好的一面是一种力量。有些人严格控制自己的动作,以至于嘴巴几乎不动。“僵硬的上唇”是一个您可能会联想到维多利亚时代或爱德华时代的短语。你几乎可以听到 Prudence Fairfax 夫人低声说:“亲爱的,不要在仆人面前。”
Many people see hiding all fear and doubt while putting their best foot forward as a strength. Some control their movements so rigidly that their mouth scarcely moves. ‘Stiff upper lip’ is a phrase you may associate with the Victorian or Edwardian era. You can almost hear Lady Prudence Fairfax say under her breath, ‘Not in front of the servants, my dear.’
即使在今天,女王英语的特点仍然是上唇僵硬和嘴巴微动。伊丽莎白二世女王本人提供了一个以这种方式说话的人的例子。一些来自纽约和东海岸的上流社会演讲者说话时嘴巴的动作也很少。
Even today, the Queen’s English is still characterised by a stiff upper lip and minimum movement of the mouth. Queen Elizabeth II herself provides an example of someone who speaks in this way. Some upper-class speakers from New York and the East Coast speak with minimal mouth movement too.
从身体上来说,僵硬的上唇就像它所说的那样:你的上唇不动,所以你的下唇和下巴必须做所有的工作。下巴几乎没有嘴唇或舌头那么灵敏,所以声音缺乏细微差别。有的人嘴巴半张着,跟口技似的!
Physically, a stiff upper lip is just what it says: your top lip doesn’t move, so your lower lip and jaw has to do all the work. The jaw isn’t nearly as responsive as lips or tongue, so the voice lacks nuance. Some people lock their lips half open, almost like a ventriloquist!
解决上唇僵硬的简单方法是摆脱它——这意味着放弃所有爱德华时代的礼节。用力摇动肩膀、腰部、臀部和腿部,用嘴唇吹几下覆盆子。活过来!有关进一步放松嘴唇、下巴和舌头的活动,请参阅第 6 章。
The simple solution for a stiff upper lip is to shake it out – which means letting all Edwardian decorum go. Shake your shoulders, waist, bottom and legs vigorously and blow a few raspberries with your lips. Come alive! See Chapter 6 for activities to further loosen your lips, jaw and tongue.
放下控制面具
Letting Down the Mask of Control
如果你习惯于向世界隐藏你的情绪,你的整张脸可能会变成一个冷漠的屏幕,丝毫看不出你在背后所做的计划和想法。它可能看起来很酷,但它也是对情绪恐惧的掩饰。
If you’re used to hiding your emotions from the world, your whole face may have become an impassive screen that reveals nothing of the planning and thinking you’re doing behind it. It may look like sophisticated cool but it’s also a front masking fear of emotion.
许多人担心,如果他们允许自己去感受,他们就会掉入无底洞,再也不会出现。就你的声音而言,问题在于压低你的感情,你压抑了你的活力并限制了你的表达。您可能听说过一位以这种面无表情的方式表演的公众演讲者。他们看起来庄重正式,但他们的表演却毫无生气。
Many people worry that if they allow themselves to feel, they’re going to fall into a bottomless pit, never to emerge again. The trouble, in terms of your voice, is that in pushing your feelings down, you’re repressing your vitality and constricting your expression. You may have heard a public speaker who performs in this deadpan way. They look solemn and formal, but their performance is lifeless.
冒个险。让其他人瞥见你的真实感受。当有人至少能瞥见你的个性、激情,当然还有感受时,你就更有可能建立联系。
Take a risk. Allow other people glimpses of what you’re truly feeling. You’re much more likely to build a connection when someone can at least glimpse your personality, passions and, yes, feelings.
避免嗡嗡声
Avoiding Droning On
如果你体验到恐惧却强行控制你的说话,你可能确实会使用你强壮的腹肌和肋间肌,但你会失去细小肌肉的柔韧性,这些细小的肌肉是由你的思想所激发的,这些细小的肌肉赋予你的声音以生命力。在这个过程中,你失去了上声部的轻盈感,听起来有力但单调。
If you experience fear but force control onto your speaking, you may indeed use your strong abdominal and inter-costal muscles, but you lose the finer flexibility of tiny muscles stimulated by your thoughts that give life to your voice. In the process, you lose the lightness of your upper voice and sound forceful but monotonous.
英国前首相戈登·布朗经常因讲话乏味而受到批评。他锁住自己的情绪;他的嘴几乎没有动,脸上看不出里面发生了什么。他的声音似乎停留在同样的低音调上,让他在严肃和顽强的决心之间有一个狭窄的情感范围。
Gordon Brown, a former prime minister of the UK, was often criticised for his dull delivery. He kept his emotions locked; his mouth moved little and his face revealed nothing of what was going on inside. His voice seemed stuck on the same low pitch, permitting him a narrow range of emotion between solemnity and dogged determination.
另一位英国前首相约翰·梅杰习惯用舌头抵住嘴根,这让他的声音听起来有些窒息。
John Major, another former British prime minister, had a habit of ramming the back of his tongue up against the root of his mouth, which made his voice sound strangulated.
出现在许多Carry On电影中的肯尼斯·威廉姆斯 (Kenneth Williams) 提供了一个通过鼻子强制声音的喜剧示例,这使他的声音具有特有的硬鼻音。
Kenneth Williams, who appeared in many Carry On films, provides a comic example of forcing sound through the nose, which gave his voice its characteristic hard nasal quality.
英国旅游局在 2006 年对来自 35 个国家的 25,000 人进行的一项调查中将英国评为世界上最无聊的国家,这可能与嗡嗡声负有一定责任。如果您是英国人,这是一个很好的理由来改善您的声音!
Droning voices probably hold some responsibility for the UK being named the world’s most boring nation in a survey by VisitBritain of 25,000 people from 35 countries in 2006. A good reason, if you’re British, to work on your voice!
对这些打鼾习惯的有效反应是放松嘴巴和喉咙周围(见第 5 章),并保持良好的呼吸。不要太认真对待自己也是一个很好的策略,因为这会让你放松,让你的声音充满活力!
The effective response to each of these snore-inducing habits is to relax around the mouth and throat (see Chapter 5), and breathe well. Not taking yourself so seriously is also an excellent strategy, as that relaxes you and energises your voice!
让努力变得简单
Making Effort Easy
有些人将成功与努力联系在一起,但表现最佳绝不是努力,因为太多有意识的努力会让你紧张。
Some people associate success with effort, but performing at your best can never be about trying hard as too much conscious effort makes you tense.
您可能听过一些人说话,只是在听的时候感到不舒服或烦躁。也许您发现自己不信任他们。您可能会注意到他们过于努力而导致的缺乏轻松感。具有讽刺意味的是,当人们尽最大努力表现出理解力或机智时,他们往往会变得最紧张,听起来也最傲慢。如果您回想过去努力获得的任何东西,您可能会发现这种压力阻碍了您的成功。当孩子第一次骑自行车时努力保持平衡,结果难免会摔倒。当他有了主意并放松时,他就能很好地保持平衡。
You may have heard some people speak and just felt uncomfortable or irritated as you listened. Perhaps you found yourself not trusting them. You may be picking up on a lack of ease caused by their trying too hard. Ironically, people often become most tense and sound most patronising at the very moments when they’re trying their hardest to be understanding or tactful. If you think about anything you struggled to pick up in the past, you’re likely to find that tension got in the way of your success. When a child tries hard to balance when riding a bicycle for the first time, the result is inevitably to fall off. When he gets the idea and relaxes, he can balance well.
同样,如果你太急于交流或过于努力地传达某种印象,人们会在你的身上看到它。你身体前倾;你的肩膀抬起并变硬,你的下巴锁住。你越努力把事情做好,你就会变得越紧张。
Similarly, if you’re too anxious to communicate or try too hard to convey a certain impression, people see it in your body. You lean forward; your shoulders rise and stiffen, and your jaw locks. The more effort you put into getting things right, the more tense you become.
放弃对某个结果的坚持,你的声音会更好。您看起来也更自在,也更喜欢说话。你在尝试中浪费的所有努力现在都可以转化为思考、感受和存在。
Let go of insistence on a certain result and you sound better. You also look more at ease and enjoy speaking much more. All that effort you wasted in trying can now go to into thinking, feeling and being.
放弃审批
Letting go of approval
太过努力的一个方面是想要取悦别人,这会对你的声音产生奇怪的影响。如果你渴望得到认可,你往往只会用上胸部呼吸,你的声音会变得更高、更紧绷——就像它对恐惧的反应一样(参见前面的“对吱吱声和刺耳声保持冷静”部分)。
One aspect of trying too hard is a desire to please people, which does strange things to your voice. If you’re eager for approval, you tend to breathe only in your upper chest, and your voice becomes higher and more pinched – just as it does in response to fear (see the earlier section ‘Pouring Calm on Squeakiness and Shrillness’).
如果你一生中的大部分时间都在讨好别人,你的肌肉可能会让你的嘴巴永远保持紧绷的微笑——这种微笑可能不会出现在你的眼睛里。你会发现这种向上提升的口吻与那些相信别人希望他们成为幸福家庭、教堂或护理系统中快乐部分的人在一起。取悦他人的愿望可能是通过做一个好人来获得认可的努力。在隐藏你自己“不太好”的全部部分时,你最终可能会用一种缺乏有趣的低音调的平淡悦耳的声音说话。
If you’ve spent much of your life appeasing people, your muscles may set your mouth in a permanent tight smile – a smile that may not show in your eyes. You find this upwards lift in the mouth with people who believe others expect them to be a happy part of a happy family, church or care system. A desire to please may be an effort to get approval through being a good person. In hiding whole chunks of the ‘not so nice’ parts of yourself, you can end up speaking with an insipid pleasant voice lacking interesting lower tones.
寻求取悦的人通常会在呼吸和谈话之间创造一个短暂的间隙,让他们有时间隐藏他们可能感受到的任何“负面”情绪,并适应愉悦。这种努力从声音中切断了思想和感觉之间的联系。您会听到他们本能反应的经过严格编辑的版本。这种回应方式可能根深蒂固,以至于人们没有意识到自己在做什么,但浅薄的声音和有限的共鸣让游戏暴露无遗。
People who seek to please usually create a short hiatus between breathing and talking to allow them time to hide any ‘negative’ emotion they may be feeling and adjust to pleasantness. This effort cuts off the connection between thinking and feeling from the sound. You hear a tightly edited version of their instinctive response. This manner of responding can be so ingrained that people don’t realise what they’re doing, but the shallow voice with limited resonance gives the game away.
如果您怀疑自己说话时声音高亢、过于悦耳,请试试这个测试。手放在胸前,从 1 数到 10。你应该感觉到你手下的一些身体振动。如果你用浅浅悦耳的声音说话,你就感觉不到那种振动。第 9 章提供帮助,让您的声音在胸腔产生共鸣,为您的声音增添更多趣味和色彩。
If you suspect that you may speak in a high, over-pleasant voice, try this test. Count from 1 to 10 with your hand resting on your chest. You should feel some body vibration under your hand. If you speak with a shallow pleasing voice, you don’t feel that vibration. Chapter 9 provides help with resonating your voice in your chest, adding more interest and colour to your sound.
放弃自我意识
Dropping self-consciousness
一旦你过于关注你想要创造的效果,无论是尝试成为一种特定的方式还是创造一种特定的反应,你都会成为自我意识的牺牲品。自我意识,在意识到自己的过程中,总是人为的,听众可以从你的声音中听到精神上的努力。自我意识可以表现为:
As soon as you become too concerned with the effect you want to create, whether an attempt to be a particular way or create a particular response, you fall prey to self-consciousness. Self-consciousness, in being aware of itself, is always artificial, and listeners can hear the mental effort in your voice. Self-consciousness can manifest itself as:
声音紧张,会抑制您声音的大部分自然共鸣。
Vocal tension, which inhibits much of your voice’s natural resonance.
过于谨慎的表述和强调。
Overly careful enunciation and emphasis.
将表达粘贴到您的文字上。
Pasting of expression onto your words.
缺乏自然的节奏和流畅。
A lack of natural rhythm and flow.
不幸的是,您的听众可能会将您的自我意识解释为居高临下或傲慢自大,而不是尴尬。自我意识肯定会阻碍您打动或激发听众的能力。
Unfortunately, your listeners may interpret your self-consciousness as condescension or arrogance instead of awkwardness. Self-consciousness certainly blocks your ability to move or inspire your audience.
自我意识感觉就像一个球和链子,你拖在身后,却不知道如何治愈。不要绝望!当你逐渐获得作为演讲者的自信时,你自然会失去自我意识,因为你意识到自己很好,就像你现在这样。允许自己犯错。没有人在不犯错误的情况下成为任何事物的“自然大师”。
Self-consciousness can feel like a ball and chain you drag behind you and have no idea how to cure. Don’t despair! As you gradually gain in confidence as a speaker, you naturally lose your self-consciousness by realising that you’re fine just as you are. Give yourself permission to make mistakes. No one ever became a ‘natural master’ of anything without making mistakes.
发送其他 Vocal Gremlins 包装
Sending Other Vocal Gremlins Packing
由于您使用声音的方式,声音会出现各种其他问题。我在本节中涵盖的主题可能具有情感成分,但问题的根源通常是技术不够理想。
Various other issues arise for the voice because of how you use it. The topics I cover in this section may have emotional components, but the root of the problem is often one of less-than-ideal technique.
你知道你的身体需要照顾。你不举太重的重量。如果您在健身房或壁球场上过度运动,您会变得僵硬,需要时间来恢复体力。你的声音也会疲倦。
You know your body needs looking after. You don’t lift weights that are too heavy. If you overdo it in the gym or on the squash court, you expect to be stiff and take time to recuperate. Your voice gets tired too.
虽然它非常有弹性,但您的声音确实需要不时的温柔呵护。如果您在足球比赛中大喊大叫或参加过嘈杂的聚会,请不要在第二天出去发表三个小时的公共演讲!声音疲劳在经常使用声音的人群中很常见,例如教师和演员。防止发声疲劳的主要方法是发现如何正确发声——正如您在本书中所了解的那样!
Although it’s pretty resilient, your voice does need tender loving care from time to time. If you’ve yelled your head off at a football game or been to a noisy party, don’t go out the next day to give a public address for three hours! Vocal fatigue is common among people who use their voices a lot, such as teachers and actors. Your main defence against vocal fatigue is to discover how to produce your voice properly – as you’re finding out in this book!
在这本书中,我不会谈论可能需要医疗干预的声音障碍。如果您有严重的顾虑,请阅读第 19 章和附录,了解有关在哪里寻求语音帮助的建议。通过一些练习和努力,您基本上可以自己纠正以下问题。
In this book, I don’t talk about voice disorders that may need medical intervention. If you have serious concerns, read Chapter 19 and the Appendix for suggestions about where to turn for voice help. You can largely put the following gremlins right yourself with a little practice and effort.
注意您的健康
Paying heed to your health
注意您的声音无法正常工作的迹象:
Watch out for signs that your voice isn’t working properly:
尝试说话时喉咙痛或酸痛。
A sore throat, or soreness when you try to speak.
嘶哑。
Hoarseness.
您的音调突然从低到高,或从高到低突然中断。
Sudden breaks in your voice pitch from low to high, or high to low.
你的声音停留在一个音调上。
Your voice stuck on one pitch.
在今天大多数先进的诊断工具和测试出现之前的日子里,医生诊断病人的部分依据是他们从病人的声音中听到的内容。虽然声乐教练不应该取代您的医生,但严重的身体伤害和各种健康问题都会导致您的声音发生变化。
In the days before most of today’s advanced diagnostic tools and tests, doctors diagnosed patients partly on what they heard in their voices. While a vocal coach should never replace your doctor, serious physical injuries and all manner of health problems cause changes in your voice.
情绪创伤会影响声音,甚至会导致患者完全失去说话的能力。诗人玛雅·安杰卢 (Maya Angelou) 在 7 岁时遭受创伤后五年无法说话。仅针对身体问题的帮助不是答案。在她从创伤中恢复过来并允许她的内在自我交流之后,她的声音又回来了。
Emotional trauma affects the voice and can even cause the sufferer to lose the ability to speak entirely. The poet Maya Angelou was unable to speak for five years after a traumatic incident at the age of seven. Help directed only at the physical problem wasn’t the answer. After she recovered from the trauma and gave her inner self permission to communicate, her voice came back.
保持年轻的声音
Keeping your voice young
这是官方的:谈话对你有好处。治疗师肯定是这么说的,语音教练也是这么说的!如果你不使用你的声音,你就会失去它。不幸的是,独居且很少与他人交谈的人发现他们的声音变得生硬,难以沟通。如果这种情况发生在你身上,你可能会想认输并责怪年老,但你不需要这样做——你的声音只需要经常锻炼!
It’s official: talking is good for you. The therapists certainly say so, and the voice coach does too! If you don’t use your voice, you lose it. People who live alone and seldom speak with others unfortunately find their voices become rusty, and they struggle to communicate. If that happens to you, you may be tempted to throw in the towel and blame old age, but you don’t need to – your voice simply needs regular exercise!
当然,生活确实会对您的声音造成磨损,尤其是如果您吸烟、饮酒或经常去嘈杂的地方——或者过去经常或过度进行这些活动。
Of course, life does inflict wear and tear on your voice, especially if you smoke, drink or frequent noisy places – or did these activities regularly or excessively in the past.
深呼吸。
Breathe deeply and well.
在您的一生中保持呼吸器的练习和健美。第 4 章让您开始。
Keep your breathing apparatus practised and toned throughout your life. Chapter 4 gets you started.
使用正确的肌肉来支持你的呼吸,并使用其他正确的肌肉来改变音调。(见第 9 章。)
Use the correct muscles to support your breathing and other correct muscles to vary the voice tone. (See Chapter 9.)
练习放松肩膀、喉咙和脸部周围的所有肌肉,这样你就不会用力发声。(见第 5 章。)
Practise relaxing all the muscles around the shoulders, throat and face, so you do not force your voice. (See Chapter 5.)
用大量的精神能量和最少的体力来发出你的声音,这样它对你有好处。
Produce your voice with lots of mental energy and minimum physical effort so it serves you well.
避免根据您的耳朵(通常不准确)告诉您的内容不断微调您的说话方式。
Avoid micro-adjusting how your speak constantly, according to what your ears (often inaccurately) tell you.
强烈希望与您的听众或听众建立联系。(见第 10 章。)
Have a strong intention to connect with your listener or audience. (See Chapter 10.)
顺利起步
Starting smoothly
当声音的开始是对声带的攻击性锤击时,就会发生一种常见的发声误用,称为声门攻击。如果您说“everyone”这个词在第一个“e”上重击,或者“apple”重击“a”,您可以自己体验一下。
A common vocal misuse happens when the onset of sound is an aggressive hammering against the vocal folds, called a glottal attack. You can experience it yourself if you say the word ‘everyone’ giving a hard bang on the first ‘e’, or ‘apple’ banging the ‘a’.
软化鼻音
Softening a nasal voice
有些演员的鼻音很容易辨认:Michael Caine 和Carry On电影的明星 Kenneth Williams 就是两个例子。
Some actors have instantly recognisable nasal voices: Michael Caine and Kenneth Williams, star of the Carry On films, are just two examples.
许多演员,尤其是过去的演员,都接受过练习,将声音集中在他们的鼻子和脸前。在普遍使用麦克风之前,戴着面具说话是一项重要的技能,可以将您的声音带到剧院后面。有关共振的更多信息,请参见第 9 章。
Many actors, especially in the past, were trained with exercises to focus the sound in their nose and front of the face. Back before the general use of microphones, speaking in the mask was an important skill to carry your voice to the back of the theatre. See Chapter 9 for much more on resonance.
鼻腔共振作为您头部音色的一个有用部分,与将声音重重地推入鼻子不同,后者会使您的声音紧张并且听起来很霸道且令人不快。当您使用舌头后部和硬腭而不是隔膜周围的呼吸肌来控制空气时,就会出现有害的鼻音。舌头在您喉咙的开口处聚拢,将声音向上推入您的鼻子。然后你发出的声音响亮、刺耳且单调。这种发声方式很累人,因为你是在强迫它,而且很容易损坏你的声音。
Nasal resonance as a useful part of your head timbre is not the same as pushing the sound heavily into the nose, which strains your voice and sounds dominating and unpleasant. Harmful nasal speaking happens when you use the back of your tongue and the hard palate to control the air instead of the breathing muscles around your diaphragm. The tongue bunches up at the opening to your throat and pushes the sound up into your nose. The sound you make then is loud, grating and monotone. This way of producing your voice is tiring because you’re forcing it, and it can easily damage your voice.
匹配声音和含义
Matching Sound and Meaning
人类是复杂的生物,他们用自己的声音说真话和半真话、赢得人心、隐藏感情、制造印象、幻想或只是编造事情。人们有数百种用声音来混淆、假装和辩护的方法。大多数这些方式都是无意识的,或者是有意识地开始,随着时间的推移变得无意识。如果你想表达你声音的全部力量,你的意思和语调需要匹配。以下部分描述了人们的语调暗示与他们的想法和感受不一致的各种方式。
Human beings are complex creatures who use their voices to tell truths and half-truths, to win people over, hide feelings, create impressions, fantasise or just make things up. People have hundreds of ways of confusing, pretending and defending with their voice. Most of these ways are unconscious, or having started consciously, have become unconscious over time. If you want to express the full power of your voice, your meaning and voice tone need to match. The following sections describe various ways that people’s voice tone suggests something at odds with their thoughts and feelings.
“人们从我的声音中得到了错误的想法!” 当桑德拉来找我进行语音训练时,她哭了起来。“我能做些什么呢?” 桑德拉的声音带有气息,男人们常常将她的气息误解为性感。通过辅导,她学会了如何协调自己的呼吸和声带,以免漏气。在这个过程中,她发现自己拥有了以前从未使用过的多种表达方式。如果她愿意,她仍然可以气喘吁吁地说话,但不再陷入创造她不是故意的印象的陷阱。
‘People get the wrong idea from my voice!’ Sandra wailed when she came to me for voice coaching. ‘What can I do about it?’ Sandra’s voice was breathy, and men often misinterpreted her breathiness as sexiness. Through coaching she learned how to co-ordinate her breath and vocal cords so that air didn’t escape. In the process, she discovered that she had a wide range of expression that she’d never utilised before. She could still speak breathily if she wanted to but wasn’t any longer caught in the trap of creating an impression she didn’t mean.
在2008年的美国总统竞选中,人们有时会说约翰·麦凯恩听起来很压抑,因为他声音低沉,缺乏明暗。我猜他是想让自己听起来像个政治家!
In the 2008 US presidential race, people sometimes said that John McCain sounded depressed because his voice was low and lacked light and shade. I’m guessing he intended to sound statesmanlike!
除了传达不合意的信息外,不合时宜的声音也会令人惊讶——甚至令人反感。
In addition to giving a message that isn’t intended, a voice that doesn’t fit can be surprising – even off-putting.
我第一次见到年轻的英国演员凯瑞·穆里根是在电影《傲慢与偏见》中。她有一张甜美的心形脸,看起来比实际年龄年轻得多。当她说话时,我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵能听到她浑厚而深沉的音调。这是一个惊喜。
I first saw the young British actor Carey Mulligan in the film Pride and Prejudice. She has a sweet heart-shaped face and looks far younger than her years. I scarcely believed my ears to hear her rich deep tones when she spoke. That was a pleasant surprise.
当我在当地书店的柜台向那个身高 16 英石的大力士询问最近出版的一本书时,他高亢、过于旋律的回答几乎让我震惊得后退了一步。这张照片有点不对劲!
When I asked the 16-stone herculean man at the counter in my local bookshop about a recent publication, his high, overly melodic answer almost made me take a step backwards in shock. Something wasn’t right with this picture!
你用机器人的语气说爱的语言。
You speak the language of love in the tones of a robot.
您自信的工作介绍以孩子的声音出现。
Your confident work presentation comes out in the voice of a child.
您从一个 6 英尺高的框架中用吱吱作响的声音发出军事指令。
You issue military instructions from a 6-foot frame in a squeaky voice.
你下定决心,但听起来就像是刚刚输掉了一场跑步比赛、一份工作和一只宠物——这一切都发生在同一天!
You’re determined yet sound like someone who’s just lost a running race, a job and a pet – all in the same day!
当您可以改变自己的声音时,您就可以在如何说话和与他人互动方面有很多选择。其他人不再感到困惑,他们的反应也更受您的控制。
When you can vary your voice, you have many choices in how you speak and interact with others. Other people stop being confused and their response is more under your control.
从你的声音后面走出来
Coming out from behind your voice
当您说话时,您的声音具有向其他人传达您的感受的强大潜力,但您不想让其他人在任何场合都知道您的感受。有时,您决定采用平淡悦耳或沉闷无表情的声音来隐藏自己的感受。然而,如果你养成了一直使用那种平淡无奇的声音的习惯,其他人就会觉得他们在谈话中听不到真正的“你”。
Your voice has the powerful potential to convey your feelings to other people when you speak, but you don’t want to let others know what you are feeling on every occasion. Sometimes you decide to hide your feelings by adopting a voice that is bland and pleasant or dull and inexpressive. However, if you get into the habit of using that insipid voice all the time, other people are going to feel that they’re not getting the real ‘you’ in conversations.
随着年龄的增长,您会习惯于机智,并且通常有充分的理由这样做。但是,您的想法和感受与表达方式之间可能会出现脱节。您的声音可能会变得传统且缺乏表现力。
Growing older, you get used to being tactful, and often have good reasons for doing so. However, a disjuncture can grow between what you think and feel – and how you express it. Your voice can become conventional and less expressive.
您是否熟悉以下任何一项?
Are any of the following familiar to you?
为了不冒犯你,你有时会阻止首先进入你脑海的事情吗?
Do you sometimes hold back the first thing that comes into your head in order not to offend?
你有没有因为你认为不好的事情而表扬某人以提供鼓励?
Have you praised someone for something you thought poor in order to provide encouragement?
为了避免尴尬,你有没有在想说“是”的时候说“不”?
Have you ever said ‘no’ when you meant ‘yes’ in order to save yourself from embarrassment?
你是否对某人感到不高兴,并微笑着向对方保证这无关紧要?
Have you been upset with someone and assured the person with a smile that it didn’t matter?
当你真正生气的时候,你有没有和别人愉快地交谈过?
Have you spoken pleasantly to someone when you’re actually angry?
如果这些问题中的任何一个的答案是肯定的,那么你当然一直在想或感觉到一件事,然后说另一件事。如果您经常这样做,您很可能会达到甚至不知道自己在传递双重信息的地步。但是你可能会在肢体语言和声音中泄露一些线索,表明你并非一帆风顺。
If the answer to any of these questions is yes, of course you’ve been thinking or feeling one thing and saying another. If you do this often, you’re likely to reach a point where you don’t even know that you’re giving double messages any more. But you may give away clues in your body language and voice that show you’re not all of a piece.
如果你故意以特定的方式发出你的声音,而不是让你的想法和感觉来创造声音,你有意识的努力会让你听起来可以预测。你永远无法有意识地再现自然表达的微妙之处。当 Umbridge 小姐生气时,你会想到她的胸部和身体下方会发出愤怒的声音,但她继续用紧绷的喉咙发出甜美的声音。
If you deliberately produce your voice tones in a particular way rather than allowing your thoughts and feelings to create the sounds, your conscious efforts make you sound predictable. You can never reproduce the subtlety of natural expression consciously. When Miss Umbridge gets furious, you’d expect angry voice tones to come from the chest and lower in her body, but she continues to produce her sugary voice up in the mouth with a tight throat.
通过强迫自己的声音讲述一个特定的故事来说服听众,您可能会感觉更强大,但脆弱往往是您的力量——您只是听起来更真实,因此更有说服力。有关释放真实声音的更多信息,请参阅第 10 章。
You may feel stronger by forcing your voice to tell a particular story to convince your listeners, but often vulnerability is your strength – you just sound more real and therefore more convincing. See Chapter 10 for more on releasing your authentic voice.
承认你的情绪
Acknowledging your emotions
当心情绪在说话者不知情的情况下泄漏到声音中。以下是一些要收听的示例:
Watch out for emotions leaking into the sound without the speaker’s knowledge. Here are a few examples to listen for:
有人厉声说:“走开!” 然而,他的声音中有一种向往的阴影,告诉你孤独。
Someone says sharply, ‘Go away!’ yet there’s a shade of yearning in his voice that tells you of loneliness.
“我很好,”有人回答你的问题,最后的高音之后音调略微下降,让你的心沉了下去,意识到他一点也不好。
‘I’m fine,’ someone responds to your query, and the slight fall in pitch after the high sound at the end makes your heart sink and realise that he is not fine at all.
“当然,我很乐意,”她说,“确定”随着高音逐渐减弱,最后的“to”消失了。当然?我不这么认为!
‘Sure, I’d love to,’ she says, the ‘sure’ tailing off on a high sound, and the final ‘to’ dropping away. Sure? I don’t think so!
用你所有的声音
Using all your voices
有些人的声音永远不会改变。“我直言不讳,”他们说。“找到我就带走我。” 然而,其他人对不同的人有不同的声音,这在与权威打交道时尤为明显。当人们感到害怕时,他们会不自觉地使用特定的浅色头音。当他们点头回答时,这让他们听起来像个胆小的孩子,‘是的,是的;是的,没关系; 是的,我会; 好吧,我会这样做的;是的,当然,马上。
Some people have a voice that never varies. ‘I call a spade a spade,’ they say. ‘Take me as you find me.’ Others, however, have different voices for different people, and this is particularly marked when dealing with authority. People use a particular light head tone unconsciously whenever they feel intimidated. It makes them sound like a timid child as they nod and answer, ‘Yes, yes; yes that’s fine; yes I will; okay I’ll do that; yes of course, right away.’
在后来的谈话中,我提到了那段情节,问她是否愿意在脑海中重现她儿子跑向马路时的情景。她回想起这件事,意识到她用不同的呼吸来提高声音,而且她的呼吸来自完全不同的能量。“那么,如果你要利用这种能量在工作中说点什么,那会怎么样?” 我问。她犹豫了一下,承认能量的差异是如此巨大,以至于她无法想象在工作中接近它的任何地方。“所以,只添加一点点能量,”我建议道。当她这样做时,她的呼吸好多了,并且能够发出更坚定的声音。
In conversation later, I mentioned the episode and asked if she were willing to recreate in her mind the situation when her son ran towards the road. She went back to her memory of the incident and realised that she breathed differently to raise her voice and that her breath arose from a totally different energy. ‘So, if you were to tap into that energy to say something at work, how would that be?’ I asked. She hesitated and confessed that the difference in energy was so enormous that she couldn’t imagine coming anywhere near it at work. ‘So, add just a tiny bit of that energy,’ I suggested. When she did that, she took a much better breath and was able to produce firmer sounds.
后来,她报告说,这段经历让她意识到自己在工作和家庭中有多么不同。“我现在意识到我听起来多么可悲!” 她说。“我已经把我的一半留在后面了。但没有了!
Later, she reported that the experience had made her conscious of how different she was at work and at home. ‘I now realise how pathetic I’ve sounded!’ she said. ‘I’ve been leaving half of me behind. But no more!’
通常,您不需要努力学习如何以不同的方式发出声音。许多人在不同的环境中使用不同的声音。您需要做的就是与您在生活的另一部分使用的声音建立联系,并在您需要的新环境中采用该声音。当 Glenna 想象在工作场所对她的孩子大喊大叫时,她能够唤起她需要的能量和声音。它一直在那里!
Often, you don’t need to struggle to learn how to produce your voice differently. Many people use their voices differently in different contexts. All you need to do is make a connection with a voice you use in another part of life and adopt that voice in a new context where you need it. When Glenna imagined shouting at her children in the workplace, she was able to summon the energy and vocal power she needed. It had been there all the time!
第12章
Chapter 12
强调口音
Putting the Accent on Accents
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
检查口音的优缺点
Examining the pros and cons of accents
解决阶级和教育的问题
Addressing aspects of class and education
发展你最好的口音
Developing the best of your accent
选择改变
Choosing to change
你翻到本章的原因可能是你讨厌自己的口音,或者觉得人们因为你的口音而不太接受你。我很想就这个主题说的第一句话——在你插嘴反对之前!– 是否可以用任何口音说出有影响力和流利的口音。良好沟通的最重要特征——清晰度、音量、活力和情感内容,如决心、兴奋、爱、热情和严肃——在每种口音的声音中都能找到。这些方面对听众的影响远远超过特定的口音。
You may be turning to this chapter because you hate your accent or sense that people don’t quite accept you because of your accent. The first words I’m tempted to say on the subject – before you can even jump in and disagree! – are that you can speak influentially and well in any accent. The most important features of good communication – clarity, volume, energy and emotional content such as determination, excitement, love, enthusiasm and seriousness – are found in voices of every accent. These aspects influence listeners, far more than a particular accent.
本章不是关于如何“做”不同的口音——这项任务需要一本厚厚的书。英语有无数种不同的口音,其地理范围很不寻常,远至加勒比海、香港、印度、澳大利亚、新西兰和许多其他国家——它实际上跨越了全球。有了这样的传播,说英语的人说英语的方式发生变化也就不足为奇了!
This chapter isn’t about how to ‘do’ different accents – that task would require a thick book of its own. English has innumerable different accents and is unusual in its geographical scope going as far as the Caribbean, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand and numerous other countries – it literally spans the globe. With such a spread, variations in the way English-speakers speak English is unsurprising!
这并不是说口音是没有问题的!口音会导致问题。在本章中,您将了解如果您的任务被证明是一项挑战该怎么做。
This isn’t to say that accents are a trouble-free zone! Accents can cause problems. In this chapter, you find out what to do if yours is proving a challenge.
调查口音——并对真正重要的事情做出反应
Investigating Accents – and Responding to What Really Matters
您的口音由许多不同的部分组成——元音和辅音的发音、单词重音以及句子的语调和节奏。“口音”一词有时可与“方言”互换使用。方言包括口音,但包含基本的词汇特质,可以使它更像一种不同的语言。(在本章中我不关心方言。)许多人都为他们的口音烦恼或抱怨,但你的口音真正重要的是什么?口音重要的四种主要方式是:
Your accent is made up of many different parts – your pronunciation of vowels and consonants, word stress and the intonation and rhythm of your sentences. The word ‘accent’ is sometimes used interchangeably with ‘dialect’. A dialect includes accent, but contains fundamental idiosyncrasies of vocabulary that can make it more like a different language. (I’m not concerned with dialect in this chapter.) Many people fret or complain about their accents, but what genuinely matters about your accent? The four main ways in which accents matter are:
被理解:这个元素是最重要的。如果人们觉得你能听懂,你的口音可能不会造成问题——或者至少影响不大。有关此重要主题的更多信息,请参阅下一节“加深理解”。
Being understood: This element is the most important. If people find you intelligible, your accent probably doesn’t cause a problem – or at least matters much less. See the next section ‘Increasing understanding’ for more on this essential topic.
听起来悦耳:口音的实际声音可能或多或少令人悦耳,人们的偏好会影响他们对您的回应方式。在“调低和调高你的口音”部分,你会发现一些细微的声音调整,让你听起来更悦耳。
Sounding pleasant: The actual sounds of an accent can be more or less pleasant and people’s preferences affect the way they respond to you. In the section ‘Toning down and tuning up your accent’, you find several minor vocal adjustments that make you more pleasant to listen to.
归属感:口音显示你属于哪里,让你被特定的群体接受并以特定的方式被接纳。口音也可以将您与其他群体的成员区分开来。有关更多信息,请参阅后面的“适应”部分。
Belonging: Accents show where you belong and allow you to be accepted by a particular group and taken in a particular way. An accent can also distinguish you from members of other groups. See the later section ‘Fitting in’ later for more.
在智力或文化上被评判:人们经常用你的口音来判断你的智力或阶级。你可以避免这种情况,正如我在“这是集体行为”一节中所讨论的那样。
Being judged intellectually or culturally: People often use your accent to make judgements about your intelligence or class. You can avoid this, as I discuss in the section ‘It’s a class act’.
你可以完全改变你的口音,很多人已经这样做了(见后面的“改变你的口音”部分)。然而,一个更简单的方法是确定您不喜欢或给您带来问题的口音特征,然后仅修改某些元素以创建与您目前创建的印象不同的印象。这是我在以下部分中的方法。
You can entirely change your accent, and many people have done so (see the later section ‘Changing Your Accent’). A much easier path, however, is to identify features of your accent that you dislike or which cause you problems and then modify just certain elements to create a different impression from the one you create at present. That’s my approach in the following sections.
增进了解
Increasing understanding
基本上,用任何口音说话的最重要特征是人们能听懂你说的话。
Basically, the most important feature of speaking in any accent is for people to understand what you say.
当发生的一切只是他们听不懂你的意思时,你很容易得出结论:人们鄙视你的口音。您自己可能有过与无法正确理解的人交谈的经历,而您必须付出的努力会扼杀任何真正的交流。最后,你只想溜走,结束尴尬。
You can easily jump to the conclusion that people despise your accent when all that’s happening is that they can’t understand you. You’ve probably had the experience yourself of speaking to someone you can’t understand properly, and the effort you have to make stifles any real communication. In the end, you just want to slip away and end the embarrassment.
说英语的人以不懂“外国人”而闻名。造成混淆的原因之一是英语包含许多发音相似但含义不同的单词,这确实会造成混淆,尤其是当有人以不熟悉的方式发音熟悉的单词时。
English speakers are famous for not understanding ‘foreigners’. One of the reasons for confusion is that English contains many similar sounding words with different meanings that can be genuinely confusing, especially when someone pronounces familiar words in an unfamiliar way.
如果听众不熟悉您的口音,请放慢速度!这个建议很明显,但很重要。放慢语速不仅可以让听众有更多时间理解您所说的内容,还可以更轻松地区分句子中的各个词。
If your accent isn’t familiar to your listeners, slow down! This recommendation is obvious but so important. Slowing down not only gives your listeners more time to make sense of what you say, but also makes it easier to distinguish the separate words in your sentences.
当你说话很快时,一切都在一起,听众很难理解声音是如何分解成单词的。例如,如果您要订购一瓶油,则需要传达您正在谈论的是瓶子和油。如果您快速说“A bo'llo'oil”,这些细节就会消失!
When you speak quickly, everything runs together, and listeners struggle to interpret how the sounds divide into words. If, for example, you’re ordering a bottle of oil, you need to communicate that you’re talking about a bottle and about oil. If you say quickly, ‘A bo’llo’oil’, those details disappear!
注意辅音。英语是一种基于辅音的语言;这些声音对理解很重要。如果人们难以理解您的意思,请尝试多输入几个辅音。
Take care with consonants. English is a consonant-based language; these sounds matter for understanding. If people struggle to understand you, try putting in a few more consonants.
除了第六章的辅音练习外,还要说出以下单词,并把每个辅音发音清楚:
In addition to consonant practice in Chapter 6, say the following words and pronounce every consonant clearly:
舒适: com-ft-bl,不是com'table或com'ferble – 四个音节,而不是三个(英语发音)
comfortable: com-f-t-bl, not com’table or com’ferble – four syllables, not three (in English pronunciation)
finished: not finish'(听到强烈的最后'd')
finished: not finish’ (hear the strong final ‘d’)
世界:不是世界'
world: not worl’
跳了:不只是
jumped: not jum’t
窗帘:不是cur'in
curtain: not cur’in
当然,每个地区的发音都不一样,你可能不会完全这样读上面的单词。然而,作为一般规则,不要遗漏有助于人们理解单词的辅音。
Of course, pronunciation varies from region to region, and you may not pronounce the above words in exactly this way. However, as a general rule, guard against leaving out consonants that help people to understand a word.
辅音还会使您的声音向前发展并使您的声音更清晰,而不是将声音困在喉咙后部。例如,比较约翰肯尼迪清晰的音调与阿诺德施瓦辛格的喉音以听出不同之处。
Consonants also bring your voice forward and make your voice clearer, rather than trapping the sound at the back of your throat. Compare for example the clear tones of John Kennedy with the guttural sounds of Arnold Schwarzenegger to hear the difference.
口音尽可能保持一致。说英语的人在语境中理解声音,无论你是说约克郡口音还是肯塔基州口音,听众都会逐渐适应口音中特定的声音模式。
Be as consistent in your accent as possible. English speakers understand sounds in context, and whether you speak with a Yorkshire accent or a Kentucky one, listeners gradually tune into an accents particular patterns of sound.
例如,无论您的口音如何,“sleep”一词必须与“peep”和“leap”押韵,而“slip”一词必须与“pip”和“lip”押韵。如果您的口音始终如一,人们就会理解您,但如果您从一种口音切换到另一种,人们就会完全困惑。例如,如果你的意思是“睡觉”时说“滑”,然后以传统方式发音“跳跃”,你的讲话就会变得非常混乱。
For example, whatever your accent, the word ‘sleep’ must rhyme with ‘peep’ and ‘leap’, and the word ‘slip’ must rhyme with ‘pip’ and ‘lip’. People understand you if your accent is consistent but get utterly confused if you switch from one to another. For example, if you say ‘slip’ when you mean ‘sleep’ and then pronounce ‘leap’ in the traditional way, your speech becomes really confusing.
调低和调整你的口音
Toning down and tuning up your accent
除了易于理解之外,有些口音听起来比其他口音更悦耳。正如您在以下部分中所读到的那样,存在很多陷阱,但是您可以通过稍微改变您的口音来轻松避免其中的大部分陷阱。
Quite apart from ease of understanding, some accents just sound more pleasant than others. Plenty of pitfalls exist, as you can read in the following sections, but you can quite easily avoid most of them by modifying your accent just a little.
玩音调
Playing with pitch
英国东伦敦和埃塞克斯口音偏爱扁平宽元音,因此您会听到更多的“ee”音,这会产生典型的活泼口音,我们将其与伦敦人联系在一起,例如欢乐满人间中的伯特——友好,是的,但缺乏庄严。将这些声音与英国机构的典型声音进行比较,带有长而圆润的元音“How now brown cow”。 内嘴形和较暗的元音会产生更深沉的声音,听起来更具权威性。
The English East London and Essex accents favour flat wide vowels so you get more of the ‘ee’ sounds, which produce the typical chirpy accent we associate with Cockneys like Bert in Mary Poppins – friendly, yes, but lacking in gravitas. Compare these sounds with the typical sounds of the British establishment, with the long rounded vowels of ‘How now brown cow’. The inner mouth shape and darker vowels create much deeper sounds that sound more authoritative.
张开你的嘴
Opening your mouth
其他口音使用不同的嘴型。南肯辛顿和伦敦其他独特地区的上流社会口音只使用舌头和嘴唇的一小部分,而且嘴唇紧闭。这种紧绷会从头部和颈部产生一种受限的高音,听起来几乎是不赞成的。这是著名的英国“僵硬的上唇”的物理特征。例如,英国王室成员的嘴巴和下巴很少动。
Other accents use different mouth shapes. The upper class accent of South Kensington and other exclusive parts of London uses only a tiny portion of tongue and lips and the lips are kept tight. This tightness produces a restricted high sound from the head and neck that can sound almost disapproving. It’s a physical feature of the famous English ‘stiff upper lip’. Members of the British royal family, for example, move their mouth and jaw little.
强烈强调
Emphasising strongly
南方英语的强烈强调给人一种确定的印象。另一方面,受威尔士语柔和的辅音和省略音以及特定语调的影响,威尔士口音带有音乐韵味。威尔士语的柔和使其说话者的声音听起来不如英语的有力——尽管可能更具诗意和音乐性!
The strong emphasis of southern English creates an impression of certainty. The Welsh accent on the other hand, influenced by the soft consonants and elisions and particular intonations of the Welsh language, has a musical ring to it. The softness of Welsh makes its speakers sound less forceful than their English equivalents – though probably more poetic and musical!
如果您想听起来明确,请使用更强的强调。有关有效强调的更多信息,请参阅第 8 章。
If you want to sound definite, use stronger emphasis. See Chapter 8 for more on effective emphasis.
软化鼻音
Softening nasal sounds
一些带有持续鼻音的口音声名狼藉。
Some accents with insistent nasal sounds have acquired especially poor reputations.
纽约和新泽西尖锐的音调在舌后部和软腭中捕捉声音,可能很难听。
The sharp tones of New York and New Jersey, which catch the sound in the back of tongue and soft palate, can be hard to listen to.
Brummie(伯明翰当地口音)被贬义地描述为“表示沮丧的鼻音”。在巴斯温泉大学 2008 年的一项声音调查中,人们认为带有布鲁米口音的人是所有说英语的人中最不聪明的。Jasper Carrott 和 Lenny Henry 等流行的英国漫画给人们留下了这样的印象,即 Brummie 是一种不应该认真对待的口音。语气是浓重的鼻音,不知情的人会认为说这种话的人也很粗重。
Brummie (the local Birmingham accent) has been described pejoratively as ‘a nasal drone that suggests despondency’. In a Bath Spa University survey of voices in 2008, people judged speakers with a Brummy accent as the least intelligent of all English speakers. Popular British comics such as Jasper Carrott and Lenny Henry have added to the impression that Brummie is an accent not to be taken seriously. The tone is nasal and thick, and uninformed people assume that the people who speak it are thick too.
口音流行和过时。对莎士比亚戏剧中使用的押韵和词汇的研究表明,他说的是伯明翰地区当地的西米德兰方言。
Accents go in and out of fashion. Studies made of the rhymes and vocabulary used in plays by Shakespeare suggest that he spoke the local West Midland dialect of the Birmingham area.
注意你的速度
Minding your speed
在世界各地,城市里的人说话快,而乡下人说话慢。普遍持有的假设是,就讲话而言,慢等于愚蠢。这种刻板印象可能是某些人认为带有英国西部乡村口音或美国南方拖腔的人思维迟缓和说话迟缓的部分原因。甚至在 14 世纪写坎特伯雷故事集的乔叟也曾取笑里夫故事中缓慢的北方口音,并暗示他很愚蠢:“所以我来了,”里夫说——“这就是为什么我'来'。
All over the world, people in cities talk fast while country people speak slower. The widely held assumption is that, with regard to speech, slow equals stupid. This stereotype may be part of why some consider people with the British West Country accent or the drawl of the American South to be slow in mind as well as speech. Even Chaucer, writing The Canterbury Tales back in the 14th century, makes fun of a slow northern accent in the Reeve’s tale and insinuates that he is stupid: ‘And therefore is I come ar ye’, says the reeve – ‘This is why I’ve come’.
强势收场
Ending strongly
习惯了 Received Pronciation 降韵律的英国人有时会犯错误,没有认真对待澳大利亚人和新西兰人,因为他们的高音结尾听起来不拘礼节和质疑。在美国、加拿大、南非和其他地方的部分地区也发现了这种说话方式。以较高的音调结束听起来友好和包容,在年轻人中尤其受欢迎,包括在英国,但这种做法会让你听起来不确定,好像你在寻求听众不断的保证。
English people used to the falling cadences of Received Pronunciation sometimes make the mistake of not taking Australians and New Zealanders seriously because their high endings sound informal and questioning. This pattern of speech is also found in parts of the US, Canada, South Africa and elsewhere. Ending on a higher tone sounds friendly and inclusive and is especially popular among young people, including in the UK, but this practice can make you sound uncertain, as if you’re seeking constant reassurance from your listener.
如果您想听起来明确而权威,请以低音坚定地结束您的陈述。
End your statements firmly on a low pitch if you want to sound definite and authoritative.
避免在声门塞上作呕
Avoiding gagging on the glottal stop
许多口音偏爱声门塞音,它取代了诸如“t”之类的辅音。例如,他们说“ca'ill”而不是“ cattle”,或者说“fli”而不是“flight”。这种随意的发音对于听者可以猜到结尾的简单单词是可以的,但在理解更复杂的句子时会严重妨碍理解,例如“E dinna fi a lo'o ba'ills”(苏格兰语版本的“he”不会打很多仗')。
Many accents favour the glottal stop, which takes the place of a consonant such as ‘t’. For example, instead of ‘cattle’ they say ca’ill, or fli’ instead of ‘flight’. This casual pronunciation is okay for simple words where the listener can guess the ending but can seriously get in the way of understanding in more complex sentences, such as ‘E dinna fi a lo’o ba’ills’ (a Scottish version of ‘he doesn’t fight a lot of battles’).
有些口音具有造成跨文化误解的特征。例如,印度人可以被认为过于直接,因为他们说话时语调直接而强烈,音高变化很小。德国人被指责听起来专横,因为他们的语言有很强的强调模式。大多数美国人说话又快又大声,给人以精力充沛、年轻或傲慢的印象。对中国人来说,柔和低沉的声音代表庄重,可能会被误认为软弱或被动。
Some accents have characteristics that create cross-cultural misunderstandings. For example, Indian speakers can be considered too direct just because they speak with direct strong intonation with little pitch variation. Germans are accused of sounding bossy because of their language’s strong emphasis patterns. Most Americans speak fast and loud, which gives the impression of energy, youth or arrogance. Chinese, for whom soft low voices denote gravitas, can be mistaken as feeble or passive.
装在
Fitting in
你说话的方式是你的归属感。尤其是英语,可以非常有效地立即对您进行分类。你来自的地区、你所属的文化和经济群体、你的教育程度和你的年龄都会告诉其他人你属于哪里。
The way you speak is your badge of belonging. English, in particular, is highly efficient at immediately categorising you. The region you come from, the cultural and economic group you’re part of, your education and your age all tell other people where you belong.
许多年轻人群体都有自己的说话方式,包括口音和词汇,以区别于其他群体。学校里的孩子会习得同种口音。在英国和其他地方的主要城市的年轻人中,一种新的都市口音已经形成。更悠闲的社会有更宽松的说话方式。更正式和规范的社会说话方式更简洁。
Many groups of young people have their own ways of speaking, which include accent and vocabulary, to differentiate themselves from other groups. Children in schools acquire a homogenous accent. A new metropolitan accent has grown up among the young in major cities in the UK and elsewhere. Societies that are more laid back have a looser way of speaking. Societies that are more formal and regulated have a more clipped way of speaking.
大多数英国人都乐于属于英国的某个特定地区,并以他们说话的方式宣告这一点。在《社会语言学杂志》最近对 5,000 人进行的一项研究中, 70% 的受访者表示他们为自己的地方口音感到自豪。即使在过去,当标准发音比今天更有声望时,来自约克郡的人也从不使用标准发音说话,因为这样做会使他在社交上与邻居保持距离。
Most British people are happy to belong to a particular area of Britain and to announce it in the way they speak. In a recent study of 5,000 people by the Journal of Socio-linguistics, 70 per cent of respondents said they were proud of their regional accents. Even in the past, when received pronunciation had more prestige than today, someone from Yorkshire never spoke in Received Pronunciation because doing so would have distanced him socially from neighbours.
您所在社区的口音是您身份的一部分。此外,你说话的方式告诉其他人你不属于哪里,人们很快就会根据口音做出假设。
The accent of your community is part of your identity. Furthermore, your way of speaking tells other people where you don’t belong, and people are quick to make assumptions based on accent.
多种口音在其他语言中也很常见。例如,大多数讲特定德语方言的奥地利人会愉快地改用“hochdeutsch”(高地德语),以便外国人更好地理解。意大利人也一样,他们通常对自己出生地的方言感到无比自豪,他们说话时会说更多的托斯卡纳口音,以便更好地理解。对他们来说,这种转变是为了促进沟通,没有声望和阶级的包袱。
Multiple accents are common in other languages too. For example, most Austrians, who speak a particular dialect of German, happily switch to ‘hochdeutsch’ (High German) to be better understood by foreigners. Italians too, who are in general immensely proud of the dialect of their birthplace, speak in a more Tuscan accent to be better understood. For them, the shift is a matter of facilitating communication and lacks the baggage of prestige and class.
这是一场集体表演
It’s a class act
剧作家萧伯纳在他为《皮格马利安》 (这是音乐剧《窈窕淑女》的基础)的序言中声称,“一个英国人只需张开嘴,就会有人鄙视他”。
The playwright George Bernard Shaw claimed in his preface to Pygmalian (which is the basis for the musical My Fair Lady) that ‘an English man only has to open his mouth and someone despises him’.
特别是在英国,口音与阶级密切相关。在上个世纪的大部分时间里,公立学校、牛津大学和剑桥大学以及 BBC 的口音被认为是有文化和有知识的人唯一可以接受的口音——英国各地的人都渴望以这种方式说话。
In the UK, especially, accent is closely associated with class. For much of the last century, the accent of the public schools, Oxford and Cambridge universities and the BBC was considered the only acceptable one for people of culture and intellect – and people all over Britain aspired to speak in that way.
国际著名美发师Vidal Sassoon出生于伦敦东区。当他的父亲身无分文地离开他的母亲时,他早年的大部分时间都在孤儿院度过。当 Sassoon 决定成为一名学徒美发师时,有人告诉他,他的伦敦口音永远无法在 Mayfair 找到工作。所以他努力提高自己的演讲能力,经常去剧院听“时髦”的英语并调整他的耳朵。只有当他能够用“受过教育的”口音说话时,他才得到一份在沙龙的工作。
Internationally famous hairdresser Vidal Sassoon was born in the East End of London. When his father left his mother penniless, he spent much of his early years in an orphanage. When Sassoon decided that he wanted to become an apprentice hairdresser, he was told that he would never get a job in Mayfair with his Cockney accent. So he worked on his elocution, going frequently to the theatre to hear ‘posh’ English and tune his ear. Only when he was able to speak with an ‘educated’ accent was he offered a job in a salon.
离开牛津大学时,玛格丽特·撒切尔 (Margaret Thatcher) 已经完全听不见她儿时的林肯郡口音了。
Margaret Thatcher had no trace of her childhood Lincolnshire accent by the time she left Oxford University.
一名学生问切丽·布莱尔,为什么她没有利物浦口音(因为她是在那里长大的)。她承认她在大学学习法律时改变了口音。
A school student asked Cherie Blair why she didn’t have a Liverpool accent (as she was brought up there). She confessed that she changed her accent while studying law at university.
喜剧演员琳达史密斯在她对口音的评论中毫不妥协。她声称在电影中,主人公总是带有受过英国南部教育的口音。看电影时,如果有人有伦敦腔,她说,“他们一说,‘Fancy a brew up skip’,你就知道他们会在下一帧死去,他们基本上超出了要求。”
The comedian Linda Smith was uncompromising in her comment on accents. She claimed that in films the hero always had a southern English educated accent. Watching a film, if someone had a cockney accent, she said, ‘As soon as they said, “Fancy a brew up skip” you knew they were going to be dead in the next frame, that they were basically surplus to requirements.’
你仍然会有英国政客为了融入当地而选择标准发音口音。对于许多人来说,当他们在牛津或剑桥等大学与其他学生混在一起时,他们的口音自然会发生变化。例如,英国国会议员兼前任大臣帕特里夏·休伊特是澳大利亚人,但无论是自然融合还是故意,他的口音都与玛格丽特·撒切尔的口音非常相似,以适应其他议会成员。
You still get British politicians who go for the Received Pronunciation accent in order to fit in. For many, their accent shifts naturally when they mix with other students at universities such as Oxford or Cambridge. The UK MP and former Minister Patricia Hewitt, for example, is Australian, but has acquired an accent quite similar to that of Margaret Thatcher, whether by natural blending or by design, to fit in with other members of parliament.
在任何情况下,您都不再需要为了适应而学习全新的口音。以下部分没有规定特定的口音,而是采取了稍微不同的策略。
In any case, you no longer need to acquire a whole new accent in order to fit in. Instead of prescribing specific accents, the following sections take a slightly different tack.
庆祝地方口音
Celebrating regional accents
Received Pronunciation 曾经是真理的象征(见边栏“Received Pronunciation”),但在英国已经发生了变化。第二次世界大战期间,障碍开始消失,当时威尔夫·皮克尔斯 (Wilf Pickles) 受雇阅读 BBC 新闻,因为他的约克郡口音不容易被德国人模仿。然后甲壳虫乐队使利物浦口音流行起来,随着正式的“BBC-speak”流行度的下降,英语逐渐变得不那么正式了。
Received Pronunciation used to stand as an emblem of truth (see the sidebar ‘Received Pronunciation’), but that has changed in the UK. The barriers began to come down back in the Second World War, when Wilf Pickles was employed to read the BBC news because his Yorkshire accent couldn’t easily be imitated by the Germans. Then the Beatles made the Liverpool accent popular, and bit by bit English has become less formal with a decline in the popularity of formal ‘BBC-speak’.
地方口音在广播中发挥了自己的作用。在英国,区域发言人开始提供天气预报和园艺建议。(在谈论种植洋葱时,没有人会介意一点西部乡村的味道。)然后 DJ 想要听起来更年轻,John Peel 将他的英国公立学校口音换成了带有利物浦痕迹的口音,以便能够与权威谈论达拉斯电台的甲壳虫乐队。某些苏格兰口音开始流行,因为人们相信苏格兰人听起来比说英语的人更真实。爱尔兰语也开始流行起来,尽管起初不是北爱尔兰语。然后流行节目的主播想要听起来像他们的粉丝,乔纳森罗斯和其他人的埃塞克斯口音被模仿。
Regional accents have come into their own in broadcasting. In the UK, regional speakers began to supply weather forecasts and gardening advice. (No one minded a bit of rural west country when talking about planting onions.) Then DJs wanted to sound younger, and John Peel swapped his English public school accent for one with traces of Liverpudlian in order to be able to talk with authority about the Beatles on Dallas radio. Certain Scottish accents came into vogue in the belief that Scottish people somehow sounded more truthful than English speakers. Irish became popular too, though not northern Irish at first. Then anchors of popular programmes wanted to sound like their fans, and the Essex accents of Jonathan Ross and others were imitated.
随着人口迁入城市,城市口音变得更加流行,乡村口音逐渐消失。与此同时,年轻人开始觉得他们的地方口音不再是获得他们想要的工作的障碍。
As the population moved into cities, urban accents became more popular and rural accents drained away. At the same time, young people began to feel that their regional accents no longer presented barriers to getting the jobs they wanted.
人口和社会的变化每年都在不知不觉中改变发音,直到标准与 50 年前不同。主要影响之一是口语化的东伦敦口音,通常称为河口英语。
Demographic and social changes have imperceptibly changed pronunciation year by year until the norm is different from 50 years ago. One of the main influences has been of the colloquial East London accent often called Estuary English.
“Y” 结尾变得更加强大。英国人现在说happee而不是happi。
‘Y’ endings have become much stronger. Brits now say happee instead of happi.
在 'Tuesday'、'duke' 和 'reduce' 中,您听到的是ch而不是t 。
You hear the sound ch instead of t in ‘Tuesday’, ‘duke’ and ‘reduce’.
元音oo变扁了。人们不再说spoo-oon而是spune。
The vowel oo has become flatter. People no longer say spoo-oon but spune.
英国人已经失去了很多't's。大多数人说take i'而不是 'take it',而tha's ri'而不是 'that's right'。
Brits have lost a lot of ‘t’s. Most people say take i’ instead of ‘take it’, and tha’s ri’ instead of ‘that’s right’.
很多人现在去掉了“牛奶”中的“l” ,而是说“mi-ook ” ,用“appo”代替“apple”。
Lots of people now lose the ‘l’ in ‘milk’ and say mi-ook instead, and appo’ instead of ‘apple’.
所有这些变化的强烈信息是,您可以自由选择您想要的说话方式。地方口音的日益流行对每个人来说都是个好消息。不要担心你的口音是不可接受的。相反,请专注于确保您的信息易于理解并传达您的信息。并享受不同口音为我们的语言和表达带来的更多变化和色彩。
The strong message of all these changes is that you’re free to choose how you want to speak. The increased popularity of regional accents is good news for everyone. Don’t worry that your accent is unacceptable. Concentrate instead on making sure that you’re easily understood and getting your message across. And enjoy the increased variety and colour that different accents offer to our language and expression.
调光豪华的吸引力
Dimming posh’s appeal
与地方口音的兴起形成鲜明对比的是,最近的各种因素给“豪华”口音带来了负面影响:
In contrast to the rise of regional accents, various recent factors have given ‘posh’ accents a bad press:
在 20 世纪 70 年代的经济低迷时期,玛格丽特·撒切尔 (Margaret Thatcher) 简洁的口音和上流社会的举止与特权联系在一起;很大一部分人最终不太信任那些口音相似的人。
In the economic downturn in the 1970s, Margaret Thatcher’s clipped accent and upper-class demeanour became associated with privilege; large segments of the population ended up trusting those who spoke with a similar accent less.
广告研究发现,人们听到地方口音时更加诚实可靠。苏格兰口音成为诚实银行家的口音,约克郡成为值得信赖的人!
Advertising research discovered that people heard regional accents as more honest and reliable. Scottish became the accent for the honest banker, Yorkshire for a person to trust!
由于 Received Pronunciation 或 Standard American pronunciation 具有权威性(想想 Walter Cronkite),听起来更普通的河口英语更符合我们不那么专制的时代。人们不再轻易屈服于被告知如何思考和做什么!
As Received Pronunciation or Standard American pronunciation has an air of authority about it (think Walter Cronkite), the more common-sounding estuary English is more in tune with our less authoritarian times. People no longer submit easily to being told how to think and what to do!
在好莱坞电影中,越来越多的“坏人”操着时髦的(通常是英国口音)。在《哈利·波特》系列电影中,伏地魔和多洛雷斯·乌姆里奇等主要邪恶角色都带有上流社会的口音。
More and more in Hollywood films, it was the ‘baddies’ who had the posh (often British) accents. In the Harry Potter films, the main evil characters such as Voldemort and Dolores Umbridge have upper-class accents.
对于在英国接受过牛津剑桥教育的政治家来说,降低口音对于与关键的边缘选民建立联系变得很重要。有关这种现象的一个很好的例子,请参见边栏“托尼·布莱尔的政治口音”。
For Oxbridge-educated politicians in Britain, dumbing down your accent became important for connecting with crucial marginal constituencies. See the sidebar ‘Tony Blair’s political accent’ for a great example of this phenomenon.
希望吸引广大听众的政治家和公众人物正在中和他们的口音以隐藏他们的根源并听起来更具包容性。聆听巴拉克奥巴马、大卫卡梅伦、奥普拉温弗瑞等人的声音。从种族、教育、文化等方面将他们固定下来变得越来越困难。
Politicians and public figures who wish to appeal to a wide audience are neutralising their accents to hide their roots and sound more inclusive. Listen to the voices of Barack Obama, David Cameron, Oprah Winfrey and others. Pinning them down in terms of race, education, culture and more is becoming increasingly difficult.
这些趋势为您的说话方式提供了一些有用的提示:
These trends offer you some useful tips for the way you speak:
说话自然口语化,包括口音。
Feel free to be natural and colloquial in your speech, including your accent.
即使在正式场合,也可以免去特别正式的语气和风格;今天听起来很生硬。
Even on formal occasions, you can dispense with a special formal voice and style; it sounds stilted today.
注重易懂、发音清晰、语速平稳、强调有力;享受你的口音。
Focus on being understood easily, pronouncing clearly, speaking at a steady pace, and emphasising firmly; and enjoy your accent.
如果您想吸引最广泛的听众,只需稍微修改您的口音,使其更加中性。
If you want to appeal to the widest audience, modify your accent just a little to be more neutral.
加入一个不断缩小、不断变化的世界
Joining a shrinking, ever-changing world
口音目前在熔炉中。电影和电视缩小了世界,结果每个英语国家的人都听到了相同的口音。
Accents are currently in the melting pot. Film and television have shrunk the world, and as a result people in every English-speaking country are hearing the same accents.
虽然在英国、美国和澳大利亚各地仍然出现带有强烈英语韵律痕迹的机构声音,但其他普遍认可的口音正在发展。例如,听听世界各地年轻一代广播员的讲话,你会发现他们的口音彼此之间的共同点比他们来自的地区或国家的共同点更多,包括相对较高的音调、较快的城市节奏、较宽的音调变化——一种从高处俯冲到低处然后再俯冲回来,缺乏真正的低音和极强的强调。
While establishment voices flavoured with traces of strong English cadences still appear throughout the UK, US and Australia, other commonly recognised accents are developing. For example, listen to younger generation broadcasters around the world, and you find that their accents have more in common with each other than with the region or country they come from, including relatively high pitches, fast urban pace, wide pitch variations – a kind of swooping from high to low and back again, a lack of really low notes and extremely strong emphasis.
这种声音中的能量是巨大的,但除非与广播公司试图传达的信息相关联,否则它是空洞的技巧。最好的广播公司有目的地使用精力和多样性来强调他们的观点,而不是作为一种包罗万象的技术。
The energy in such voices is great, but is empty technique unless linked to the message the broadcasters are trying to convey. The best broadcasters employ energy and variety purposefully to underline their points, not as a catch-all technique.
改变你的口音
Changing Your Accent
正如我在前面几节中断言的那样,今天的口音远不如你父母那个时代那么重要。如果你很清楚并且人们可以理解你,那么你的口音就不是你声音中最重要的方面。
As I assert in the preceding sections, accents matter much less today than in your parents’ time. If you’re clear and people can understand you, your accent is not the most essential aspect of your voice.
更重要的是听起来充满活力和兴趣,用你的声音表达你的感受和激情,与人建立良好的联系,并与你的听众产生共鸣。情绪和内在能量的声音可以在所有口音中出现。通常,如果您无法对情绪或气氛做出反应,您的口音只会让人感到不快。如果你与他人相处融洽,你的声音会自然而然地适应他们。例如,如果谈话很安静,你就降低声音;如果话题很严肃,你的语气就会很严肃;如果你玩得开心,你的声音会更轻盈、更活泼。第 15 章为您提供了有关如何进行所有这些转变的提示。
Far more important are sounding alive and interested, showing your feelings and passions in your voice, connecting well with people and empathising with your listeners. The sounds of the emotions and of your inner energy can come across in all accents. Usually your accent only jars with people if you fail to respond to a mood or atmosphere. If you connect well with others, your voice naturally adapts itself to tune in with them. For example, if the conversation is quiet, you moderate your voice; if the subject is serious, your tone takes on gravity; if you’re having fun, your voice is lighter and more buoyant. Chapter 15 gives you hints on how to make all these shifts.
如果您仍然想改变口音,请继续阅读。
If you still desire to change your accent, read on.
想要改变
Wanting to change
电视节目主持人琼·贝克韦尔 (Joan Bakewell) 是一名来自柴郡的文法学校女生,她讲述了自己因为某些单词的发音方式而被剑桥其他曾在顶尖公立学校接受教育的女孩无情地取笑的经历。她说,在一次发作后,她消失在浴室里,然后带着“嘴里有李子”的口音重新出现。她想要听起来像同龄人的简单愿望足以让她做到这一点。当然,她的耳朵也很灵敏,这让她很快就能分辨出新口音的特点。
The television presenter Joan Bakewell, a grammar school girl from Cheshire, recounts being teased mercilessly by other girls at Cambridge – who had been educated at the top public schools – because of the way she pronounced certain words. She says that after one attack she disappeared into the bathroom and re-emerged with the ‘plum in your mouth’ accent ready formed. Her simple desire to sound like her peers was sufficient for her to be able to do it. Of course, she also had a good ear, which enabled her to pick up the distinguishing features of the new accent immediately.
年轻时,我在伦敦老肯特路的一所公立学校教单簧管。这个区域是伦敦曾经被剥夺的一部分——伦敦大富翁棋盘游戏上的道路特征是伦敦最落魄的房地产!在我的第一个早上,我意识到我不会在那种带有切割玻璃萨里口音的环境中呆一天,到一天结束时,我已经很好地匹配了我学生的东伦敦口音并且感觉更合拍了. 需要必须!
As a young woman, I taught clarinet at a state school down the Old Kent Road in London. This area is a part of London that used to be deprived – the road features on the London Monopoly board game as the most down-at-heel real estate in London! On my first morning, I realised that I wouldn’t last a day in that environment with my cut-glass Surrey accent, and by the end of the day I was matching the east London accent of my pupils pretty well and feeling more in tune. Needs must!
不久前,我认识的一个家庭从南部各县搬到了英格兰北部。父母不想让他们的小儿子失去受过教育的口音,所以他们坚持在家里保持良好的发音。但他被当地小学的其他孩子嘲笑他的时髦口音。所以,几乎是立刻,他学会了白话并开始说两种方言,一种在学校,一种在家里。对于孩子来说,拥有双重方言是一种救命策略。
A while ago, a family I know moved to the north of England from the southern counties. The parents didn’t want their young son to lose his educated accent so they insisted on good pronunciation at home. But he was teased about his posh accent by other children at the local primary school. So, almost immediately, he picked up the vernacular and began to speak in two dialects, one at school and one at home. For the child, having dual dialects was a life-saving strategy.
这个策略也可以帮助你。你所需要的只是一种强烈的愿望,以适应与你交谈的人的口音。你也需要倾听;如果你从不听别人说话,你就永远不会了解他们说话的方式!
This strategy can help you too. All you need is a strong desire to fit in with the accent of the people you’re speaking to. You need to listen too; if you never listen to other people, you’ll never tune in to the way they speak!
通过渗透改变
Changing through osmosis
对于大多数人来说,改变口音的最简单方法是尽可能多地与使用你想要掌握的口音的人交流,并尽可能多地自己说。
For most people, the easiest way to modify your accent is to spend as much time as you can with people who speak in the accent you want to acquire and to speak it yourself as much as you can.
除非有强烈的动机,否则很少有人住在一个新的地区或国家并保持自己的口音不变。渗透总是发挥作用。大多数人会适应周围人的声音,这肯定足以让他们以前所在地区的朋友再次见面时注意到他们的口音发生了怎样的变化。不过别担心。祝贺您自己的调音能力,请放心,您并没有永远失去原来的口音——您可以轻松地再次“调出”新口音!
Few people live in a new region or country and keep their own accents untouched unless they have strong motivation to do so. Osmosis always plays its part. Most people accommodate to the sounds of people around them, certainly sufficiently for friends in their former area to notice how their accents have changed when they meet up again. Don’t worry though. Congratulate yourself on your ability to tune in, and rest assured that you haven’t lost your original accent for good – you can easily ‘tune-out’ of the new accent again!
使用教练
Using a coach
改变口音的一种常见方法是聘请声乐教练,这种做法在商界、政界和戏剧界越来越普遍。一般公众认为获得令人信服的新口音是一项重大挑战,但正如“想要改变”部分前面的轶事所表明的那样,有些人毫不费力地成功做到了。
A common way to change your accent is to hire a voice coach, a practice that’s happening more and more in business, politics and the theatre. The general public reckons that acquiring a convincing new accent is a major challenge, but as in the anecdotes earlier in the section ‘Wanting to change’ demonstrate, some people do it successfully with little trouble.
相反,无论她是丹麦人(走出非洲)、英国人(铁娘子中的玛格丽特·撒切尔)、意大利人(麦迪逊郡的桥梁)、美国中西部人(草原之家的伴侣)还是澳大利亚人(黑暗中的哭泣) ) 她有口音,有点像芮妮齐薇格。对于苏菲的选择,例如,她花了四个月的时间学习波兰语,以感受说波兰语所需的肢体动作,这有助于她用英语说出令人信服的波兰口音。但不仅是她的声乐实力,斯特里普还通过这个人的所有举止、手势和能量——所有有助于整体的一切来完整地演绎这个角色。她的天才在于调整而不是丰富的技术。当被问及她如何重现不同的口音时,梅丽尔·斯特里普显然简单地回答说,“我在听”。好建议!
Instead, whether she is becoming Danish (Out of Africa), English (Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady), Italian (The Bridges of Madison County), US mid-western (A Prairie Home Companion) or Australian (A Cry in the Dark) she lives the accent, a bit like Renee Zellweger. For Sophie’s Choice, for example, she went to the lengths of learning the Polish language for four months in order to get a feel for the physical movements required to speak Polish, which helped her to produce a convincing Polish accent in English. But even more than her vocal prowess, Streep lives the character in its entirety with all the person’s mannerisms, gestures, and energy – everything that contributes to the whole. Her genius is a matter of tuning-in rather than a bounty of technique. When asked how she reproduces different accents, Meryl Streep apparently replied simply, ‘I listen’. Good advice!
获得世界上最好的东西:赞美口音
Getting the Best of All Worlds: In Praise of Accents
随着交流变得更容易、更即时和世界范围内,口音变得更加同质化。任何席卷全球的流行热潮都会对口音产生巨大影响。整整一代年轻人通过每周看几次电视肥皂剧《邻居》 ,了解了澳大利亚的质疑节奏。从洛杉矶到伦敦再到悉尼,年轻主持人夸张的强调和极端高低的音调突然出现在电视上。伦敦金融城的年轻高管们经常从文字中去掉最后的“t”,这在 50 年前是闻所未闻的做法。
As communication becomes easier, more instant and worldwide, accents are becoming more homogenous. Any popular craze that sweeps the world influences accents enormously. A whole generation of young people picked up the questioning cadence of Australia through watching the TV soap Neighbours several times a week. The swoopy cadences of young presenters with their exaggerated emphasis and extreme highs and lows of pitch pop up on television from Los Angeles to London to Sydney. Young executives in the City of London regularly drop the final ‘t’s from words, an unheard practice just 50 years ago.
你的口音是你故事的一部分,并且随着你生活在不同的地方并遇到不同的人而继续存在。对于敏锐的耳朵,无论您如何努力改变它,您的口音都会出现。每次你说话,你都会提供一千条关于你的根源和旅程的线索。即使您一生远离出生的村庄,来自那个村庄的人也可能会从您说话的方式中听到一些熟悉的东西,尤其是当您处于压力之下或感到强烈情绪化时。这就像一个指纹。所以享受它!
Your accent is part of your story and continues to be as you live in different places and meet different people. To the acute ear, your accent comes through regardless of your efforts to change it. Every time you speak, you offer a thousand clues to your roots and your journey. Even if you’ve spent a lifetime away from the village of your birth, someone from that village can probably hear something familiar in the way you speak, particularly when you’re under pressure or feeling strongly emotional. It’s like a fingerprint. So enjoy it!
一定要丢掉你口音中最糟糕的品质,但要保留它独特的音乐——这种音乐是你的一部分。
By all means lose the worst qualities of your accent, but keep its unique music – this music is part of who you are.
第13章
Chapter 13
克服犹豫和口吃
Conquering Hesitation and Stuttering
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
解决你的停止反射
Tackling your stop reflex
解决口吃的情绪因素
Addressing stuttering’s emotional components
跟随声音
Following through with sound
改变你的想法,提高流利度
Changing your thinking and bolstering fluency
2010年,电影《国王的演讲》引起的广泛反响和批评使口吃问题进入了公众视野。(参见边栏“口吃——国王的故事”。)
I n 2010, the popular and critical response to the film The King’s Speech brought stuttering into the public gaze. (See the sidebar ‘Stuttering – a king’s story’.)
如果你口吃——或者英国人更常称之为口吃——你就会知道这是一种多么痛苦和困难的情况。我用了整整一章来讨论口吃,因为这种情况会引起高度的焦虑和尴尬,而且常常被误解为纯粹是生理性的发声问题。事实上,口吃很可能涉及口吃者的信念、感知和意图,以及他或她的身体反应。要变得流利,您需要在所有这些层面上解决问题,正如我在后面的部分中解释的那样。
If you stutter – or stammer as people in the UK more frequently call it – you know what a painful and difficult condition it is. I devote a whole chapter to stuttering because the condition causes a high degree of anxiety and embarrassment, and yet has often been misunderstood as a purely physical voice production problem. In reality, stuttering is likely to involve the stutterer’s beliefs, perceptions and intentions as much as his or her physical responses. To become fluent, you need to address the problem on all these levels, as I explain in later sections.
本章讨论了从偶尔的跌跌撞撞到全面口吃的各种犹豫。无论犹豫的程度如何,您都可以自己做很多事情来提高流利程度。我还建议您可以在哪里寻求专业帮助。
This chapter addresses the full range of hesitations from an occasional stumble to a full-blown stutter. Whatever the degree of hesitation, you can do a lot yourself to improve your fluency. I also suggest where you can look for professional help.
犹豫:意识到每个人都会跌倒
Hesitating: Realising that Everyone Stumbles
言语犹豫涵盖了一系列不同的情况,从偶尔的轻微单词绊倒到严重的口吃,从而削弱了日常交流。您是否遇到过这些轻微的绊脚石?
Hesitancy in speech covers a range of different situations, from the occasional slight trip over a word to a full-scale stammer that cripples daily communication. Do you experience any of these milder stumbles?
如果您不确定如何回答问题或接下来要说什么,请犹豫地开始。
Starting hesitantly if you’re uncertain how to answer a question or what to say next.
在找到要说的词之前插入“er”或“um”。
Interjecting an ‘er’ or ‘um’ before you find the words that you want to say.
当您感到困惑、尴尬、情绪低落或不知所措时犹豫不决。
Hesitating when you’re confused, embarrassed, emotionally upset or overwhelmed.
在急于表达一个想法时被言语绊倒,因为你的大脑比你的嘴唇运转得更快。
Tripping over your words in your rush to express an idea because your brain works faster than your lips.
以一种生涩的方式从一个想法跳到另一个想法,因为你脑子里有很多想法。
Leapfrogging from one idea to another in a jerky way because you’ve so many ideas in your mind.
由于年老体弱或帕金森病等身体残疾而犹豫不决。
Hesitating due to shakiness from old age or a physical disability such as Parkinson’s.
如果您知道自己的演讲犹豫不决并想对此做点什么,请采取以下第一步:
If you know that your speech is hesitant and want to do something about it, take the following first steps:
想得更清楚。
Think more clearly.
放慢语速,加重语气。
Slow down your speech and speak with more emphasis.
掌握好呼吸。
Master good breathing.
思路清晰
Thinking clearly
不要被我的下一条评论侮辱!只要知道你想说什么,你就可以避免很多犹豫。我不是说你不知道如何思考,但你可能没有让自己处于良好思考的正确状态或没有足够的时间进行思考。
Don’t be insulted by my next comment! You can avoid much hesitancy just by knowing what you want to say. I’m not suggesting that you don’t know how to think, but you may not be getting yourself in the right state for good thinking or allowing sufficient time for it.
如果你在准备好之前就发言,那你就是在走向收割机。正如亚伯拉罕·林肯所说,“与其大声说出来消除所有疑虑,不如保持沉默并被认为是傻瓜”。然而,许多人在准备好之前就开始讲话了。一旦有人提出问题或期待地看着他们,他们就会感到紧张,而这种紧张只能通过直言不讳来缓解。具有讽刺意味的是,虽然他们为了看起来自信而立即说话,但通常会产生相反的结果。
If you speak before you’re ready, you’re heading for a cropper. As Abraham Lincoln said, it’s ‘better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove all doubt.’ Yet many people start speaking before they’re ready. As soon as someone asks a question or looks at them expectantly, they feel a tension that they can only relieve by launching straight into words. Ironically, though they speak immediately in order to look confident, they usually produce the opposite result.
当您听到人们在每个句子开头都以“erm”开头,然后在几个词后插入“um”时,他们可能正在寻找从他们的脑海中带出的东西,并且因为他们的想法来得不够快,他们觉得无论如何,他们必须发出声音。在这些情况下,思想——而不是声音——正在制造犹豫。
When you hear people start every sentence with an ‘erm’ and then slot in an ‘um’ a few words later, they’re probably searching to bring something out from their minds, and because their thoughts do not come quickly enough, they feel they must make sound anyway. In these situations, the mind – not the voice – is creating the hesitation.
1. 从作品中选出一句话或一小段,大声朗读。
1. Select a sentence or a short section from the piece and read it out loud.
2. 读完你的陈述后,想象有人问你,'你刚才说什么?
2. After you read your statement, imagine someone asking you, ‘What did you just say?’
3. 从你的文本中查找并用你自己的话给出一个更短、更简单的版本。
3. Look up from your text and give a shorter, simpler version in your own words.
如果你的简单版本仍然很长,重复这个问题,“你刚才说什么?” 并进一步简化您的简单版本。
If your simpler version is still quite long, repeat the question, ‘What did you just say?’ and simplify your simpler version yet further.
例如,在一次辅导课上,Sunish 朗读了以下长句:
For example, in a coaching session Sunish read the following long sentence:
能源公司监管机构今天下午将简单的关税和更明确的法案作为能源市场彻底改革提案的核心,因为它警告说,故意混淆系统正在造成市场缺乏竞争,这肯定表明了飙升的利润率,尽管遭到反对,但在过去六个月中,消费者的利润率平均上涨了至少 8%。
The regulator for energy companies put simple tariffs and clearer bills at the centre of proposals for a root and branch overhaul of the energy market this afternoon as it warned that deliberately confusing systems is creating a lack of competition in the market, which is certainly indicated by soaring profit margins, which have risen at least 8 per cent on average for consumers in the past six months in spite of opposition.
在回答“你刚才说什么?”这个问题时 苏尼什不得不在不阅读的情况下想出要点,然后用自己的话说出来。这项任务大大简化了他的陈述。然后我提示他,“你说的话最重要的是什么?” 他进一步简化了。经过几次尝试,他想出了这个较短的版本:
In answering the question, ‘What did you just say?’ Sunish had to think of the main points without reading them and then say them in his own words. This task simplified his statement substantially. I then prompted him, ‘What’s most important about what you said?’ and he simplified even more. After a couple of trial attempts, he came up with this shorter version:
今年燃油费用大幅上涨。监管机构表示,更明确的关税将通过允许客户更轻松地进行比较来增加竞争。
Fuel bills have risen significantly this year. The regulator suggests that clearer tariffs will increase competition by allowing customers to make easier comparisons.
1. 通读一段五分钟的演讲,直到你熟悉为止。
1. Read through to yourself a five-minute speech until you’re familiar with it.
2. 从课文中查找,用不超过五句话概括整个演讲。
2. Look up from the text, and summarise the entire speech in no more than five sentences.
3. 让朋友询问你的演讲来测试你的总结。
3. Test out your summary by having a friend ask you about your speech.
大声回答:'它是关于 . . . ' 并分享您的总结。记住:最多五句话!
Reply out loud: ‘It’s about . . . ’ and share your summary. Remember: five sentences max!
用同一个演讲多次尝试这个过程;你会发现随着重复,总结会变得越来越简洁。
Try the process several times with the same speech; you should find that the summary becomes increasingly succinct with repetition.
这项活动是在社交活动或结识新朋友之前进行的很好的练习。想象一下,当您下次有人问您“您是做什么的?”时能够流利而简洁地回答时,您会感觉有多棒?
This activity is great practice prior to networking events or meeting new people. Imagine how great you can feel when you’re able to respond fluently and concisely the next time someone asks you, ‘And what do you do?’
放慢速度并使用重点
Slowing down and using emphasis
更清晰地思考的最好方法之一就是让自己相信你不需要着急。以下提示是在不牺牲热情的情况下稳定步伐的可靠方法。
One of the best ways to think more clearly is to convince yourself that you’ve no need to hurry. The following tips are sure-fire ways to steady your pace without sacrificing your passion.
花点时间吸气。深呼吸可以帮助你放慢速度,也有助于你的思考。大呼吸等于大思想。另一方面,许多不充分的微小呼吸会打断你的思维模式并分散你的思想。
Take time on the in-breath. A full breath helps you to slow down and helps your thinking too. Big breath equals big thought. Lots of inadequate tiny breaths on the other hand interrupt your thinking pattern and scatter your thoughts.
知道你要精力充沛地去哪里。有一个强烈的意图到达你的想法的结尾,并在你呼气的方式中感受到这个意图,用你的空气移动到你的句子的结尾。当你这样做时,你就不太可能在演讲中加入“嗯”和“啊”。请参阅第 4 章,了解更多关于跟随呼吸的信息。
Know where you’re going energetically. Have a strong intention to reach the end of your thought and feel this intention in the way you breathe out, using your air to move towards the end of your sentence. When you do this, you’re less likely to pepper your speech with ‘ums’ and ‘ahs’. Refer to Chapter 4 for more about following through with your breath.
暂停。听众享受暂停 - 如果只有更多的演讲者意识到这一事实!没有休息,一切都在一起进行,而暂停可以让你打断你的想法并思考新的想法。正如页面上的逗号和句号有助于理解书面句子的含义一样,说话时短暂或较长的停顿有助于听众理解您要说的内容。
Pause. Listeners enjoy a pause – if only more speakers realised this fact! Without breaks, everything runs together, whereas a pause allows you to punctuate your thoughts and think new ones. Just as the comma and the full stop on a page help the meaning of a written sentence, so a short or longer pause in speaking helps your listeners to make sense of what you have to say.
使用准备和解释的语言。有些单词和短语的目的是指示您要去的地方。
Use language that prepares and explains. Some words and phrases have the purpose of signposting where you’re going.
在会议中,不要在开场白中表达你的主要思想——在人们甚至有机会收听之前——首先介绍你的想法。使用诸如“我想在这里添加一些东西”或“我有一个我认为我们应该考虑的想法”之类的词。像这样简短的短语让人们为接下来的事情做好准备。
In a meeting, instead of offering the main thrust of your thought in your opening words – before people even have a chance to tune in – first provide an introduction to your idea. Use words such as, ‘I’d like to add something here’, or ‘I have an idea I think we should consider’. Short, simple phrases like these let people prepare themselves for what’s to follow.
使用重点。强调对句子意思最重要的词。
Use emphasis. Emphasise the words that are most important for the meaning of the sentence.
阅读下面的句子,特别强调斜体字
Read the following sentence, placing strong emphasis on the italicised words
强调你的要点可以 帮助 你放慢语速, 说话有条理, 听起来清晰自信。
Emphasising your main points
helps you to slow down,
to speak with understanding,
and to sound clear and confident.
当你说一个强调重点的句子时,你会发现你确实放慢了速度,听起来清晰而自信——而且任何犹豫都消失了。无论是阅读还是即兴演讲,提醒自己要强调重点,你会发现你的演讲节奏变得更好,意思也更清晰。(你可以在第 8 章找到更多关于有效使用重音的信息。)
When you speak a sentence with strong emphasis, you find that you do indeed slow down and sound clear and confident – and that any hesitancy disappears. Whether reading or speaking off the cuff, remind yourself to emphasise strongly, and you find that your delivery becomes better paced and your meaning clearer. (You can find more about using emphasis effectively in Chapter 8.)
发现口吃的根源
Discovering the Roots of Stuttering
口吃与单纯的犹豫是不同的顺序。口吃的人肯定知道自己有口吃。大多数口吃的成年人长期以来一直在流利地挣扎,并发现口吃是痛苦和痛苦的。他们不断地阻止特定的辅音,努力发出这些声音,并且经常多次尝试初始辅音但没有成功,产生典型的口吃。这个障碍也可以感觉像喉咙里的物理肿块,阻止口吃者说出一个字。
Stuttering is of a different order from mere hesitation. A person who stutters knows for sure that they have a stutter. Most adults who stutter have struggled with fluency for a long time and find stuttering painful and distressing. They constantly block on particular consonants, struggling to get those sounds out, and often attempting an initial consonant several times without success, producing the typical stutter. This block can also feel like a physical lump in the throat, preventing a stutterer from getting a word out.
口吃很常见——英国有 750,000 人口吃,美国有超过 300 万,全球估计有 7000 万。多年来,医学和语音专家一直在研究补救措施。
Stuttering is very common – 750,000 people stammer in the UK, more than 3 million in the US and an estimated 70 million worldwide. Medical and voice experts have looked into remedies for years.
最近,专家们在认识到口吃与其说是语音问题,不如说是系统性沟通问题后,在治愈这种情况方面取得了快速进展。长久以来,专家们孤立地对待身体的声音症状,但是当你进一步审视整个背景并检查原因时,你会发现一个由精神和身体原因组成的环环相扣的系统,包括行为、情绪、感知和信念,这些在之前必须被拆开你终于可以说得很流利了。
Recently, specialists have made rapid advances in curing the condition after recognising that stuttering isn’t so much a voice problem as a systematic communication problem. For too long experts treated the physical vocal symptoms in isolation, but when you look further into the whole context and examine the causes, you discover an interlocking system of mental and physical causes including behaviours, emotions, perceptions and beliefs that have to be unpicked before you can finally speak fluently.
陷入“口吃者”的标签
Getting stuck with the label of ‘stutterer’
口吃几乎总是由早年的恐惧引发。当孩子们害怕他们无法满足权威人物的期望时,通常会触发这种情况,尤其是在说话方面。例如,当他的儿子伯蒂(乔治六世国王)跌跌撞撞时,乔治五世常常表现出不耐烦,并对他咆哮,“把它弄出来!” 有时,孩子们在学校被可怕的孩子吓坏了,发现他们犹豫不决的反应随后被嘲笑,加剧了他们的恐惧。
Stuttering is nearly always triggered by fear at an early age. It’s often triggered when children fear they can’t fulfil the expectations of authority figures, particularly in reference to speaking. George V, for example, used to show impatience when his son Bertie (King George VI) stumbled, and would bark at him, ‘Get it out!’ Sometimes, children are frightened by scary kids at school and find their hesitant responses are then ridiculed, exacerbating their fears.
如果你有一个犹豫不决的孩子,你当然要寻求专业人士的帮助。请注意,您的过度关注会加剧问题,尤其是在孩子还小的时候。乐于接受年幼孩子的犹豫;这种犹豫可能表明您孩子的早期语言技能跟不上聪明的探究智力。在鼓励下,您的孩子应该很快就会流利。
If you have a child who hesitates badly, of course you want to seek help from a professional. Be aware though that over-concern on your part, especially when the child is young, can exacerbate the problem. Be happy to accept hesitation in your young child; this hesitation is probably a sign that your child’s early language skills are unable to keep up with a bright enquiring intelligence. Given encouragement, your child should soon acquire fluency.
当孩子们开始明白不仅他们的言语有问题,而且他们 一定有什么不正常的地方才会产生问题时,口吃就变成了一种完全的残疾。他们将问题内化并承担责任,在这个过程中制造更多的恐惧。
Stuttering becomes a fully-fledged disability when children come to understand that not only is something wrong with their speech, but also that something must be abnormal about them in order to create the problem. They internalise and take responsibility for the problem, creating more fear in the process.
在你承认自己是“口吃者”之后,你就会陷入无法忍受的境地,在这种境地里,你会在不可能的、永无止境的圈子里思考:
After you take on board that you’re ‘a stutterer’, you set yourself up for an intolerable situation in which you think in impossible never-ending circles:
我必须说话,但我不能说话。
I have to speak, but I can’t speak.
我必须停止口吃,但在试图停止时,我阻止了。
I have to stop stuttering, but in trying to stop, I block.
我想说话,但如果我说话,我会阻止,所以我不想说话。
I want to speak, but if I do, I block, so I don’t want to speak.
创造你最害怕的东西
Creating what you fear most
把注意力放在你不想要的东西上是混淆你的潜意识的好方法;每当你想到你不想要的东西时,你就会在脑海中创建一个你害怕的东西的形象,然后它会变得越来越大,成为头脑中的心理障碍,并且变得越来越有可能发生。
Putting your attention on what you don’t want is a great way to confuse your unconscious mind; every time you think about what you don’t want, you create a mental image of the very thing you fear, which then gets larger and larger as a mental block in the mind and becomes ever more likely to happen.
几乎在与他人交流时发生的每一件事都证实了口吃者的信念,即他们出了问题:老师没有正确理解犹豫不决的孩子在说什么,并避免接触;其他孩子懒得停下来听,也不邀请孩子玩。
Almost everything that happens in communication with others confirms a stutterer’s conviction that something is wrong with them: a teacher doesn’t understand properly what a hesitant child is saying and avoids contact; other children don’t bother to stop and listen and then don’t invite the child to play.
如果您与口吃作斗争,您可能会开始以“口吃者”的眼光看待生活,并怀疑自己在各个方面的能力。你觉得你无法与他人相处。你决定你作为一个人的某些事情是不可接受的。你成为你最害怕的一切。
If you struggle with stuttering, you may begin to see life through the eyes of ‘a stutterer’ and doubt your ability in all areas. You sense that you cannot relate to others. You decide that something about you as a person is unacceptable. You become everything you fear most.
如果你把口吃看成是每个人时不时都会犯的那种磕磕绊绊,那它就没什么威力了。但是,当你理解自己容易跌跌撞撞的倾向,当你让它成为一种成熟的异常现象,延伸到你生活的每一个部分时,口吃就会根深蒂固。你开始相信自己很奇怪或与众不同,你没有任何朋友,你在生活的任何方面都没有成功的机会。
If you regard stuttering as the kind of stumbling that everyone does from time to time, it has no power. But stuttering becomes embedded when you make meaning of your tendency to stumble, when you allow it to become a fully-fledged abnormality that extends to every part of your life. You come to believe that you’re weird or different, that you haven’t any friends and that you’ve no chance of any success in any aspect of your life.
这种对口吃含义的解释变成了恶性循环,不断降低你的自尊,并在此过程中自食其力。但是,您可以做出不同的反应,正如我在下一节中展示的那样。
This interpretation of what stuttering means becomes a downward spiral that constantly lowers your self-esteem, feeding on itself in the process. However, you can respond differently, as I show in the following section.
改变你的注意力
Changing Your Focus
当你不再关注口吃时,流利度就会到来。因为考虑不口吃只会加剧你的口吃;你必须让你的头脑去注意一些事情——任何事情——而不是从你嘴里说出的特定单词和声音。
Fluency comes when you stop fixating on stuttering. Because thinking about not stuttering only intensifies your stuttering; you have to get your mind to pay attention to something – anything – other than the specific words and sounds coming from your mouth.
以下部分介绍了多种方法,可以将您的注意力从口吃转移到其他更有用的主题上。
The following sections cover various ways that you can shift your focus from stuttering to other more useful topics.
寻找流利的时间
Seeking out times when you are fluent
几年前,对口吃者的帮助总是侧重于试图治愈口吃的身体表现。但这种做法忽略了一个重要的事实。几乎所有口吃的人都有不口吃的时候。
A few years ago, help for people who stutter always focused on attempting to cure the physical manifestations of stuttering. But this approach ignored an important fact. Nearly all people who stutter have occasions when they don’t.
当您敏锐地意识到其他人的期望并感到压力时,您很可能会口吃。也许您觉得有人在不耐烦地等待答案,或者您在电话中感到紧迫感,或者谈话让您感到紧张,或者您必须在公共场合或对权威人士讲话。在这些情况下,您会变得难为情并进入“恐惧模式”。
You most likely stutter when you’re acutely aware of other people’s expectations and feel under pressure. Perhaps you feel that someone’s waiting impatiently for an answer, or you feel a sense of urgency in a phone call, or maybe a conversation is making you tense, or you have to speak in public or to an authority. On these occasions, you get self-conscious and go into ‘fear mode’.
如果你在特定情况下不口吃,那么你就已经知道如何流利地说话了。因此,寻找关于如何流利说话的线索的明显起点是调查那些你已经流利的时间。
If you don’t stutter in particular circumstances, then you already know how to speak fluently. So the obvious starting point to look for clues on how to speak fluently is to investigate those times where you’re already fluent.
你在脑子里说话?
You’re talking inside your head?
你一个人的时候有时会大声说话吗?
You speak out loud at times when you’re alone?
你跟你的猫或狗说话?
You talk to your cat or dog?
你和亲密的朋友在一起吗?
You’re with close friends?
吵得你自己都听不见?
It’s so noisy you can’t hear yourself?
你觉得完全舒服吗?
You feel completely comfortable?
扮演侦探的角色,仔细检查这些场合。问问自己,每种情况下有哪些因素让我可以流利地说话?写下想到的任何有用的东西。
Play the part of a detective and examine these occasions closely. Ask yourself, what are the factors in each situation that allow me to speak fluently? Write down anything useful that comes to mind.
冒充别人
Pretending to be someone else
有些人在感到难为情时会结结巴巴,但当他们从做自己的束缚中解脱出来并可以假装自己是别人时,就会变得流利。
Some people stutter when they feel self-conscious, but become fluent when they’re released from the straitjacket of being themselves and can pretend that they’re someone else.
演员在私人生活中口吃但在扮演角色时却不口吃的例子比比皆是。我在边栏“名人的流利战术”中提到了罗温·阿特金森、詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯和玛丽莲·梦露,其他明星包括妮可·基德曼、艾米莉·布朗特、布鲁斯·威利斯和安东尼·霍普金斯;许多公众人物在采访中不如在舞台上流畅。
Examples of actors who stutter in private life but not when playing a part abound. I mention Rowan Atkinson, James Earl Jones and Marilyn Monroe in the sidebar ‘Fluency tactics of the famous’, and other stars include Nicole Kidman, Emily Blunt, Bruce Willis and Anthony Hopkins; numerous public figures are much less fluent in interview than on stage.
以类似的方式,口吃孩子的父母经常注意到,当他们的孩子让泰迪熊说话时,口吃就会消失。当然,如果泰迪犯了错误,那只会对泰迪产生不好的影响,而不是孩子!这种现象类似于角色中的演员:当不是“我”时,就没有口吃。
In a similar way, parents of children who stutter often note that when their children have their teddies talk, the stutter disappears. Of course, if teddy makes a mistake, that reflects badly on teddy, not the child! The phenomenon is similar to the actor in a role: when it’s not ‘me’, there’s no stutter.
1. 选择一个您欣赏的名人人物或人物作为传播者。
1. Choose a celebrity figure or character who you admire as a communicator.
2. 换位思考。
2. Step into that person’s shoes.
假装是那个人。站立、移动、打手势、采用表情,甚至尝试像人一样思考、感受和呼吸。花点时间成为另一个人。
Pretend to be that person. Stand, move, gesticulate, adopt the expressions and even try to think and feel and breathe like the person. Take your time to get into being the other person.
3. 像那个人一样说话。
3. Speak as that person speaks.
发表该人发表的评论。如果你愿意,想象一下你就是面试的那个人,告诉面试官你最近的项目,你是如何成名的,或者你期待什么。你越能假装成真,就越容易说话。
Make the kind of comments the person makes. If you like, imagine that you’re that person in interview, and tell the interviewer about your latest project, about how you became famous, or about what you’re looking forward to. The more you can make the pretence real, the easier it becomes to speak.
当你下次需要以你自己的身份说话时,请注意你可以将这种练习的哪些元素融入到你自己的说话中,而不必完全采用不同的角色。
When you next need to speak as yourself, notice what elements of this practice you can take into your own speaking, without having to adopt a different persona in his or her entirety.
唱歌
Singing
言语治疗师莱昂内尔·洛格 (Lionel Logue) 让乔治六世 (King George VI) 唱出他说话有困难的词组,国王发现他的歌声很流利。在他的加冕演说之前,罗格甚至鼓励国王去上歌唱课。
The speech therapist Lionel Logue got King George VI to sing phrases that he was having difficulty speaking, and the King found that he was fluent in song. Before his coronation speech, Logue even encouraged the King to take singing lessons.
从口吃者的角度来看,唱歌有很多好处:
Singing has various things going for it from the point of view of people who stutter:
当一个口吃的人唱歌时,节奏优先于流利度和辅音。一旦节奏占据了其他一切的注意力,阻塞就会被释放。
When a person who stutters sings, rhythm takes precedence over fluency and consonant sounds. As soon as rhythm takes the attention over everything else, blocking is released.
呼吸也有节奏地发生。声音直接跟随呼吸,没有间断。你在音乐的节奏中呼吸,并在节奏中唱起歌来。
Breathing also takes place rhythmically. Sound follows breath directly, with no hiatus. You breathe within the rhythm of the music and break into song within the rhythm.
您没有时间担心第一个节拍,因为下一个节拍紧随其后。如果你的血管里有节奏,你会发现很难不带节奏地唱歌。韵律的脉搏是你内在如此强烈的冲动,它克服了任何阻碍的冲动。
You’ve no time to worry about the initial beat because the next beat comes hard on its heels. If you have rhythm in your veins, you’ll find it quite hard to sing un-rhythmically. The pulse of rhythm is such a strong impulse within you that it overcomes any impulse to block.
不少专业歌手口吃。歌手兼词曲作者卡莉·西蒙 (Carly Simon) 在八岁时感到受阻时转向歌曲发行。歌剧中的男中音罗伯特·梅里尔 (Robert Merrill) 可能是因为他口吃而从小就开始接受歌唱课程的。Scatman John 的节奏几乎超人般流畅。
Quite a few professional singers stutter. The singer and song writer Carly Simon turned to song for release when she felt blocked at the age of eight. The operatic baritone Robert Merrill was probably offered singing lessons in the first place as a child because he stuttered. Scatman John had an almost superhuman fluency in rhythm.
2011 年发生了类似的解锁效果,当时英国国家芭蕾舞团委托罗汉普顿大学研究舞蹈对帕金森氏症患者的影响。研究人员注意到患者转向节奏和音乐的显着效果。
A similar effect of unlocking happened in 2011, when the English National Ballet commissioned Roehampton University to conduct research into the effects of dancing for Parkinson’s sufferers. Researchers noticed remarkable results from patients moving to rhythm and music.
1. 找一首你熟悉的旋律朗朗上口的歌曲。“When the Saints Go Marching In”具有适合此目的的强烈节奏。
1. Find a song with a catchy tune you know well. ‘When the Saints Go Marching In’ has a good strong rhythm ideal for this purpose.
2. 尽情地唱这首歌,用脚打出节奏。不要担心让它变得完美;只需要强烈的节奏和热情的能量。
2. Sing the song with plenty of gusto, beating out the rhythm with your foot. Don’t worry about getting it perfect; strong rhythm and enthusiastic energy are all that’s needed.
3. 用脚再次跟上节奏,但这次要有节奏地念出歌词,而不是唱出来。再次强调,强烈的节奏和热情是唯一的要求。
3. Get the rhythm going again with your foot, but this time say the words in rhythm instead of singing them. Again, strong rhythm and enthusiasm are the only requirements.
4. 默唱旋律的第一行,伴着优美的节拍,第二行,代替歌词,开始口头评论。
4. Sing the first line of the tune in silence to a good beat, and for the second line, instead of the song lyrics, launch into a spoken comment.
(第 1 行无声唱):'O when the saints go marching in, o when the saints go marching in.'
(Line 1 sung in silence): ‘O when the saints go marching in, o when the saints go marching in.’
(第 2 行在曲子开始时开始,但有口语)“我想给大家讲一个故事。”
(Line 2 starting when the tune starts, but with spoken words) ‘I want to tell you all a story.’
用脏话把它说出来
Getting it out with bad language
许多结巴的人承认,他们发誓时从不口吃。在咒骂中,您利用两个重要因素来提高流利程度:
Many people who stutter admit that they never stutter when they swear. In swearing, you utilise two important factors for fluency:
当你发誓时,你已经打破了障碍——你已经超越了关心他人想法的强大抑制因素。在《国王的演讲》中一个令人难忘的场景中, 洛格故意挑起国王发誓。
When you swear, you’re already breaking a barrier – you’ve already moved beyond the powerful inhibitor of caring what others think. In a memorable scene in The King’s Speech, Logue deliberately provokes the King to swear.
顺便说一句,脏话最喜欢的初始辅音与口吃者难以说出的辅音之间存在有趣的相关性——例如“f”、“c”和“b”!
Incidentally, there’s an interesting correlation between the favourite initial consonants for swear words and the consonants that people who stutter find hard to say – ‘f’, ‘c’ and ‘b’ for instance!
使您发誓的强烈情感将您从呼吸直接带入语言。愤怒的情绪比恐惧的抑制更强大,所以你不要阻止。
The powerful emotion that makes you swear carries you straight from breath into language. The emotion of anger is more powerful than the inhibitor of fear, so you don’t block.
请参阅第 7 章,了解莎士比亚的侮辱性示例,在不冒犯邻居的情况下大声练习。注意你可以为侮辱带来的强大精神能量,并尝试对其他强烈(但可以接受!)的评论使用类似的能量,例如,加油!机不可失,时不再来!只争朝夕!
Go to Chapter 7 for examples of Shakespearean insults to practice loudly without offending your neighbours. Notice the strong mental energy you can bring to the insults and try using similar energy for other strong (but acceptable!) comments such as, Go for it! Now or never! and Seize the day!
和朋友在一起
Being among friends
许多通常口吃的人发现,当他们在朋友、家人或宠物面前感到自在时,他们会说得很流利。同样,许多孩子很容易与他们的玩具或看不见的朋友交谈。刘易斯·卡罗尔(查尔斯·道奇森饰)在大人面前结结巴巴,但在年轻女孩面前却不结巴,因为他觉得和她们在一起更自在。
Many people who normally stutter find that they’re fluent when they feel comfortable among friends and family or with pets. Similarly, many children easily talk to their toys or an invisible friend. Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson) stammered in the company of adults but not with young girls because he felt more comfortable with them.
当你和朋友在一起时,焦虑感很低,其他能量,如信任、好奇心和联系,都会发挥作用。您完全专注于与他人互动,没有时间关注自己的表现。你不再参与测试;你在谈恋爱。
When you’re among friends, anxiety is low, and other energies, such as trust, curiosity and connection, come into play. You’re completely absorbed in interacting with others and don’t have time to focus on how you’re performing. You’re no longer involved in a test; you’re in a relationship.
在国王的演讲后期的一个场景中,罗格鼓励乔治六世国王在向全国广播之前只把他当作朋友来讲话。事实上,他的整个教练工作都是为了促进平等友谊的理念。
In a scene late in The King’s Speech, Logue encourages King George VI before his broadcast to the nation to speak just to him as a friend. In fact, the whole of his coaching has been about promoting the idea of a friendship between equals.
请参阅第 15 章,了解与其他人交流的技巧。你会发现,当你专注于对方而不是自己时,对不流利的恐惧就会消失。
Look at Chapter 15 for tips on tuning in to other people. You find that as you focus on the other person instead of on yourself, fears of non-fluency melt away.
避免自我判断
Avoiding self-judgement
在频繁磕磕绊绊的初期阶段,阻塞并没有成为一种坚定的习惯。正如我在前面“发现口吃的根源”一节中所描述的那样,当口吃的人变得自我批评并且对自己的感受有感觉时,阻塞就会发生。这种阻碍是犹豫的人经常发现即兴发言更容易的原因之一,而在一排人中等待做自我介绍可能简直就是地狱——太多时间来建立自我意识和自我-批评!
Blocking doesn’t become a firm habit in the initial phase of frequent stumbling. As I describe in the earlier section ‘Discovering the Roots of Stuttering’, blocking happens when people who stutter become self-critical and have feelings about what they feel. This blocking is one of the reasons that someone who is hesitant often finds speaking off the cuff easier, whereas waiting in a line of people to do a self-introduction can be sheer hell – too much time to build up self-consciousness and self-criticism!
在国王的演讲中,莱昂内尔·洛格与乔治六世国王的第一幕是向他证明国王可以流利地讲话,方法是让他戴着耳机大声播放音乐大声朗读一段话。伯蒂可以流利地阅读这段话,因为他无法听到自己的声音,也无法批评他的犹豫。
In The King’s Speech, Lionel Logue’s first act with King George VI is to prove to him that the King can speak fluently by asking him to read a passage out loud while wearing earphones blaring out loud music. Bertie can read this passage fluently because he is unable to hear himself and criticise his hesitations.
改变你的想法
Changing Your Thinking
口吃者和他们的言语治疗师过去倾向于通过治疗症状来达到不口吃的结果——好像身体流畅是解决一切问题的良方。这种方法的目的是错误的。考虑到口吃的人有时可以说得很流利,他们的问题不仅仅是身体上的。变得流利需要你看得更远。
People who stutter and their speech therapists have in the past tended to aim towards an outcome of non-stuttering by treating the symptoms – as if being physically fluent were the cure to everything. This approach aims in the wrong direction. Given that people who stutter can at times speak fluently, their problems are not solely physical. Becoming fluent requires you to look wider.
我读过的关于克服口吃的最好的书是Bob G Bodenhamer 的《我有发言权:如何停止口吃》 (Crown House Publishing,2011 年)。这本重要的书采用了博登哈默自己的实践和研究成果,加上对该主题的最新思考,提供了一条可以适应个人的成功之路。尽管您可以自己处理他的许多流程,但您需要与专业人员合作处理他描述的某些流程。专门从事语音工作的经验丰富的神经语言编程 (NLP) 从业者可以提供帮助。
The best book I have read on overcoming stuttering is I Have a Voice: How to Stop Stuttering (Crown House Publishing, 2011) by Bob G Bodenhamer. This important book takes the fruits of Bodenhamer’s own practice and research, plus the latest thinking on the subject to provide a pathway to success that can be adapted to the individual. Although you can work on many of his processes on your own, you need to work with a professional on some of the processes he describes. An experienced neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) practitioner specialised in voice work can help.
在博登哈默看来,成功取决于意识到你有能力改变你对口吃的看法——我在以下部分概述了一个强大的过程。
In Bodenhamer’s view, success depends on realising that you have the capacity to change your thinking about stuttering – a powerful process that I outline in the following sections.
挑战你的感受
Challenging your feelings
口吃有一种生理影响——喉咙、下巴、颈部或胸部出现肿块或阻塞物。但身体上的影响是由情绪恐惧引起的——害怕达不到预期,不够聪明或不够快,害怕别人的判断,害怕自己口吃和随之而来的灾难。
Stuttering has a physical effect – a lump or block in your throat, jaw, neck or chest. But the physical effect is caused by emotional fears – of not meeting expectations, of not being smart enough or fast enough, of others’ judgements, of stuttering itself and of the ensuing disaster.
感情并不简单;它们是一个复杂的包,包含多层感受和对这些感受的感受。一般来说,对于口吃者来说,第一层是焦虑、自觉、绝望和无助;第二行是对第一感觉的愤怒、沮丧和怨恨。这些次要情绪甚至可能比主要情绪更强烈。
Feelings aren’t simple; they’re a complex package with layers of feelings and feelings about those feelings. Generally, for stutterers, in the first layer are anxiety, self-consciousness, hopelessness and helplessness; in the second line are anger, frustration and resentment about the first feelings. These secondary feelings can be even stronger than the primary emotions.
一个简单的情绪触发器本身就可以点燃整个节目,就像烟花汇演上的主导火索一样,让你受阻。麻烦可能始于有人盯着你看,等待答案。这种情况会在你身上产生自我意识,引发焦虑,让你感到无助,然后你开始对自己感到愤怒和沮丧。. . 保险丝断了,你口吃。
A simple emotional trigger on its own can fire off the whole show, like the master fuse on a fireworks display, causing you to block. Trouble may start with someone staring at you, waiting for an answer. This situation creates self- consciousness in you, which triggers anxiety, which makes you feel helpless, and then you start feeling angry and frustrated with yourself . . . off goes the fuse and you stutter.
你的状况的压力给了你狭隘的视野,所以口吃成为了一切,没有前后,也没有范围的限制。你开始灾难化并为小时刻赋予强大的意义:
The stress of your condition gives you tunnel vision, so that stuttering becomes the be all and end all, with no before and after, and no limit to its scope. You begin to catastrophise and attach powerful meaning to small moments:
|
扳机 Trigger |
意义 Meaning |
|
我口吃。 I stutter. |
我有什么地方不对劲,我是个坏人。 Something is profoundly wrong with me, and I am a bad person. |
|
我刚刚滑倒了。 I just slipped. |
我一直口吃,而且无论何时何地,我都会。我必须始终谨慎行事。 I’ve always stuttered and I always will at all times and in all places. I must always try to play safe. |
|
我现在很紧张。 I feel nervous just now. |
在任何地方,我都会结结巴巴,出丑。 In all places, I will always stutter and make a fool of myself. |
|
人们没有听懂我说的话。 People didn’t get what I said. |
我没有朋友,没有人喜欢我,我被拒绝,一直孤独。我永远无法断言自己。 I haven’t got friends, no one likes me, I’m rejected and alone for all time. I can’t ever assert myself. |
|
我感到紧张。 I feel nervous. |
我所有的感受都会给我带来麻烦。对任何事情都有强烈的感情是不安全的。 All my feelings create problems for me. It isn’t safe to have strong feelings about anything ever. |
1. 挑战流利程度的重要性。
1. Challenge the all-consuming importance of fluency.
提醒自己,你的生活不仅仅是流利的。生命不仅仅是自我意识。
Remind yourself that your life is more than fluency. There is more to life than consciousness of self.
2.挑战你的低自我价值。
2. Challenge your low self-worth.
口吃并不意味着你也很愚蠢、毫无价值或完全不适合作为一个人。提醒自己,你是一个聪明、能干、有价值的人。
Stuttering does not mean that you’re also stupid or worthless or completely inadequate as a human being. Remind yourself that you’re an intelligent, capable and worthwhile person.
3. 挑战你对人际关系的思考。
3. Challenge your thinking about relationships.
口吃并不能阻止良好的人际关系。许多口吃的人都有好朋友。
Stuttering does not prevent excellent relationships. Plenty of people who stutter have good friends.
4.挑战你对他人好感的依赖。
4. Challenge your dependence on the good opinion of others.
发展你的内部参考,这样你就不会太依赖别人来获得幸福感。开始注意什么在你的生活中运作良好——所有那些小的成功和快乐的时刻。
Develop your internal reference so that you don’t depend on others so much for your sense of well-being. Start noticing what is working well in your life – all those small successes and happy moments.
5.挑战你的绝望。
5. Challenge your hopelessness.
成功是可能的;许多人已经做到了。开始相信你的流利程度。你不是无能为力。
Success is possible; many have achieved it. Start to believe in your fluency. You’re not powerless.
6. 挑战你对压力的感觉。
6. Challenge your feeling about stress.
犯错没关系。事实上,任何聪明人都不可能不这样做!你有时很冷静,所以你知道如何冷静。(翻到第 5 章开始。)你并非无助。
It’s okay to make mistakes. In fact it’s impossible for any intelligent person not to! You’re sometimes calm, so you know how to be calm. (Turn to Chapter 5 to get started.) You’re not helpless.
一一挑战这些信念。与称职的教练一起训练其中的一些是一个很好的举措。国际教练联合会有合格教练名单,其中许多人可以帮助您完成此类工作 ( www.coachfederation.org) 。
Challenge these beliefs one by one. Working on some of them with a competent coach is a good move. The International Coach Federation has lists of qualified coaches, many of whom can help you with this kind of work (www.coachfederation.org).
选择你的情绪状态
Choosing your emotional state
情绪是口吃问题的核心。寻求流利度的一个重要工具是意识到您不必被负面情绪所困。您可以随时改变您的情绪状态——只要您:
Emotions lie right at the heart of the problem of stuttering. One great tool in your search for fluency is the realisation that you don’t have to be stuck with negative feelings. You can change your emotional state at any given moment – as long as you:
知道你在寻找什么状态。
Know what state you’re looking for.
知道处于你想要的状态是什么感觉。
Know what it feels like to be in the state you want.
1. 发现你目前的情绪状态。
1. Discover your current emotional state.
也许你感到恐慌。伟大的。感受那种感觉。
Perhaps you feel panicky. Great. Feel that feeling.
2. 深吸一口气,用力吐气,放下那种感觉。
2. Take a big breath, and release air quite strongly, letting go of that feeling.
摇动你的肩膀和身体来改变你的状态。
Shake your shoulders and body as well to change your state.
3. 想想你想要什么状态——也许是平静。
3. Consider what state you would like instead – maybe calm.
回想一下您处于平静状态时在不同情况下的时间。
Remember a time in a different context when you were in a state of calm.
4. 重现那种平静的状态。
4. Recreate that state of calm.
以您平静时所见、所听和所感的相同方式看、听和感受。进入那种平静的状态,平静的呼吸,平静的画面,平静的声音,平静的思想,平静的感受。享受它的安静与和平。了解处于这种状态的每一个特征和品质,这样你就可以随时回到它。
See, hear and feel in the same way you saw, heard and felt when you were calm. Enter into that state of calmness, with calm breath, calm pictures, calm sounds, calm thoughts and calm feelings. Enjoy its quietness and peace. Get to know every feature and quality of being in this state so that you can return to it whenever you want.
5. 在你的脑海中向前跑到你可能会感到恐慌的时候。
5. Run forward in your mind to a time when you’re likely to feel panic.
6. 呼吸你现在熟知的平静状态。
6. Breathe in the state of calm that you now know well.
提醒自己:淡定的呼吸,淡定的画面,淡定的声音,淡定的思绪,淡定的感受。享受你的新状态。
Remind yourself: calm breath, calm pictures, calm sounds, calm thoughts and calm feelings. Enjoy your new state.
用你喜欢的其他感受重复这个练习,而不是你当前的负面感受。以勇气、决心、信任、放松和心流——或您自己选择的任何状态来尝试。
Repeat this practice with other feelings you prefer instead of your current negative feelings. Try it with courage, determination, trust, relaxation and flow – or any state of your own choosing.
你的感受是一种选择。你有选择的权力。
How you feel is a choice. You have the power to choose.
充满激情的说说
Speaking with passion
许多口吃的人在说话时采取了一种极其谨慎的策略,慢慢地,小心地选择更容易说的词。但有时最好的补救措施是违反直觉的,而激情就是其中之一。让你的激情自由发挥似乎是有风险的,但这样做可能是你作为演讲者的救赎(见边栏“激情释放”)。
Many people who stutter employ a strategy of extreme caution when they speak, and go slowly, carefully choosing words that are easier to say. But sometimes the best remedies are counterintuitive, and passion is one of these. Allowing your passion free rein may seem risky, but doing so can be your salvation as a speaker (see the sidebar ‘Passionate release’).
正如英国工党政治家阿纽林·贝文 (Aneurin Bevan) 发现的那样,激情的力量可以消除焦虑情绪。作为一名矿工的儿子,他是工人权利和反对英国阶级制度的热情斗士。他在激情中找到了流利。当他变得热情时,他的思想和情感完全集中在他之外的事物上,结果他的口吃消失了。
The power of passion can squash feelings of anxiety, as the British Labour politician Aneurin Bevan found. The son of a miner, he was a passionate fighter for workers’ rights and against the British class system. He found fluency in passion. When he became passionate, his thoughts and emotions were focused entirely on something outside himself, and as a result his stammer disappeared.
乔治六世在发表他最著名的战时演说时也有过类似的经历。即使作为一个严重的口吃者,在 Logue 的支持下,他也找到了自己真正的热情并坚持了下来。
George VI had a similar experience when he gave his most famous wartime address. Even as a severe stutterer, with Logue’s support he found his genuine passion and it carried him through.
当你充满激情时,你会吸入激情,它的能量会毫不停顿地直接表达出来。此外,由于激情是一种全身性的情绪,因此您需要用横膈膜和下部肌肉进行有力的呼吸。这种能量进入声音。
When you’re passionate, you breathe in the passion, and its energy goes straight into expression with no pause between. Moreover, as passion is a whole-body emotion, you take a full strong breath using your diaphragm and lower muscles. This energy follows through into sound.
将你的手臂向前摆动,在你的头顶上方画一个大的垂直圆圈,然后再次向下摆动,扫过你的大腿。
Swinging your arm forwards in a big vertical circle up and above your head and then down again in a broad sweep past your thigh.
向前迈出一大步,着地时弯曲你的腿。
Taking a big step forward and bending your leg as you land.
双臂在身前并拢举起,然后向下扫过大腿,最后向外弯曲,当双臂到达最低点时弯曲膝盖。
Raising both arms together in front of you and then sweeping them down past your thighs curving outwards at the end, bending your knees when the arms reach their lowest point.
现在找到你想充满激情地说的话,随着向上的运动充满激情地吸一口气,当运动强烈向下到达最低点时充满激情地说出你的话。如果你愿意,可以从一个词开始,比如“哇!” 或“是的!” 然后用一句话来尝试这个动作。
Now find something you want to say with passion, take a full passionate breath with the upward movement, and say your words with passion as the movement comes downwards strongly to its lowest point. If you like, start with just one word, like ‘Wow!’ or ‘Yes!’ Then try the movement with a sentence.
试试这个练习,既可以轻声又可以大声说出一些话。无论体积如何,能量几乎保持不变。您可以在第 11 章中找到有关解锁语音的其他有用材料。
Try this practice saying something quite softly as well as loudly. The energy remains almost the same regardless of volume. You find other useful material on unlocking your voice in Chapter 11.
扩大你的框架
Expanding your frame
口吃的人常常把自己的经历当作一切的总和。改变来自于扩大你的参照系。
People who stutter often make their own experiences the sum total of everything. Change comes in expanding your frame of reference.
提醒自己,除了这种口吃,你还有更多的东西。你也是一个能说会道、有激情、有决心等等的人。你有灵活性。
Remind yourself that there’s more of you than this stuttering. You’re also a person who speaks fluently, has passions, determination and so on. You have flexibility.
将其他人和他们的看法整合到您的框架中。不要试图读懂别人的想法,而是真正地站在别人的立场上去核实真相。
Integrate other people and their perceptions into your frame. Stop trying to read others’ minds and really step into the shoes of others to check the truth.
走出自己,从月球上看情况。从那么远的距离来看,犹豫到底有多重要?
Step outside yourself and look at the situation from the moon. From that great distance, how important is hesitation really?
使用神经语言程序设计 (NLP) 技术
Using neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) techniques
为了让你口吃,一些与你的情绪相关的身体失误影响了你的感知和信念,导致了习惯性的反应,这些反应有自己的生命并且感觉不受你的控制。如果你口吃是为了了解你是如何口吃的,而不是保持困惑和失控,你会发现这是积极的肯定。
In order for you to stutter, some physical stumbles connected with your emotions have influenced your perceptions and your beliefs, resulting in habitual responses that have lives of their own and feel out of your control. You’ll find it positively affirming if you stutter to gain understanding of how you stutter instead of remaining confused and out of control.
NLP 和相关学科的从业者在将口吃视为一个系统并开发可以帮助口吃者的模型方面特别成功。每个口吃的人都是不同的,因此不同的模型对不同的人更有效。
Practitioners of NLP and associated disciplines have been particularly successful at looking at stuttering as a system and developing models that can help the stutterer. Every person who stutters is different, and therefore different models are more effective for different people.
Circle of Excellence可以让您培养更足智多谋的心态,例如冷静、控制力、灵活性、积极性等。
Circle of Excellence permits you to develop more resourceful states of mind, such as calm, control, flexibility, positivity and so on.
感知位置鼓励您采取不同的观点并从狭隘的视野中开放,以更清晰、更平衡的方式看待问题。
Perceptual Positions encourage you to take different perspectives and open up from your tunnel vision to see matters in a clearer, more balanced way.
The Phobia Cure让您摆脱基于恐惧的口吃因素,从而避免陷入情绪的“黑洞”。
The Phobia Cure allows you to dissociate from the fear-based elements of stuttering and therefore avoid falling into the ‘black hole’ of your feelings.
积极的副产品让您了解阻止行为背后的积极动机,例如保护自己免受伤害、获得控制权、报复权威人士等。了解口吃是如何达到目的的,您可以找到替代且危害较小的方法来实现您的意图。Bob Bodenhamer 在本节前面提到的关于口吃的书中探讨了这种搜索和其他 NLP 技术。
Positive By-Products allows you to understand the positive motivations behind blocking behaviours, such as protecting yourself from hurt, gaining control, getting back at people in authority and so on. Seeing how stuttering served a purpose, you can find alternative and less harmful ways to achieve your intentions. Bob Bodenhamer explores this search and other NLP techniques in his book on stuttering mentioned earlier in this section.
重印包括回到童年开始口吃的那个点,并在那个点建立新的信念,伴随你一生。
Re-imprinting involves going back to the point in childhood when stuttering began and establishing new beliefs at that point to take with you through life.
Swish 模式在您决定阻止的那一刻打断您口吃的习惯,并养成一个不同的、更有用的习惯。
The Swish Pattern interrupts your habit of stuttering at the very point at which you decide to block and puts in place a different, more useful habit.
您可以在 Romilla Ready 和 Kate Burton (Wiley) 合着的《傻瓜神经语言编程》中找到有关这些技术和许多其他有用资源的详细信息。与训练有素的 NLP 教练一起工作可以提高我在本章中介绍的所有过程的有效性。
You can find details about these techniques and many other useful resources in Neuro-Linguistic Programming For Dummies by Romilla Ready and Kate Burton (Wiley). Working with a trained NLP coach boosts the effectiveness of all the processes I introduce in this chapter.
第五部分
Part V
与更广泛的公众接触
Engaging with a Broader Public
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
所以你必须发表演讲?在这里,您可以找到有用的演示和公开演讲技巧。你会发现最伟大的演讲者所使用的神奇的联系艺术。我向您介绍了不同工作所需的特定谈话技巧,以帮助您的职业生涯。
So you have to give a speech? Here you find useful know-how for presenting and public speaking. You discover the magic art of connection used by the greatest speakers. I introduce you to the particular talking skills needed in different jobs to help you in your professional life.
第14章
Chapter 14
发展你的公众声音
Developing Your Public Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
准备和分享演讲
Preparing and sharing a speech
为政治发声
Pitching your voice for politics
回答尖锐的问题
Responding to tough questions
培养媒体技能
Developing media skills
一旦您从与一个人交谈转变为与任何规模的一群人交谈,新的动态就会发挥作用,因为您不能再依赖于其他人的直接暗示,即他们正在参与。在一个群体中,不同的成员可能会有不同的反应。你也不能通过正常对话的交流和一对一的眼神交流来应用你自然的谈话习惯。
As soon as you move from talking to one person to addressing a group of any size, new dynamics come into play as you can no longer rely on direct cues from the other person that they’re engaged. In a group, different members may react differently. Nor can you apply your natural conversational habits with the give and take of normal dialogue and one-to-one eye contact.
对于某些人来说,在公共场合讲话没什么大不了的。他们愉快地从对一个人讲话到对一群人讲话。但是,如果您害怕在人前讲话,您可能会觉得自己在表演或炫耀,并发现自己的信心动摇。
For some people, speaking in public is no big deal. They alternate happily from speaking to one person to addressing a group. But if you dread speaking in front of people, you may feel as if you’re acting or showing off, and find yourself faltering in confidence.
从会议和采访到展示、谈判、推销或婚礼致辞,您需要能够跨越与一两个听众有效沟通和与一群人有效沟通的鸿沟。在接下来的部分中,我将引导您进入公共领域并分享我与团体联系的所有最佳技巧。
From meetings and interviews to presenting, negotiating, selling or giving a wedding speech, you need to be able to cross the divide between communicating effectively with an audience of one or two, and a group. In the following sections, I guide you into the public arena and share all my best tips for connecting with groups.
从私人到公共
Crossing from Private to Public
一对一,您可以发现听众在表达不同感受时眼中的细微变化。但是,当您的听众在十几米之外——或者半个世界之外的电话会议的另一端时——您会错过那些细微的变化。
One-to-one, you can spot minute changes in your listener’s eyes as he or she expresses different feelings. But when your listeners are a dozen metres away – or half the world away on the other end of a teleconference – you miss those subtle variations.
与听众交谈时,您必须使用一些不同的技巧让他们捕捉到您想要传达的内容的细微差别。最优秀的专业表演者知道如何与观众建立牢固的联系,您也可以。
When speaking to an audience, you have to use a few different skills for them to catch the nuances of what you want to get across. The best professional performers know how to connect strongly with an audience, and you can too.
填充空间
Filling the space
您是否曾在意想不到的情况下遇到过名人——例如,一位走在街上的知名演员?你有没有想过,'哦,它们比我想象的要小得多!'?好演员是有在舞台上“成长”的能力的。
Have you ever encountered someone famous in a context where you don’t expect to see them – a well-known actor walking down a street for instance? And did you think, ‘Oh, they were much smaller than I thought they were going to be!’? A good actor has the ability to ‘grow’ on stage.
让你的动作更慢更明确。使任何手势更加明显。
Make your movements slower and more definite. Make any gestures more obvious.
说清楚,尤其是词尾和句尾。在第 6 章中,我分享了让你的用词清晰的方法。
Speak clearly, especially the ends of words and ends of sentences. In Chapter 6, I share ways to make your diction clear.
给你的话语留出足够的空间——放慢速度!有关节奏和步调的更多信息,请参见第 7 章。
Give lots of space to your words – slow down! See Chapter 7 for more on rhythm and pacing.
想想你的声波从你身上传播开来,并在各个方向产生共鸣,而不仅仅是直接从你的嘴里发出。我将在第 9 章详细解释共振。
Think of your voice waves spreading out from you and resonating in all directions and not just straight forward from your mouth. I explain more about resonance in Chapter 9.
不要屈服于为了让别人听到而大声说出来的诱惑。这样做只会让你变得更小、效率更低。此外,这对你的声音不好。
Don’t give in to the temptation to push your voice out in order to be heard. Doing so just makes you smaller and less effective. Besides, it’s not good for your voice.
即兴创作老师基思约翰斯通在他关于演员即兴创作的经典著作Impro (Routledge,1987 年)中谈到了地位的主题。地位高的人在群体中占主导地位,而地位低的人则显得渺小。如果您想掌控自己的空间,他对地位高低的描述提供了一些有用的提示。下表描述并对比了高低状态,因此您可以知道要避免什么——以及要效仿什么!在你说话的时候,你自己从两个专栏中尝试他的建议。为了好玩而夸大它们,看看会发生什么!
The improvisation teacher Keith Johnstone talks about the subject of status in his classic book on improvisation for actors, Impro (Routledge, 1987). High-status people dominate a group whereas low-status people shrink and look small. His descriptions of high and low status offer a few useful tips to follow if you want to command your space. The following table describes and contrasts high and low status, so you can be aware of what to avoid – as well as what to emulate! Try out his suggestions from both columns yourself while you speak. Exaggerate them for fun and see what happens!
|
地位高 High Status |
地位低下 Low Status |
|
保持头部静止并抬高。 Keep head still and high. |
左右摇头。 Waggle head about. |
|
让你的动作流畅。 Make your movements smooth. |
做生涩的动作。 Make jerky movements. |
|
保持目光接触一秒钟左右。 Hold eye contact for a second or so. |
瞥了一眼,然后移开视线。 Glance briefly, then look away. |
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花时间深呼吸。 Take time to breathe deeply. |
抓住短而高的呼吸。 Grab short high breaths. |
|
公开、自由地使用武器。 Use arms openly and freely. |
继续摸你的脸。 Keep touching your face. |
|
想象一下,您在山顶上可以欣赏风景。 Imagine that you’re on a hilltop with a view. |
想象一下,你被困在隧道里。 Imagine that you’re cramped in a tunnel. |
|
用长而流畅的线条说话。 Speak in long smooth lines. |
说话要短促。 Speak in short bursts. |
提升你的能量
Stepping up your energy
在你说话之前,通过热身让你的能量流动起来:快走,用力握手;大力活动身体的各个部位。
Before you speak, get your energy moving by warming up: walk fast, shake your hands vigorously; energetically move all parts of your body.
想象一下,你即将参加一场比赛。当你站在那里准备说话时,感受身体能量在你体内振动。
Imagine that you’re about to run a race. Feel the physical energy vibrating inside you as you stand there ready to speak.
当你吸气时,感觉自己的身材在增长。
As you breathe in, feel yourself grow in stature.
想象一下,你是你世界的中心,你所说的一切都从你身上 360 度扩散开来,有力而轻松。
Imagine that you’re the centre of your world, and that everything you say spreads out from you through 360 degrees, powerfully and easily.
现在说话,感受兴奋和力量的感觉。
Now speak, and feel the sense of excitement and power.
承认你还是你
Acknowledging that you’re still you
阅读前面的部分后,您的恐惧可能会告诉您您不够高、不够大、不够壮或我描述的其他任何事情。但说出来并不要求你成为你不是的人。通常,人们担心与一群人交谈需要某种他们缺乏的暴露癖。他们认为自己的工作就是给人们留下深刻印象。它不是。
After reading the preceding sections, your fears may be telling you that you’re not sufficiently tall, big, expanded or any of the rest of the things I describe. But speaking up doesn’t require you to be something you’re not. Often, people fear that speaking to a group demands some sort of exhibitionism that they lack. They get the idea that their job is to impress people. It isn’t.
你不需要特别的声音或举止——你仍然可以做你自己。事实上,没有什么比一个人做他或她自己更令人信服、感人和令人印象深刻的了。
You don’t need a special voice or manner – you can still be you. In fact, nothing is as convincing, moving and impressive as someone being him or herself.
但是你会选择哪个“你”呢?昨晚睡眼惺忪地睡眼惺忪地看着浴室的“你”;还是享受美好时光的“你”?
But which ‘you’ are you going to choose? The ‘you’ that slouches bleary eyed to the bathroom on the morning after a night before; or the ‘you’ that is having a great time and enjoying yourself?
我当时的感受和想法是什么?
What am I feeling and thinking at that time?
我是如何站立、坐着或抱住自己的?
How am I standing, sitting or holding myself?
我的能量水平如何?
How is my energy level?
这就是我所说的你——最好的你!
That’s the you I’m talking about – the best of you!
经常回到你在这些美好时光的感觉,这样你就可以了解它并在你想要的时候重新创造它。然后,当你走到一群人面前讲话时,记住并重现那种美好的感觉。即使只是一丝美好的感觉,也会对你如何看待听众以及你如何开始演讲产生重大影响。
Return often to the feeling you have at these good times so that you get to know it and can recreate it when you want. Then, when you step in front of a group to speak, remember and recreate that good feeling. Even just a trace of that good feeling can make all the difference to how you look at your audience and how you embark on your speech.
发表演讲
Giving That Speech
在印刷文字出现之前的日子里,人们几乎完全用声音交流。即使在一百年前,孩子们也会牢记课文并在课堂上大声背诵。现在全是互联网、Twitter 和 Facebook,人们没有那么多的语音练习。然而,声音仍然很重要。
In days before the printed word, people communicated almost entirely with their voices. Even a hundred years ago, children remembered texts by heart and recited them out loud in class. Now it’s all Internet, Twitter and Facebook, and people don’t get as much voice practice. Yet, voice still matters.
如果你能在公共场合成功演讲,那么在参与演讲、圆桌会议、演讲、辩论、竞选、宣传等活动时,你仍然有很大的优势。公开演讲是一种技能,您可以掌握、完善并享受这一技能。成功始于正确的心态。
If you can speak successfully in public, you still have a big advantage when participating in presentations, roundtable talks, pitches, debates, campaigns, advocacy and more. Public speaking is a skill, and one that you can pick up, refine – and enjoy. Success starts with getting in the right frame of mind.
处理紧张
Dealing with nervousness
紧张是公开演讲中最常见的障碍。每个公众演讲者有时都不得不面对怯场、表演焦虑——不管你怎么称呼它。以下是我的一些重要建议,可帮助您在与一群人交谈时感觉更自在:
Nerves are the most common block in public speaking. Every public speaker at some time or another has to face stage fright, performance anxiety – whatever you call it. Following are some of my top suggestions to help you feel more comfortable when you speak to a group:
意识到每个演讲者有时都会感到紧张,只要他们不妨碍你,紧张并不重要。听众不像你那样意识到紧张。正如一位经验丰富的老手曾经对紧张的初学者提出的建议,“有蝴蝶很好——只要它们排成队形飞行!”
Realise that every speaker feels nervous at times, and nerves don’t matter as long as they don’t block you. An audience isn’t as aware of nerves as you are. As a seasoned veteran once advised the nervous beginner, ‘It’s fine to have butterflies – as long as they fly in formation!’
如果可以的话,了解你的听众。在开始说话之前随便与人交谈,或者至少听到他们喋喋不休的嗡嗡声以了解他们的心情。即使你是在和一群你很熟悉的人交谈,也要花时间了解一下你即将与之交谈的人的当前情绪。请参阅后面的“知道你为什么说话”一节,了解更多了解听众的方法。第 15 章介绍了一些与听众建立联系的有用想法。
Get to know your audience, if you can. Talk to people casually before you begin speaking, or at least hear the buzz of their chatter to get a feeling of their mood. Even if you’re speaking to a group of people you know well, make time to get a sense of the current mood of the people you’re about to speak to. See the later section ‘Knowing why you’re speaking’ for more ways to figure out your audience. Chapter 15 features some useful ideas on connecting with your audience.
为你要说的内容准备一张路线图。您不必准确地知道,但要有一个大致的结构并知道什么对您很重要。请参阅后面的“决定如何准备”一节,了解准备展示重要信息的几种方法。
Have a route map for what you’re going to say. You don’t have to know precisely, but have a general structure and know what matters to you. See the later section ‘Deciding How to Prepare’ for several ways to get ready to present important information.
想象成功。在脑海中描绘一幅你自信地走着,说话有力而清晰的画面。聆听听众的热烈响应。始终专注于您想要的——而不是您不想要的。
Imagine success. Paint a mental picture of you walking on confidently and speaking strongly and clearly. Hear the enthusiastic response of your listeners. Concentrate always on what you want – not what you don’t want.
放松。释放肩膀、颈部、面部肌肉、手臂、腿部和胃部的紧张(参见第 5 章)。在你开始之前对自己说,“我已经足够了。” 你确实够了
Relax. Release tension from your shoulders, neck, facial muscles, arms, legs and stomach (see Chapter 5). Say to yourself before you begin, ‘I am enough.’ You are, indeed, enough.
我关于如何应对紧张情绪的书 –蝴蝶和汗湿的手掌:25 种自信的演讲和呈现方式(Crown House Publishing,2012 年) – 为您提供了很多应对表现焦虑的想法。
My book on how to deal with your nerves – Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: 25 Sure Fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence (Crown House Publishing, 2012) – gives you lots of ideas for dealing with performance anxiety.
知道你为什么说话
Knowing why you’re speaking
演讲绝不仅仅是事实。你总是需要知道你为什么要演讲,以及听众如何得到你想要的。这些知识是听起来有趣并吸引任何听众的主要关键。
A speech is never just about facts. You always need to know why you’re speaking and how the audience will get what you want for them. This knowledge is the main key to sounding interesting and engaging any audience.
问自己的第一个问题是“我到底想达到什么目的?” 或“我为什么要这样做?” 如果您的答案很简单,请不要担心——它可能应该很简单!例如,如果您要发表婚礼致辞,答案可能是“让人们开怀大笑并感觉良好。”
The first question to ask yourself is ‘What am I actually trying to achieve?’ or ‘Why am I doing this?’ Don’t worry if the your answer is simple – it probably should be! For example, if you’re to give a wedding speech, the answer may be, ‘To make people laugh and feel good.’
1.静坐片刻,放松,想一想你的听众;在你的心目中,成为听众的代表。
1. Sit quietly for a moment, relax, think about your audience; in your mind, become a representative member of the audience.
以他们会坐的方式坐下,并想象您正在观看演讲者(就是您!)。听听听众怎么说。问:
Sit in the way they would sit and imagine that you’re watching the speaker (that’s you!). Hear what the audience has to say. Ask:
• 作为听众,您的演讲进展如何?
• How is the presentation going for you as audience?
• 你对所见所闻有何看法?
• What are your thoughts about what you see and hear?
• 当您观看和听到演讲者时,您有什么感觉?
• How do you feel as you watch and hear the speaker?
• 在您观看和聆听时,什么最适合您?
• What is working well for you as you watch and listen?
• 您还需要演讲者提供什么?
• What else do you need from the speaker?
2. 作为听众,通过深吸一口气来清除自己的这些想法,从而摆脱想象。
2. Break off from imagining by taking a big breath to clear yourself of those thoughts as an audience member.
再次进入你自己的皮肤。
Enter into your own skin again.
3. 反思你的发现。
3. Reflect on what you discovered.
作为演讲者,您会根据这些发现做出哪些改变?
What will you change as speaker in response to those discoveries?
讲故事:故事、轶事和隐喻
Telling tales: Stories, anecdotes and metaphors
如果你想让你的听众记住你说的话,你不能只告诉他们事实。你需要调动他们的情绪。
If you want your listeners to remember what you say, you can’t just give them the facts. You need to engage their emotions.
讲故事是调动他们情绪的好方法。无论您是想激励、安抚、激励还是鼓舞人心,一个故事都能做到。成人和儿童都对故事情有独钟。
A great way to engage their emotions is to tell a story. Whether you want to motivate, reassure, galvanise or inspire, a story will do it. Adults and children are all hardwired for stories.
当她讲述真实人物的真实故事时,她听起来很真诚。
She sounded genuine as she told a real story about real people.
她的声音和肢体语言变得生动活泼。
Her voice and body language became alive and animated.
她突然与她的听众产生了共鸣,他们放松下来,开始享受自己的生活。
She was suddenly on the same wavelength as her audience, and they relaxed and began to enjoy themselves.
之后,我们对吉娜演讲的那部分印象最深。
Afterwards, we remembered that part of Gina’s presentation the most.
讲故事的一大好处是您不会忘记下一个词——故事会带您前行。你可以离开你的剧本或大纲(见下一节“决定如何准备”),随意而有说服力地说话。
A great benefit about stories is that you don’t tend to forget your next word – the story carries you along. You get to step away from your script or outline (see the following section ‘Deciding How to Prepare’) and speak casually yet compellingly.
你可以有目的地把你的关键事实变成故事,或者通过结合具有故事生动性的隐喻,使它们更有趣。
You can purposefully make your key facts more interesting by turning them into stories – or by incorporating metaphors that have the liveliness of stories.
决定如何准备
Deciding How to Prepare
您可以通过数小时的研究、计划和练习来详细准备演讲,并且在向听众展示您的材料时仍然会遇到意想不到的情况。
You can prepare a speech in fine detail with hours of research, planning and practice and still meet the unexpected when you come to present your material to an audience.
您如何准备演讲或演讲取决于您的目的、演讲方式、场合的重要性和类型、听众的人数、您准备的时间以及您自己的喜好。无论您决定如何发表演讲,设身处地为听众着想是了解他们希望从您的演讲中得到什么的良好开端。
How you prepare for a presentation or a speech depends on your purpose, mode of delivery, the importance and type of occasion, the size of the audience, your time for preparation and your own preferences. However you decide to deliver your speech, stepping into your audience’s shoes is a good first step to understanding what they hope to get from what you say.
接下来,决定你是要根据笔记工作,阅读完整的剧本,用心记住它,还是在相反的极端,完全即兴发言。我将在以下部分介绍每个选项。
Next, decide whether you’re going to work from notes, read a full script, memorise it by heart, or at the opposite extreme, speak entirely off the cuff. I cover each option in the following sections.
依靠笔记
Relying on notes
凭笔记说话不是阅读 完整的句子。这意味着您只写下标题和副标题、提醒您故事的关键短语以及您需要记住的关键事实和数字。
Speaking from notes is not reading full sentences. It means that you write down just headings and subheadings, key phrases to remind you of stories, and critical facts and figures that you need to remember.
当你发表演讲时,你可能会想做笔记,结果为了防止自己忘记任何事情而过度强调笔记。这种方法行不通。如果你的笔记中有太多单词,当你低头寻找提示时,你很难找到正确的位置,所以你的笔记最终变得毫无用处。或者更糟的是,你求助于阅读它们,这听起来不对,因为它们不是为大声朗读而设计的。
You may be tempted to plump for notes when you give a speech and end up over-egging the notes in an effort to prevent yourself forgetting anything. This approach doesn’t work. If you have too many words in your notes, you struggle to find the right place when you glance down for a cue, so your notes end up being useless. Or worse, you resort to reading them, which doesn’t sound right as they weren’t designed for reading aloud.
以任何方式设计你的笔记,使信息最容易为你所用。选择不会摇晃和沙沙作响的卡片,而不是纸张。我喜欢把印刷品做得比平时大,以便于参考。其他人对不同重要性的项目使用不同大小的文本,并以更清楚地划分各个部分的方式排列页面上的信息。有些人甚至用荧光笔标记笔记以突出特定要点。做任何对你有用的事情。
Design your notes in whatever way makes the information most accessible for you. Choose cards that don’t shake and rustle rather than sheets of paper. I like to make the print larger than normal for easy reference. Other people use different-sized text for items of varying importance, and arrange the information on the page in ways that demarcate various sections more clearly. Some even mark the notes with highlighters to bring out particular points. Do whatever works for you.
大声朗读
Reading out loud
靠笔记说话通常是不可能的。许多政治和商业演讲必须逐字阅读,以便:
Speaking from notes is often not possible. Many political and business speeches must be read verbatim in order to:
确保重要场合的准确性。
Ensure accuracy on important occasions.
在特定时间发布信息。
Release information at a specific time.
在官方新闻稿和声明中重复细节。
Repeat details in official press releases and statements.
为演讲者提供练习的机会,使他们的话语完美且“防滑”。
Provide speakers opportunity to practise so their words are perfect and ‘slip-proof’.
切掉令人讨厌的惊喜——总的来说!
Cut out nasty surprises – on the whole!
尽管有上述好处,但很少有演讲者能够读懂演讲并听起来真实而有趣。大多数人听起来不那么自然,也不那么个人化,与听众的联系也不太好。
Despite the preceding benefits, few speakers can read a speech and sound genuinely authentic and interesting. Most people sound less spontaneous and less personal, and connect less well with their audience.
大声朗读需要特殊技能。以下是一些要点:
Reading out loud well takes special skill. Here are some of the essentials:
保持冷静和呼吸(见第 4 章和第 5 章)。
Stay calm and breathe (see Chapters 4 and 5).
强调你所说的话,就像你在自发演讲时所做的那样。大多数人在阅读文本时强调的力度要小得多。有关有效强调的更多信息,请参阅第 8 章。
Give what you say strong emphasis, just as you would in spontaneous speech. Most people emphasise much less strongly when they read a text. See Chapter 8 for more on effective emphasis.
大声练习您的演讲,而不是在您的头脑中,以掌握单词的节奏并在最合适的时刻暂停。
Practise your speech out loud, not in your head, to get the rhythm of the words and pause at the most appropriate moments.
每次练习时以不同的方式朗读课文,以保持新鲜感。很容易进入可预测的演讲模式,每次练习时听起来都比较乏味。每次阅读文本时,尝试改变您的速度、节奏、音高和停顿,并且会出现新的、更好的方式来表达您的信息。
Say the text in different ways each time you practise in order to keep it fresh. It’s all too easy to get into predictable patterns of speech that sound more tedious each time you practise. Play with altering your speed, rhythm, pitch and pauses each time you read the text, and new, better ways to express your message will emerge.
放慢语速,以便在抬头说话和低头阅读下一段文字之间留出足够的时间。
Slow your speech down in order to give yourself plenty of time between looking up to speak and looking down to read the next piece of text.
通过跟随思想而不是句子来思考你在说什么。使用书面标点符号将思想从一个停顿移动到另一个停顿。
Think about what you’re saying by following thoughts, not sentences. Use the written punctuation to move the thought from pause to pause.
放眼未来,这样你才能跟上长远的想法。即使想了很久,你也有足够的时间来呼吸和暂停。只需将整个想法牢记在心,这样您就可以继续前进并坚持到底。
Look well ahead so that you can follow long thoughts. Even with a long thought, you’ve plenty of time to breathe and pause. Just keep the whole thought in your mind so that you keep moving and follow through.
如果您想要此类“富有表现力”的声音的示例,请听听媒体中的某些评论员的说法,他们天真地试图变得多样化和有趣。我最近听到一位年轻的新闻播音员宣布一位名人突然去世,他的声音就像在当地的宴会上宣布“把尾巴钉在驴子上”时所用的一样。
If you want examples of such ‘expressive’ voices, listen to certain commentators in the media who swoop up and down in a naive attempt to be varied and interesting. I heard a young news announcer recently announce the sudden death of a celebrity in the same chirpy up-down voice you would use to announce the winner of ‘Pin the Tail on the Donkey’ at a local fete.
背诵和背诵
Memorising and speaking by heart
一些政客利用记忆力取得了良好的效果。美国著名的例子是帕特里克·亨利,他于 1775 年说服弗吉尼亚加入美国革命。他恳求代表们加入独立运动,发表了没有笔记的演讲,他的声音越来越大,最后以不朽的话结束,“不自由,毋宁死!”
A handful of politicians have used memory to good effect. A famous example in the US was Patrick Henry, who persuaded Virginia in 1775 to join in the American Revolution. Imploring delegates to join the independence movement, he delivered the speech without notes, his voice growing ever louder, ending with the immortal words, ‘Give me Liberty, or give me Death!’
背诵演讲稿对您来说可能是一个选择,但这是一个孤注一掷的选择。如果你成功了,你的影响将是巨大的。如果你没有成功,你就会像潜水员一样坠入泥泞的池塘。如果只是记住然后背诵,那么用心发表演讲对你没有任何帮助。
Memorising a speech by heart may be a choice for you, but it is an all-or-nothing choice. If you succeed, your impact can be tremendous. If you don’t succeed, you crash like a diver belly-flopping into a muddy pool. Delivering a speech by heart doesn’t achieve anything for you if it’s just a matter of memorising it and then reciting it.
然而,凭记忆说话可能是非同寻常的:
Yet, speaking from memory can be extraordinary:
您可以看着您的听众并进行交流,而不会受到论文或讲台的阻碍。
You can look at your audience and connect without papers or lecterns getting in the way.
用心背诵,你可以从字面上理解你所说的话的核心,并直接进入你的信息的核心,包括作为信息主要部分的感受和能量。
Memorising by heart, you can literally get to the heart of what you’re saying, and enter right into the core of your message, including the feelings and energy that are a major part of it.
亚里士多德说,心脏而不是大脑才是行动的所在。古希腊演说家认为记忆的所在是心脏。脑袋里的记忆只是记忆的一个阶段;记在心里,让你更深刻的理解,更长久的回忆。
Aristotle says that the heart rather than the brain is where the action is. The ancient Greek orators believed that the seat of memory was the heart. Memorising in the head is only one stage of memory; memorising in the heart gives you deeper understanding and long-term recall.
1.按顺序记住你演讲的标题,这样你就有了骨架结构。
1. Memorise the headings of your speech in order, so that you have a skeleton structure.
2. 按照标题下的子主题顺序进行。
2. Follow with the sub-topics in order under the headings.
3. 记住标题和副标题的主要元素。
3. Memorise the main elements of your headings and subheadings.
4.注意你想以特定方式说的特定短语,以及需要准确的事实和数字;将它们放入您的结构中。
4. Note specific phrases that you want to say in particular ways, plus facts and figures that need to be accurate; slot them into your structure.
在每一步中,练习直到你真正了解材料。从想法和流程开始,转移到要记住的要点,最后,作为最后一件事,处理句子中的实际单词,意识到奇怪的错误单词并不重要:传达想法才是最重要的.
During each step, practise until you know the material really well. Start with the ideas and the flow, move onto the important points to remember and finally, as the last thing, work on the actual words in your sentences, realising that the odd wrong word doesn’t matter: getting the ideas across is most important.
即兴发言
Speaking off the cuff
大多数人都非常注意准备正式演讲,但计划外的时刻也非常重要。想一想说几句话的突然邀请、演讲或打断后对问题的回答、演示软件出现故障或其他问题的时候,或者你不得不填补一点时间的时候。
Most people give their greatest attention to preparing formal speeches, but unscheduled moments are really important too. Think of the sudden invitation to say a few words, responses to questions after a speech or interruptions, the times when presentation software fails or something else goes wrong, or when you have to fill in a bit of time.
丘吉尔对单词的记忆力非常好,显然大卫卡梅伦也是如此,但他们都不喜欢即兴发言。其他说话者喜欢它并且可以自发地永远说话。许多人害怕这些时刻,正是因为它们不可预测。
Churchill had a wonderful memory for words, and clearly David Cameron too, but neither enjoy speaking off the cuff as much. Other speakers love it and can talk spontaneously for ever. Many people fear these moments for the very reason that they’re unpredictable.
当你与一群人交谈时,脚踏实地是必不可少的,但你可能会发现演讲中的即兴部分——例如打断和提问——是最可怕的部分。
Being quick on your feet is essential when you speak to a group, but it may be that you find the impromptu parts of speech making – the interruptions and questions, for instance – the most scary part.
自发性是一个关键因素,它可以让你有信心应对任何情况。此刻您可能觉得自己处在未知领域,但有些指示可以帮助您。
Spontaneity is a key piece that can give you the confidence to cope in any situation. You may feel like you’re in uncharted territory at the moment, but there are pointers to help you.
暂停一下。深吸一口气。
Pause a moment. Take a big breath.
当你屏住呼吸时,决定最简单的回复格式,并告诉你的听众你将使用什么结构。
As you take the breath, decide on the simplest of formats for your reply and tell your audience what structure you’re going to use.
例如,你可以说,“是的,谢谢你,关于这个主题我有几件事想说。” (这么说意味着你必须在脑海中至少想到两个标题。)。'其中第一个是。. . '(你的第一个标题),然后你想到了在该标题下要说的几件事。这样你就不会因为有第二个标题而干涸,你对它进行了类似的处理。
For example, you can say, ‘Yes, thank you, there are a couple of things I’d like to say on the subject.’ (Saying this means that you have to think of at least two headings in your mind.). ‘The first of these is . . . ’ (your first heading), and you think of a couple of things to say under that heading. Then you don’t dry up because you have your second heading, which you give similar treatment.
您可以使用在各种格式中进行选择来构建您的“自发”响应:
You can use choose among various formats to structure your ‘spontaneous’ response:
从大到小,从全球到个人:给出你所看到的问题的一般背景,然后转向细节——例如,指出你自己在其中的作用或你自己对它的看法。
Big to small, global to personal: Give the general context of the issue as you see it and then move to detail – for example, noting your own part in it or your own view on it.
不同的观点:考虑关于一个问题的不同观点。例如,考虑竞争对手、利益相关者和你自己的观点——然后在最后调和这些观点。
Different perspectives: Consider different points of view regarding an issue. For instance, consider the views of competitors, stakeholders and you yourself – and then reconcile the viewpoints at the end.
报纸记者的方法:想想这个问题是关于什么的,它是如何运作的,以及它为什么重要。
Newspaper reporter approach: Think of what the issue is about, how it works and why it matters.
过去、现在、未来:以您选择的任何顺序谈论问题的起因或历史、问题的现状和未来。
Past, present, future: Talk about the cause or history of the issue, the current situation and the future of the issue in any order you choose.
问题和解决方案:概述问题,并提供一种或多种解决方案。
Problem and solution: Outline the problem, and offer one or more solutions to it.
我相信您会想出其他各种结构化想法。请记住首先告诉您的听众您将如何回应——然后以这种方式开始回应。通过这种方式,对听众来说似乎是自由流动的语言实际上是基于您在说话前迅速想到的内部结构。
I’m sure that you’ll come up with various other structuring ideas. Just remember to tell your audience first how you’re going to respond – and then go about responding in that manner. In this way, what seems like a free flow of language to your listeners is actually based on an internal structure that you quickly think of before you speak.
以政治舞台的启发说服他人
Persuading Others with Inspiration from the Political Stage
希腊人提出了雄辩者领导的理念,2000 多年后,几乎没有发生根本性的变化。民众仍然选择那些有话语权的人,而不是那些没有话语权的人,无论他们在其他方面多么有才华或活跃。西奥多·索伦森 (Theodore Sorenson) 是约翰·肯尼迪 (John Kennedy) 的演讲撰稿人,他简单地宣称“言辞是总统的治国之道”。在这个大众媒体时代,个人风格和沟通技巧变得更加重要。
The Greeks put forward the idea of the leadership of eloquent men, and, more than 2,000 years later, little has fundamentally changed. The populace still elects those who have the power of speech over those who don’t, however talented or active they may be in other ways. Theodore Sorenson, speech writer to John Kennedy, declared simply that ‘words are how the President governs’. Personal style and communication skills in this mass media age are ever more crucial.
在本节中,我将向您介绍成功的政治领导人用来影响和激励的一些技巧——您也可以在需要说服力的时候采用这些技巧。
In this section, I introduce you to some of the techniques that successful political leaders use to influence and inspire – techniques that you too can adopt for times when you want to be persuasive.
在吵吵闹闹或炉边聊天之间做出选择
Choosing between hustings yell or fireside chat
说话风格变了。早在 1984 年,全国矿工工会的领导人亚瑟·斯卡吉尔 (Arthur Scargill) 就在矿工罢工期间站在空地上,对他的成员大喊:“跪下来战斗!”,他的声音被数小时的喊叫所摧残。政客们仍然在公开场合发言,但这种体验更像是舞台上的,而且麦克风几乎总是在手边。
Speaking styles have changed. Back in 1984, the leader of the National Union of Miners, Arthur Scargill, stood in the open during the miners’ strike and yelled at his members, ‘Get off yer knees and fight!’, his voice ravaged by hours of shouting. Politicians still speak in the open, but the experience is more staged, and a microphone is nearly always at hand.
选民大多在自己舒适的起居室里听政客讲话。一些演讲者擅长以更亲密的非正式方式与人交流;其他人擅长戏剧性的定位球。事实上,在当今大众媒体时代,政治家和领导人都需要这两种技能。
Voters mostly listen to politicians in the comfort of their own sitting rooms. Some speakers excel at the more intimate informal ways of connecting with people; others excel at the dramatic set piece. The truth is that in these days of mass media, politicians and leaders need both skills.
亲密时刻
Intimate moments
要成功地进行一对一交流,您需要使用日常语言和语调。一些领导者成功地将这种风格带入了公共场合,并给每位听众留下了一种印象,即他们正在接受个人采访。
To be successful in communicating one-to-one, you need to use everyday language and intonation. Some leaders take this style successfully into the public arena and give each listener the impression that they’re being addressed personally.
当你与一群人交谈时,要自己创造一种亲密感:
To create a sense of intimacy yourself when you speak to a group:
做你自己; 即自然而自在。使用个人非正式语言说话,并获得您天生的幽默感(第 10 章)。
Be yourself; that is, be natural and at ease. Speak using personal informal language, with access to your natural sense of humour (Chapter 10).
同时,确保听众可以在更大的空间内轻松听到您的声音,方法是:
At the same time, be sure that the audience can hear you easily in a larger space, by:
• 在开始之前花点时间引起大家的注意,这样您就不必大声说话。
• Taking time to get everyone’s attention before you start, so that you don’t have to speak over-loudly.
• 用简单清晰的措辞说话(第 6 章)。
• Speaking with simple clear diction (Chapter 6).
• 放慢速度(第 7 章)。
• Slowing down (Chapter 7).
• 无需大声说话即可有效地强调重点(第 8 章)。
• Using emphasis effectively without necessarily speaking louder (Chapter 8).
赶上布道
Catching the sermon
在第 8 章中,我介绍了一些修辞工具,使您的演讲具有戏剧性的影响力。在本节中,我将介绍在很大程度上归功于教会的演讲风格。宗教演讲对美国公开演讲的影响可以追溯到亚伯拉罕林肯、约翰肯尼迪和许多其他人。马丁路德金是演说家使用他从教会演说家和福音传教士那里学到的技巧的一个很好的例子。政治领导人以这种方式讲话时的语言和语气几乎表明他或她的信仰与教会救赎有关。
In Chapter 8, I introduce some rhetorical tools to give your speeches dramatic impact. In this section, I cover oratory style that owes much of its power to the church. The influence of religious oratory on public speaking in the US goes way back through Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy and many others. Martin Luther King is a great example of an orator using skills that he picked up from church orators and evangelists. The political leader’s language and tone when speaking in this mode almost suggests that his or her beliefs have something of church redemption about them.
教会演讲传统有几个主要特点,您可以聆听并亲自尝试。当您以这种方式说话时,您:
The church oratorical tradition has several main features that you can listen for and try out yourself. When you speak in this manner, you:
延长许多元音和辅音,像音乐中的长音符一样扩展它们。
Lengthen many of the vowels and consonants, expanding them like long notes in music.
以慢得多的速度说话,每个句子中的单词和短语之间没有间隙。一位评论员对巴拉克奥巴马在竞选演讲中所说的开场白进行了计时,并计算出只用了 30 秒就说了 45 个词——慢!
Speak at a much slower pace, without gaps between words and phrases within each sentence. A commentator timed an opening sentence spoken by Barack Obama in an election speech and calculated that it took 30 seconds to deliver just 45 words – slow!
流畅地加入你的话语,就像在唱一段旋律。你可以在第 4 章中找到更多关于用连带的声音说话的呼吸流。
Join your words smoothly, almost like singing a melody. You can find more about speaking on a flow of breath with joined up sounds in Chapter 4.
在思想中间的一个重要点上升到高音,并在句子结束时以低音结束,就像波浪的起伏。见第 8 章。
Rise to a high note for an important point in the middle of the thought and finish low at the end of a sentence, like the rise and fall of a wave. See Chapter 8.
在适当的悬念时刻,插入持续不断的预期停顿。参见第 8 章,了解更多关于如何在讲话中使用沉默的信息。
At appropriate moments of suspense, insert expectant pauses that last and last. See Chapter 8 for more on how to use silence in speaking.
当你接近一个想法的高潮时加快速度,然后在你到达重要点时平稳控制减速。
Gather speed as you approach the climax of an idea, then slow down with smooth control as you reach the important point.
使用与传道者相呼应的词语。国王宣布“每个山谷都应得到提升,…… . . 弯曲的地方要变直,耶和华的荣耀要显明。. . ’他的话听起来很符合圣经,尽管它们并不是精确的引述。
Use words that echo those of evangelists. King proclaimed ‘every valley shall be exalted, . . . the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed . . . ’ His phrases sound Biblical even though they aren’t exact quotations.
金的“我有一个梦想”演讲中强烈体现了上述所有特征。您可以在这段历史演说的录音中听到露天的人群如何大声回应金的有力演讲。
All the preceding features are strongly present in King’s ‘I have a dream’ speech. You can hear in recordings of this historical address how the huge crowd in the open air responds vocally to King’s powerful delivery.
在选举时期,情绪高涨。当人们情绪激动时,充满激情的言语和手势会发挥强大的作用。
At election times, emotions run high. When people are emotional, passionate words and gestures work powerfully.
1. 在商业文件、广告或报纸或网络上的文章中找到真实的句子。
1. Find a factual sentence in a business paper, an advertisement or an article in a newspaper or online.
2. 将陈述“翻译”成对听众的情感概括。
2. ‘Translate’ the statement into an emotive generalisation for your audience.
这里有一些例子:
Here are a few examples:
原始声明: “对特定人群减税。” 翻译: “繁荣的涨潮。”
Original statement: ‘Less tax for specific sectors of the population.’ Translation: ‘Rising tides of prosperity.’
原始声明: “打击城市盗窃的措施。” 翻译: “享受平静的平静水域。”
Original statement: ‘Measures to combat burglary in cities.’ Translation: ‘Enjoying the still waters of peace.’
原始声明: “国家面临经济衰退。” 翻译: '聚集云和狂风暴雨。'
Original statement: ‘Country facing economic down-turn.’ Translation: ‘Gathering clouds and raging storms.’
你明白了!使用您的新语言,您的每个听众都可以与之建立某种联系,这与您包含细节时不同。
You get the idea! With your new language, every member of your audience can make some connection to it, unlike when you include specifics.
在声音片段中说话
Speaking in soundbites
与教堂演讲的崇高形成鲜明对比的是声音片段的广告口号质量——一句话包含了演讲者信息的精髓,并成为每个人都记得的短语。世界正在加速发展,每个人,尤其是政治家,最想要的就是让一个简短的评论留下来,成为不朽的,如下所示:
In contrast to the sublime of church oratory stands the advertising-slogan quality of the soundbite – that one-liner that incorporates the essence of a speaker’s message and becomes the phrase that everyone remembers. The world is speeding up and what everyone wants most, politicians especially, is for one brief comment to stick, to become immortal, like the following:
“不要问你的国家能为你做什么——问问你能为你的国家做什么。” 约翰肯尼迪
‘Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.’ John F Kennedy
“我们唯一要害怕的是——恐惧本身。” 富兰克林·罗斯福
‘The only thing we have to fear is – fear itself.’ Franklin D Roosevelt
“女士不适合转弯!” 玛格丽特·撒切尔
‘The Lady’s not for turning!’ Margaret Thatcher
或者托尼·布莱尔 (Tony Blair) 最终“否认”的言论:“现在不是发表言论的时候。” 我能感觉到历史的手放在我的肩膀上。
Or the ultimate ‘denied’ soundbite by Tony Blair: ‘Now is not the time for soundbites. I can feel the hand of history on my shoulder.’
声音片段越来越短。典型的 1968 年电台采访让演讲者有大约 42 秒的时间来发表一段话。目前,演讲者只有不到五秒钟的时间来用精选的短语让听众惊叹。推特的影响力让一些评论员建议现在最多八个字!
Soundbites are getting shorter. A typical 1968 radio interview allowed a speaker about 42 seconds to deliver a soundbite. At present, speakers have less than five seconds to wow listeners with choice phrases. The influence of Twitter has made some commentators suggest that eight words is now the maximum!
认识到原声和陈词滥调之间的区别。一段话给人耳目一新的感觉;对每个人都知道但尚未以您的方式表达的事物进行新的尝试。陈词滥调是陈词滥调,对句子的含义没有任何意义。这里有一整段话——要避免的都是冷酷的陈词滥调:
Get to recognise the difference between a soundbite and a cliché. A soundbite strikes people with a freshness; a new take on something everyone knows but hasn’t been expressed in quite your way. A cliché is old and worn and adds nothing significant to the meaning of a sentence. Here’s a whole paragraph-full of grim clichés to avoid:
基本上,老实说,不祥之兆是适者生存,到头来已经吸取了教训。事实是,此时此刻,我们开始跳出框框思考。
Basically, to be honest, the writing’s on the wall, it’s survival of the fittest, and at the end of the day lessons have been learned. The fact of the matter is, at this point in time, we’re beginning to think outside the box.
与公众建立联系
Connecting with your public
您希望听众相信您了解他们的来源,并且在重要的方面与他们一样。为了建立联系,您必须了解听众的心情。执行以下所有操作以与群组建立联系:
You want an audience to believe that you understand where they’re coming from and that you’re just like them in ways that matter. In order to connect, you must tune in to the mood of your audience. Do all the following to connect with a group:
将您的听众视为您可以在对话中与之互动的一群朋友。
Look on your audience as a group of your friends that you can interact with in a dialogue.
考虑与听众的实际联系。喜剧演员经常通过询问人们来自哪里并对其进行有趣的评论来开始表演。
Think of practical connections with the audience. Comedians often start a show by asking where people come from and making funny comments about it.
请注意,您使用的连接是积极的并且适合您的听众。一位富有的英国政治家在一家面包厂发表演讲,并通过告诉工厂工人他家里有一台电动面包机来“收听”。他找到了共同点,却完全错过了共同点!
Be careful that the connections you utilise are positive and appropriate for your audience. A wealthy British politician made a speech in a bread-making factory and ‘tuned in’ by telling the factory workers that he had an electric bread maker at home. He found a subject in common, but completely missed the common touch!
相信你的信念和热情。顾问建议戈尔在 2004 年总统竞选期间不要谈论全球变暖,因为他们认为人们不关心这个话题。但选民发现戈尔缺乏激情,戈尔竞选总统落败。大约一年后,当他谈到他真正的热情时,选民对他的吸引力大了很多。
Trust your beliefs and passions. Advisors recommended that Al Gore not talk about global warming during his 2004 presidential campaign because they thought people didn’t care about the topic. But voters found that Gore lacked passion, and Gore lost his bid for the presidency. A year or so later, when he spoke about his true passion, voters were much more attracted to him.
准备好与任何观众联系。一些政客,比如玛格丽特·撒切尔,只在自己的政党面前表现得非常好。汲取听众的能量并尝试了解他们的来源。如果你这样做,你就不太可能招致敌对情绪。
Be prepared to connect with any audience. Some politicians, such as Margaret Thatcher, performed really well only in front of their own party. Pick up the energy of your audience and try to understand where they’re coming from. If you do that, you’re far less likely to attract antagonism.
请参阅第 15 章,了解更多关于调谐到您的听众的信息。
Refer to Chapter 15 for more about tuning in to your audience.
如果他们有口才,最有技巧的政治家会与时俱进,说出别人想说的话。例如,与年轻人或工人阶级交谈时,不要听起来居高临下,需要你与他人建立真正的联系。乔治六世国王和伊丽莎白二世女王在闪电战中实现了这一目标。罗纳德里根有能力。托尼·布莱尔在他早期的职业生涯中也有过这种经历。在戴安娜王妃去世后,他关于“人民的王妃”的演讲是他的重要时刻之一(也是一段很好的演讲!)。纽约市长鲁道夫·朱利安尼 (Rudolph Giuliani) 在 9/11 事件后以他的激情和悲伤作为时代的渠道。
The most skilful politicians are in tune with their times and say what other people want to say, had they the eloquence. Speaking to, for example, youth or the working class, without sounding patronising, requires you form genuine connections with others. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II achieved it during the blitz. Ronald Reagan had the ability. Tony Blair in his earlier career had it too. His speech about ‘the people’s princess’ after Princess Diana died was one of his moments (a good soundbite too!). New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in his passion and sadness spoke as a channel for the times in the aftermath of 9/11.
在寻求被理解之前,先保持好奇并寻求理解。你越多地从别人的角度看待事物,你就越容易与他们建立联系。
Be curious and seek to understand before you seek to be understood. The more you see things from others’ points of view, the easier it is for you to connect with them.
不要假装自己不是你试图建立联系的任何人。做你自己; 这样你就更真实了。
Don’t pretend to be anything you’re not in your attempts to connect. Be yourself; you’re more authentic that way.
对媒体讲话
Speaking to the Media
当您与媒体交谈时,您肯定会进入一个不可预测的世界,而接受采访可能会将人们推向极端。有些人特别努力,戏剧性地夸张;其他人则戴上镇定自若的面具,听起来像是海上天气预报。
You certainly enter the world of the unpredictable when you speak to the media, and being interviewed can push people to extremes. Some people make a special effort and exaggerate theatrically; others put on the mask of imperturbability and sound like an offshore weather bulletin.
你的说话风格对人们如何回应你的实际话语有很大的影响。
Your style of speaking has a big effect on how people respond to your actual words.
了解游戏
Understanding the game
采访某人——并成为一名优秀的受访者——最终是一场游戏。在接受媒体采访之前,您需要了解当您被提问时采访者想要什么。否则,您可能会因面试官的强势而退缩,并觉得自己是对立面。你不是。
Interviewing someone – and being a good interviewee – is ultimately a game. Before going into a media interview, you need to understand what the interviewer wants when you’re questioned. Otherwise, you may be put off by the interviewer’s forcefulness and feel that you’re antagonists. You aren’t.
为了顺利通过面试:
In order to sail through an interview:
不管你被问到什么,有话要说。面试官并不总是那么熟练,他们可能会问你一个已经包含答案的封闭式问题,比如,‘所以你一路走到了南极?那一定很危险?答案当然是“是”,或者“是的,我一路走到南极,非常危险”,但选择一种方式来扩展问题是您在游戏中的职责。
Whatever you’re asked, have something to say. Interviewers are not always so skilful and may ask you a closed question that already contains the answer, as in, ‘So you walked all the way to the South Pole? That must have been dangerous?’ The answer is of course, ‘Yes’, or ‘Yes, I walked all the way to the South Pole and it was very dangerous’ but it’s your part in the game to choose a way to expand on the question.
采访是您分享您的声音的机会。面试前准备好一些!有关更多策略,请参阅前面的“在原声中讲话”。
An interview is your opportunity to share your soundbites. Prepare some good ones before you’re interviewed! See ‘Speaking in soundbites’ earlier for more strategies.
保持冷静。面试官可能会惹恼你,你可能会犯错误,天可能会塌下来——但要保持冷静(或幽默感)。
Keep your cool. The interviewer may annoy you, you may make mistakes, the sky may fall down – but keep your cool (or sense of humour).
建立你的韧性,并充满激情地相信你值得被倾听。你可能会发现,当你和另一个人一起接受采访时,更有进取心的人说得最多。你不必是那个咄咄逼人的人,但如果你已经开始说些什么,坚持你的立场并让自己完成,即使你被打断了——当然,除非面试时间用完了。
Build your resilience and believe passionately that you deserve to be heard. You may find when you’re interviewed along with another person that the more pushy person gets to say most. You don’t have to be that pushy person, but if you’ve started to say something, stand your ground and allow yourself to finish, even if you’re interrupted – unless the interview has run out of time of course.
如果你天生就没有弹性,那么下次你在繁忙的街道或火车站时,可以练习肢体语言力量步行来感受你的力量。只需怀着强烈的意图行走,知道没有什么可以打断你的行走或迫使你让开。专注于您的目的地,而不是其他人的眼睛,只要知道您可以毫无阻碍地顺利、轻松、自信地穿过人群即可。您可能会惊喜地发现自己如此轻松地穿过人群。在有任何机会撞到你并滑开你之前,其他人会对你的决心有第六感。
If you aren’t naturally resilient, practise the body language power walk the next time you’re in a busy street or train station to feel your power. Simply walk with a strong sense of intention, knowing that nothing can interrupt your walk or force you to step out of the way. Focus on your destination, not on other people’s eyes, and just know that you can walk smoothly, easily and confidently through the crowd without hindrance. You may be pleasantly surprised at how easily you stride through the crowd. Other people get a sixth sense of your determination before there’s any chance of bumping into you and slide out of your way.
回答问题
Answering questions
许多演讲者在提问时变得焦虑,因为他们不知道会发生什么,并且觉得有义务回答所有问题。
Many speakers become anxious at question time because they don’t know what to expect, and feel an obligation to have an answer to everything.
请记住,人们问问题的原因多种多样,并非所有原因都是出于真正想知道答案的愿望。有些人提出问题是为了听到自己的声音、成为关注的焦点、表达意见或挑战你。如果你能预料到问题的原因,你就更有能力恰当地回答它。例如,如果有人问的问题实际上是变相的意见,感谢他们提出问题并祝贺他们的观点——工作完成了!以下建议适用于大多数有人提出问题的情况。
Remember that people ask questions for many different reasons, not all of which arise from a genuine desire to know the answer. Some people ask questions to hear the sound of their own voice, to be the centre of attention, to express an opinion or to challenge you. If you can anticipate the reason for the question, you’re in a stronger position to answer it appropriately. For example, if someone asks a question that is actually an opinion in disguise, thank them for the question and congratulate them on their point of view – job done! The following suggestions apply to most situations where someone asks a question.
放松。你不必知道一切。您不必知道这个特定的答案。相信一切都会好起来的。放松和呼吸,表现出你很舒服——你的轻松感比你给出的任何答案都更能激发信心。
Be at ease. You don’t have to know everything. You don’t have to know this particular answer. Just trust that all will be well. Relax and breathe and show that you’re comfortable – your sense of ease inspires more confidence than any answer you may give.
表示尊重。无论向您抛出什么,都要假设问题背后有积极的意图,并尊重提问者。
Show respect. Whatever gets thrown at you, assume a positive intention behind the question and treat the questioner with respect.
回应采访者和听众。回复时请注意两者,以免只与一个人陷入特定主题。
Respond to both to interviewer and audience. Keep your attention on both as you give your replies, so that you’re not sucked into a particular theme with just one person.
您对难题的回答可能介于两个阵营之间:
Your answers to difficult questions can fall between two camps:
一方面,你可以回答问题并被提问者带到各种你不想去的棘手地方。
On the one hand, you can answer the question and be led by the questioner into all sorts of tricky places you don’t want to go.
另一方面,你可以说出你一直想说的话,结果却因为不回答问题而让你的听众感到沮丧。
On the other, you can say what you always meant to say and end up frustrating your listeners by not answering the question.
干练的政治家在这些极端之间找到了最佳平衡点。他们提出问题,然后优雅地将问题引向他们想要的方向。
Skilful politicians find the sweet spot between these extremes. They go with the question and then steer it elegantly in the direction they want.
合气道的武术使用类似的技术,无论发生什么。攻击者接近合气道师,在最后一刻,当攻击者没有时间改变攻击时,合气道师迅速移动到攻击者旁边,这样他们就朝着同一个方向前进。从这一点来看,合气道师能够影响程序并派遣攻击者。
The martial art of Aikido uses a similar technique of going with whatever happens. The attacker approaches the Aikidoist and, at the last moment, when the attacker no long has time to change the attack, the Aikidoist moves quickly in beside the attacker so that they’re both going in the same direction. From this point, the Aikidoist is able to influence the proceedings and dispatch the attacker.
因此,在回答一个棘手的问题时,首先要通过确认或类似的语调与提问者保持同步,然后影响论证的方向。您永远不必害怕攻击性问题或任何问题;你一开始就顺其自然,然后你就有时间把它带到某个地方而不用惊慌失措。
So, in responding to a tricky question, first get into step with your questioner by using an acknowledgement or a similar tone of voice, and then influence the direction of the argument. You never need to fear an attacking question or indeed any question; you just flow with it at the beginning and then you have time to take it somewhere without panic.
在您开始以这种方式回答问题之后,您就会开始享受发生的真实交流并顺其自然。许多人发现回答问题成为公开演讲中最有趣的部分。
After you get into the swing of answering questions in this way, you start to enjoy the real exchange that happens and go with the flow. Many people find that answering questions becomes the most enjoyable element of public speaking.
第15章
Chapter 15
调准他人
Tuning In to Others
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
与他人联系
Connecting with other people
重新发现你的听力技巧
Rediscovering your listening skills
用你的声音领导和影响
Leading and influencing with your voice
舞动在当下
Dancing in the moment
认知心理学有句话说,交流的意义在于它引起的反应。这句话基本上意味着你可能认为,例如,你正在以一种友好的方式与某人交谈,但如果对方发现你居高临下,那么 - 无论你的意图如何 -收到的信息都是居高临下的,而不是友好的。如果你说的没有得到你想要的回应,那么说得再好也没有意义。
Cognitive psychology has a saying that the meaning of a communication is the response it elicits. This statement basically means that you may think, for example, that you’re speaking in a friendly way to someone, but if the other person finds you patronising, then – whatever your intention – the received message is condescending, not friendly. Speaking well is pointless if what you say doesn’t receive the response you want.
您的声音不是孤立存在的——它是一种将您与他人联系起来的沟通工具。在你说话的所有时间里,你都在连接或不连接。即使通过你的沉默,你也在传达一些东西。
Your voice doesn’t exist in isolation – it’s a communication instrument to connect you with someone else. All the time you’re speaking, you’re connecting or not connecting. Even by your silence, you’re communicating something.
因此,观察和倾听他人的技巧,了解他们的心理状态,然后用你的声音表达这种联系是伟大沟通者的神奇要素。当您能够与听众的一般感受联系起来,然后让他们觉得您理解他们时,可能性是巨大的——您可以将他们带在身边并激励他们。
So the skill of watching and listening to others, tuning in to their state of mind and then expressing that connection with your voice is the magic ingredient of great communicators. When you’re able to connect with the general feeling of your listeners and then speak so that they feel that you understand them, the possibilities are huge – you can carry them with you and inspire them.
你的语气承载着你信息的主要负担,而不是你所说的实际话语。那么你如何调整并用你的声音表达联系呢?在本章中,我将帮助您了解他人的曲调,将您的曲调与他们的曲调相匹配,然后有策略地演奏不同的音符以取得更大的成就。
Your tone carries the main burden of your message, more than the actual words you speak. So how do you tune in and express the connection in your voice? In this chapter, I help you become aware of others’ tunes, match your tune to theirs and then strategically play different notes to achieve even greater things.
进入同一波长
Getting on the Same Wavelength
与他人联系总是要找到相似之处。大多数人联系的最明显方式是找到一个共同的主题来讨论。初次见面时,您可能一开始会摸索着,试图找到一个你们都感兴趣的话题;但在你这样做之后,沟通变得容易。
Connecting with others is always about finding similarity. The most obvious way that most people connect is to find a common subject matter to discuss. When you meet someone for the first time, you may fumble around at first, trying to find a subject that interests you both; but after you do, communication becomes easy.
更深层次的共性,比如你对道德和价值观的常识,或者你选择如何过你的生活,会让你想,“这就是我喜欢的人。” 你可以通过谈话发现这些基本原理,但你会在人的振动中本能地感觉到它们——也就是说,在他们的内在能量中。调整是关于将您的能量与其他人或其他人的能量相匹配。就像进入了他们体验世界的方式。
Deeper commonalities, like your common sense of ethics and values or how you choose to live your lives, cause you to think, ‘That’s my kind of person.’ You can discover these fundamentals through conversation, but you sense them instinctively in the vibration of the person – that is, in their internal energy. Tuning in is about matching your energy to that of the other person or people. It’s like entering into their way of experiencing the world.
开放
Opening up
首先了解您的听众,无论是一个还是多个。你必须看着他们——不是凝视,而是真正地将他们视为一群人。
Start by becoming aware of your audience, whether one or many. You have to look at them – not to stare, but to truly see them as a group of individuals.
注意他们是感兴趣还是无动于衷,是专注还是分心。您对这些特征的认识会影响您接下来的言行。使用你所有的感官。在电话中,您的聆听技巧需要特别敏锐。
Notice whether they’re interested or indifferent, engaged or distracted. Your awareness of these characteristics influences what you do and say next. Use all your senses. Over the phone, your listening skills need to be especially acute.
不仅要听他们说什么,还要听他们怎么说。这样做可以让您进入观众的世界,了解他们眼中的一切。欣赏听众的观点会影响您决定如何交流。
Listen not just to what they’re saying, but how they’re saying it. Doing so enables you to enter into your audience’s world and get a sense of how everything seems for them. Appreciating your audience’s point of view affects how you decide to communicate.
让自己发自内心地感受到这种联系。感受听众的情绪和能量,以便您能够以适当的能量水平做出回应。转至第 10 章了解更多关于使用能量的信息。
Let yourself feel the connection viscerally. Sense the mood and energy of your audience so that you can respond at the appropriate energy level. Go to Chapter 10 for more on working with energy.
唱着同一首曲子
Singing the same tune
1665年,荷兰科学家克里斯蒂安·惠更斯发现了夹带现象。从时钟的角度考虑夹带:假设您有一个房间,里面有几个祖父钟,您开始时它们的钟摆都以不同的速率摆动:如果您一天后返回,您会发现钟摆都以相同的速率下降作为彼此。你会在整个自然界中发现这种现象。萤火虫相互夹带,闪烁着自己的光芒。共同生活的女性——例如公寓里的学生——发现她们的月经周期是同步的。
In 1665, Dutch scientist Christian Huygens discovered the phenomenon of entrainment. Think of entrainment in terms of clocks: say you have a room containing several grandfather clocks and you start them off with their pendulums all swinging at different rates: if you return a day later, you find that the pendulums have all fallen into the same rate as each other. You find this phenomenon throughout nature. Fireflies flash their lights in entrainment with each other. Women who share a communal life – students in a flat for example – find their menstrual cycles synchronise.
研究表明,就像滴答作响的时钟或闪烁的萤火虫一样,在谈话中相处融洽的人彼此之间的节奏会摇摆不定。事实上,他们的脑电波正处于夹带状态。在声音方面,夹带就像一起制作音乐。想一想人们使用音乐语言来描述谈话中相处的所有方式。你“收听”;你“获得相同的波长”。你从'同一张赞美诗'中'唱出同样的曲调'。你们“分享彼此的节拍”或“和谐”。
Research shows that, like ticking clocks or flashing fireflies, people who get on well in conversation oscillate in rhythm with each other. Indeed, their brain waves are in entrainment. In terms of sound, entrainment is like making music together. Think about all the ways that people use musical language to describe getting along in conversation. You ‘tune in’; you ‘get on the same wave length’. You ‘sing the same tune’ from the ‘same hymn sheet’. You ‘share each other’s beat’ or are ‘in harmony’.
你永远不会因匹配声音能量而失败。你可能会担心你是在跟随而不是在领导,甚至放弃了自己的身份;但跟随是领导的开始。最伟大的演讲者可以与他们的听众一起去,然后很快就将他们掌握在手中,并带领他们去他们想去的地方。
You never lose out by matching vocal energy. You may worry that you’re following rather than leading, or even giving up your own identity; but following is the beginning of leading. The greatest speakers can go with their audiences and then soon have them in the palm of their hand and lead them where they wish.
1. A 选择一个他或她有意见的话题并开始对话。
1. Person A chooses a subject he or she has opinions about and begins a conversation.
你的话题不必是政治性的或有争议的——只要是你有意见的事情,比如你最喜欢的活动或运动。
Your topic need not be political or controversial – just something you have an opinion about, such as your favourite activity or sport.
2. B 加入谈话,过了一会儿开始不同意 A,使用的声音与 A 的不同。
2. Person B joins in the conversation and after a short while begins to disagree with Person A, using a voice that is different from Person’s A’s.
尝试比 A 说话更大声或更小声、更高或更低、更快或更慢。
Try speaking louder or softer, higher or lower, faster or slower than Person A.
3. 在用不同的语气表示不同意后,B 继续表示不同意,但开始在音量、音调、速度等方面与 A 相匹配。
3. After a short while of disagreeing in a different tone, Person B continues to disagree but begins to vocally match Person A in terms of volume, pitch, speed and so on.
4. 回顾你们的谈话。
4. Review your conversation.
作为 A,您是否发现使用不同的声音会加剧你们之间的分歧?当你们的声音变得相似时,是否更容易进行适当的辩论?作为 B 的你感觉如何?
As Person A, did you find that using a different voice escalated your differences? Was it easier to get a proper debate going when your voices became similar? How did you feel as Person B?
5. 角色互换,B 选择主题。
5. Reverse roles with Person B choosing the topic.
大多数人发现,当他们用自己的声音与另一个人调谐时,他们就不再是对手,即使他们彼此不同意。突然之间,真正的辩论变得轻松自然。
Most people discover that when they tune in with their voices to the other person, they can no longer be adversaries, even though they’re disagreeing with each other. Suddenly real debate becomes easy and natural.
收听并不是同意对方的观点。如果您在声音方面保持和谐,您可以愉快地反对。如果您想在冲突情况下进行调解或提供帮助,请牢记这一点。
Tuning in isn’t about agreeing with the other person’s view. You can happily disagree if you remain in harmony voice-wise. Bear this in mind if you want to mediate or help in situations of conflict.
选择唱不同的曲子
Choosing to sing a different tune
如果您正站在讲台上向数百名听众发表演讲,您可能不会首先想到收听。事实上,您可能正在寻找脱颖而出、与众不同、拥有权力和控制力的方法,因为您认为主持人“应该”与众不同。这种感觉可能会让你为了让听众摆脱冷漠或冷漠而过度投入精力。但是过度投入精力往往会产生意想不到的结果——你无法建立联系,而且你的听众比以前更容易放弃和沮丧。如果您忽视听众的反应,他们就无法调准您的注意力并正确聆听。
If you’re standing on a podium about to address an audience of several hundred, tuning in may not be at the top of your mind. In fact, you may be looking for ways to stand out, be special, have power and control, under the impression that a presenter ‘ought’ to be different. This feeling may make you overdo your energy in an effort to lift your audience out of indifference or apathy. But overdoing your energy often produces an unexpected result – you fail to build a connection, and your audience gives up and slumps more than before. If you neglect the response of your audience, they fail to tune in to you and listen properly.
调谐的反面是两个人只是并排交谈而没有真正的联系。您是否曾经在谈话中怀疑对方只是在打发时间,想着他们接下来想说什么,而不是在听您讲话?整个谈话变得令人筋疲力尽。萧伯纳抱怨时,很可能想到了这样一个糟糕的谈话伙伴,“她的毛病是她缺乏谈话的力量,而不是言语的力量。”
The opposite of tuning in is when two people are just talking side by side with no real connection. Have you ever been in a conversation where you suspect that the other person is just marking time and thinking of what they want to say next instead of listening to you? The entire conversation becomes draining. George Bernard Shaw was very likely thinking of such a poor conversational companion when he complained, ‘The trouble with her is that she lacks the power of conversation but not the power of speech.’
进入领先地位
Moving into the Lead
你的语调是一种出色的工具,可以让听众按照你的方式行事。领导的过程始于与您的听众建立联系(请参阅前面的“获得相同的波长”部分)。当您和您的听众已经以相同的速度一起旅行或唱同一首歌时,影响您的听众总是更容易。
Your tone of voice is a brilliant instrument for taking an audience your way. The process of leading begins with connecting with your audience (see the earlier section ‘Getting on the Same Wavelength’). Influencing your audience is always easier when you and your listeners are already both travelling together at the same speed – or singing the same song.
微妙地移动
Shifting subtly
通过将您的声音(音高、音调、音量、速度)与对方相匹配来建立联系,然后逐渐在您的声音中引入一些新内容,让对方跟随。
Get connected by matching your voice – pitch, tone, volume, speed – to the other person’s, and then gradually introduce something new into your voice for the other person to follow.
1. 邀请你的伴侣谈谈他或她厌烦的事情。任何 日常烦恼,例如价格上涨或交通问题,都可以解决。
1. Invite your partner to talk about something that he or she is fed up about. Any everyday annoyance such as price increases or traffic problems will work fine.
2. 加入对话,使用与您的伴侣相似的语气,而不会让自己感到厌烦。同意或不同意伴侣的意见并不重要——尽管一开始您可能会发现同意更容易。只需匹配语音的语调、速度、音调等即可。
2. Join in the conversation, using a similar tone of voice to your partner without feeling fed up yourself. It doesn’t matter whether you agree or disagree with your partner – though you may find agreeing easier at first. Just match the tone of voice, speed, pitch and so on.
3. 以这种方式说话片刻后,开始稍微改变你的声音。也许以较轻的语调以稍高的音调说话,或者大声或更快地说话。
3. After talking in this manner for a few moments, begin to vary your voice a little. Perhaps speak at a slightly higher pitch in a lighter tone, or speak a fraction louder or faster.
4. 逐渐改变你的声音,注意你的伴侣如何自然回应。诀窍是逐渐进行这些更改,这样您的伴侣就不会有意识地注意到差异。也将谈话转向更积极的事情。
4. Gradually, change your voice a little more, paying attention to how your partner naturally responds. The trick is to make these changes gradually so that your partner doesn’t notice the difference consciously. Move the conversation towards more positive things too.
大多数人发现,在这个活动中“受够了”的人无法在音调变化时以相同的模式继续下去。当您转向不同的能量时,您的伴侣也会不自觉地移动。
Most people find that the ‘fed up’ person in this activity is unable to continue in the same mode as the tone changes. When you move to a different energy, your partner unconsciously moves too.
影响可以非常温和。你只需要做一些小的改变就可以大大影响对方的反应。
Influence can be very gentle. You only need to make minor changes in order to affect the other person’s response considerably.
你更明亮、更高昂的头音可以减轻情绪,并帮助你将讨论转移到更容易、不那么情绪化的话题上。
Your brighter, higher head tone lightens the mood and helps you move discussions to easier, less emotional-heavy topics.
你坚定的胸腔声音将谈话从情感转移到事实、数字和实用建议上。
Your firm chest voice draws the conversation away from emotion and into facts, figures and practical suggestions.
你温柔的心声表明你同情你的听众,并鼓励听众考虑他们的感受。
Your gentler heart voice shows that you empathise with your listener and encourages the listener to consider how they’re feeling.
你深沉的直觉会鼓励你的听众去考虑超越当前表面刺激的具有根本重要性的事情。
Your deep gut voice encourages your listener to consider things of fundamental importance beyond current surface irritations.
当您介绍这些不同的语调时,请注意对其他人的影响。
Notice the effect on the other person when you introduce each of these different voice tones.
1. 让你的伴侣简要说明一个对他或她很重要的问题 (可能是工作或关系问题)。
1. Ask your partner to headline briefly an issue that matters to him or her (a work or relationship problem maybe).
2. 在你的伙伴谈了一会儿之后,问,'这是关于什么的?或者“这到底是怎么回事?” 在特定的共鸣中(头部、胸部、心脏或肠道)并聆听反应。
2. After your partner talks for a few moments, ask, ‘What’s this about?’ or ‘What’s this about really?’ in a particular resonance (head, chest, heart or gut) and listen to the response.
3. 让你的伴侣再次告诉你同样对他们很重要的问题。
3. Ask your partner to tell you again about this same issue that matters to them.
4. 再次询问“这是关于什么的?” 或者“这到底是怎么回事?” – 但使用不同的共振。注意当你用不同的语气说同样的话时,你的伴侣会有不同的反应。
4. Ask once again ‘What’s this about?’ or ‘What’s this about really?’ – but use a different resonance. Notice how your partner responds differently when you say the same words in a different tone.
5. 继续问你的问题,使用不同的共鸣,注意这个问题每次如何激发对方不同的感受和反应。
5. Continue asking your question, using difference resonance and noticing how the question stimulates a different feeling and response in the other person each time.
6. 与您的合作伙伴回顾经验。讨论你们每个人的差异。在你的声音中引入不同的共鸣是如何让你的伴侣进入不同的情绪和思维状态的?
6. Review the experience with your partner. Discuss the differences for each of you. How did introducing different resonances into your voice take your partner to different emotional and thinking states?
如果你是一名教练、治疗师或从事类似的职业,这种使用共鸣的微妙技巧可能非常有用,可以引导你的客户与他们的问题建立不同的关系。如果你担任任何领导职务,这种温和的技巧会一次又一次地派上用场。你的语气不像是一个特定的指令,而是一种微妙的邀请,让你从不同的角度看问题。
If you’re a coach, therapist or in a similar profession, this subtle skill of using resonance can be immensely useful to lead your client to a different relationship with their issue. If you’re in any leadership role, this gentle skill comes in useful again and again. Your tone of voice isn’t like a specific directive, but a subtle invitation to look at things from a different perspective.
通过观众的心态影响
Influencing via your audience’s state of mind
当你邀请其他人加入你在一个特别情绪化的空间,而不是告诉他们以某种方式行事时,吸引力就会发挥作用,人们就会想加入你。你的精神状态是会传染的,人们会被它感染;被它吸引。和平的状态产生平静;一个强大的国家会激起武力或侵略。
When you invite others to join you in a particularly emotional space, rather than tell them to act a certain way, the power of attraction comes into play, and people want to join you. Your state of mind is contagious, and people become infected with it; attracted towards it. A peaceful state produces calm; a forceful state provokes force or aggression.
上例中冷静的组长并没有告诉团队她想要什么,而是通过平静的身体和平静的声音邀请其他人加入她的平静空间。如果她只是在孤立无援的情况下表现得很冷静,而不知道她的团队的当前状态,她就不会非常有效。她需要先调整到那个状态(参见前面的“进入同一波长”),然后转向她的平静状态。
Rather than telling a group what she wanted, the calm team leader in the preceding example invited others to join her in her calm space through calm physicality and a calm voice. She wouldn’t have been very effective if she just acted calm in isolation without being aware of the current state of her team. She needed first to tune into that (see ‘Getting on the Same Wavelength’ earlier), and then move towards her calm state.
因为你的影响力与听众的心态有关,所以你实际上可以灵活地影响听众。灵感来自彩虹的每一种颜色!如果你去听托尼罗宾斯这样的励志演说家,你很容易被他声音中的巨大能量所吸引。如果你听圣雄甘地的录音,他缓慢而温和的声音会邀请你进入他的和平世界。你在他用他的母语古吉拉特语发表的演讲中特别强烈地听到了这一点——即使你不会说这种语言。
Because your power to influence links to your audience’s state of mind, you actually have plenty of flexibility in how you can affect an audience. Inspiration comes in every colour of the rainbow! If you go to listen to a motivational speaker such as Tony Robbins, you easily become swept along by the enormous energy in his voice. If you listen to recordings of Mahatma Gandhi, his slow gentle voice invites you into his world of peace. You hear it particularly strongly in his speeches in his mother tongue, Gujarati – even if you don’t speak the language.
1. 由一个人担任演讲者,选择一个话题进行演讲。选择一个您可以轻松谈论的话题,例如商业话题、最喜欢的爱好或运动,或者您的旅行经历。
1. Have one person act as speaker, who chooses a topic to speak about. Choose a topic that you can speak easily about, for example a business topic, a favourite hobby or sport, or your travel experiences.
2. 作为演讲者,选择一个你想要引导听众走向的理想状态。把这个选择留给自己。一些理想的状态包括:好奇、兴奋、放松、好玩。
2. As speaker, select a desired state that you want to lead your audience towards. Keep this choice to yourself. Some desired states include: curious, excited, relaxed, playful.
3. 听众选择他们当前的状态。当前的一些状态包括:挑剔、无聊、困惑、怀疑。不要让说话者知道你选择了哪个状态。
3. Members of the audience select their current state. Some current states include: critical, bored, confused, suspicious. Don’t let the speaker know which state you select.
4. 演讲者开始简短的演讲,听众进入他们选择的心理状态。
4. The speaker begins a short presentation while the audience enters into its chosen state of mind.
因此,例如,如果听众选择批评,请坐在那里倾听并感受批评。抓住机会提出问题或评论,并以批判的方式进行。
So if, for example, the audience choose to be critical, sit there listening and feeling critical. Take opportunities to ask questions or comment, and do it in a critical way.
5. 作为演讲者,调整到听众的初始状态,然后非常缓慢地改变你的语气,引导听众走向你想要的状态。
5. As speaker, tune into the starting state of the audience and then, very gradually, change your voice tone and lead the audience towards your desired state.
你的目标是在听众明显处于理想状态时结束。无论如何,大约在五到十分钟内结束。听众应该本能地、自然地对演讲者的引导作出反应,而不是死守着原来的状态,好像这是一场他们必须赢的比赛。
Your aim is to finish when the audience is clearly in the desired state. In any case, come to an end in about five or ten minutes. The audience should respond instinctively and naturally to the speaker’s lead, and not hold onto the original state rigidly as if it’s a competition they must win.
6. 演讲结束后,反思和讨论在引导听众方面哪些方面做得很好,哪些方面效果欠佳。
6. After the presentation, reflect and discuss what worked well and what was less effective in leading the audience.
谈判中
Negotiating
在谈判中,你从根本差异开始,寻求相似点,并从那里找到解决方案。
In negotiating, you start from fundamental differences and seek to move towards similarities and from there to resolution.
在谈判中用与其他人相同的语气说话会鼓励他们与你同步。您最初不同意他们的论点内容。您正在经历进入共享空间的过程,这是通过您的声音、肢体语言和整体能量实现的。同样,在你匹配了其他人的能量之后,你可以带领他们进行探索,以发现双方的共同点——也许你们都想解决你们的分歧,或者你们都想有尊严地走出困境。
Speaking in the same tone as the other person or people in a negotiating situation encourages them to fall into step with you. You’re not agreeing to the content of their arguments initially. You’re going through the process of coming into a shared space, which you achieve through your voice, body language and general energy. Again, after you match the other people’s energy, you can lead them in an exploration to discover what the two sides hold in common – you both want a resolution to your differences perhaps or you all want to come out of the situation with dignity.
我知道你需要咨询你的人,但我们渴望尽快推进事情。(我反驳你。)
I understand that you need to consult your people, but we’re keen to move things along as fast as possible. (I contradict you.)
我知道您需要咨询您的员工,我们渴望尽快推进工作。(我接受你的观点并补充。)
I understand that you need to consult your people and we’re keen to move things along as fast as possible. (I accept your view and add to it.)
当演员和主持人说得好时,他们会把话说到一个想法或一个句子的结尾,将势头保持到最后(见第 8 章)。在谈判中,以类似的方式自信地朝着你的目标前进。Michael C. Donaldson (Wiley) 的《Negotiating For Dummies》为您提供了更多技巧。
When actors and presenters speak well, they drive their words towards the end of a thought or a sentence, keeping the momentum up till the end (see Chapter 8). In negotiating, move confidently towards your goal in a similar way. Negotiating For Dummies by Michael C. Donaldson (Wiley) gives you many more tips.
巧听
Listening Skilfully
作家娜塔莉·戈德堡 (Natalie Goldberg) 引用了一位苏菲歌唱大师的话,他建议说:“唱歌是 90% 的聆听。你必须学会倾听。
The writer Natalie Goldberg quotes a Sufi singing master who advised, ‘Singing is 90 per cent listening. You have to learn to listen.’
你可能认为倾听的技巧需要多年才能掌握,但实际上幼儿非常擅长倾听——在某些方面比受过良好教育的成年人要好。每个人都通过杏仁核(大脑的原始区域)听到情绪,然后才有意识地意识到海马体中的感觉输入。这个过程提供了真实和诚意的即时晴雨表。但随着岁月的流逝,大多数人都失去了敏锐的洞察力。很少有人讨论——甚至重视——声调,而现代媒体充斥着虚假明亮而充满活力的声音。
You may think that the skill of listening takes years to acquire, but actually young children are remarkable good at it – in some ways better than well-educated adults. Everyone hears emotion through the amygdala, a primitive area of the brain, before they become consciously aware of sensory input in the hippocampus. This process provides an instant barometer for truth and sincerity. But as the years pass, most people lose the acuity of their perceptions. Few people discuss – or even value – voice tone, and modern media is brimming with falsely bright and energetic voices.
当你失去倾听的能力时,你就不再相信你听到的直觉。你失去了与人联系的重要元素。幸运的是,正如我在以下部分中探讨的那样,您可以恢复更好地聆听的能力。
When you lose your ability to listen well, you stop trusting your instinct with regard to what you hear. You lose a vital element of connection with people. Fortunately, you can recover your ability to listen better, as I explore in the following sections.
在第 5 章中,我介绍了有效发声的“不太紧也不太松”的概念。如果你太用力,你会变得紧张,而完全放手,你会崩溃——这两种方法都无济于事。要以生动的方式说话,您需要精力充沛而不用太努力,需要自由而不放弃。完全相同的概念适用于听力。放松时听得最好;自由而不颓废,清醒而不紧张。然后你才能真正地听懂。正如 ee cummings 所说:“现在我的耳朵苏醒了,现在我的眼睛睁开了”。
In Chapter 5, I introduce the concept of ‘not too tight and not too loose’ for effective voice production. If you try too hard, you become tight, and letting go entirely, you slump – neither of which is helpful. To speak in a lively way you need energy without trying too hard, and freedom without giving up. Exactly the same concept applies to listening. You hear best when you’re relaxed; free but not slumped, awake but not tense. Then you can really hear with understanding. As e. e. cummings says: ‘now the ears of my ears awake and now the eyes of my eyes are opened’.
听到背后的话
Hearing behind the words
随着年龄的增长,您的听力会逐渐下降,部分原因是您的教育和文化鼓励您以牺牲声音为代价对文字过于感兴趣。您最终会用头脑聆听以形成逻辑意义,而很少注意单词背后的情感能量。
You lose the sharpness of your listening as you grow older partly because your education and culture encourage you to get too interested in words at the expense of sounds. You end up listening with your head to make logical sense and paying little attention to the emotional energy behind the words.
如果你回过头来感受人们说话时发出的声音,你就能挖掘出一个信息宝库,而不仅仅是这些词的表面含义。
If you come back to sensing the sounds that people make when they speak, you’re able to tap into a mine of information beyond what lies there in the superficial meaning of the words.
用心倾听的技巧通常是听出语调中缺失的内容以及存在的内容——尤其是听出话中没有说出的内容。在尝试“用心倾听”之后,你还可以用直觉“倾听”,调谐到对方核心感受和本能的深处。
The skill of listening with your heart is often in hearing what is missing in the voice tone as well as what is present – especially in hearing what isn’t being said in the words. After you try ‘heart listening’, you can also ‘listen’ with your gut, and tune into the depths of the other person’s core feeling and instinct.
辨别真相和谎言
Spotting truth and lies
调谐到声音可以帮助你发现欺骗。人类善于用声音欺骗,往往是为了保护自己。一个人用严厉的声音吠叫,里面隐藏着一个不安全的人。另一个人说话如丝般柔滑,掩盖了内心的操纵大师。第三个宣布控制和命令,隐藏混乱和优柔寡断。第四个人在撒谎的同时宣布“我说的是实话”,或者“我相信我们的领导者”,隐藏着不信任和恐惧。请查看第 11 章以探索更多这些诡计并了解如何识破它们。
Tuning into sound helps you to spot deception. Human beings are adept at deceiving with the voice, often to protect themselves. One person barks in a hard voice that hides an insecure person inside. Another talks with silky smoothness, masking a master manipulator within. A third announces control and command, hiding chaos and indecision. A fourth announces ‘I am telling the truth’ while lying, or ‘I trust our leader’, hiding mistrust and fear. Look at Chapter 11 to explore more of these subterfuges and find out how to see through them.
同时,人们的欺骗永远不会完全成功。某些语气总是至少泄露出一部分真实情况。Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley)的《傻瓜肢体语言》展示了人类通过身体暴露自我的多种方式。人们通过自己的声音越来越多地暴露自己。
At the same time, people never entirely succeed in their deceptions. Some tone always leaks out at least part of what is really going on. Body Language For Dummies by Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley) shows the many ways that humans give themselves away through their bodies. People give themselves away as much and more through their voices.
说话者的脸和声音不匹配。约翰·麦凯恩 (John McCain) 在 2008 年总统竞选期间不断笑得不开心,因此被指责讽刺和缺乏可信度。
The speaker’s face and voice do not match up. John McCain was accused of sarcasm and lack of credibility when he continually smiled without pleasure during the 2008 presidential campaign.
话音刚落,说话的人犹豫了一下。听听轻微的声门塞音,它告诉你这个人正在保护他们所说的话或操纵它以使其更容易被接受。
The speaker hesitates just before the words come out. Listen for the slight glottal stop that tells you the person is guarding what they say or manipulating it to make it more acceptable.
说话者的语气平淡。您可以听到声音听起来多么狭窄,范围大大缩小。一些测谎仪测量此功能!
The speaker’s tone is flat. You can hear how narrow the voice sounds, with greatly reduced range. Some lie detectors measure this feature!
说话者的声音带有一种“社交”的语气。聆听听起来悦耳但令人信服的音调——缺乏深沉的音调,也没有背后的能量。
The speaker’s voice takes on a ‘social’ tone. Listen for a tone that is pleasant-sounding but unconvincingly so – lacking deeper tones and without energy behind it.
说话者的声音浑厚而圆润,没有微妙或细微差别。请注意声音中缺乏变化,以及它听起来是多么丰富和丰富。
The speaker’s voice is rich and plummy without subtlety or nuance. Notice the lack of variation in the sound and how relentlessly rich and plummy it sounds.
Call No1:短暂的沉默后,我突然听到一个女人温暖圆润的音调,听起来几乎就像电视节目中友好的主持人正在播放她的作品。太均匀加热太快了!说了五个字我就放下了电话:录电话营销。
Call No1: After a short silence, I suddenly heard the warm rounded tones of a woman sounding almost like the friendly compere of a television show mid-flow through her piece. Too evenly warm and too soon! I put the phone down after five words: it was recorded tele-marketing.
电话2:我一拿起电话,对方就要求和我说话,声音非常开心,充满活力,我立刻就知道这是一个推销电话。在我们正确连接之前,即使是我最快乐的朋友也不会直接进入这种欢快的状态。
Call No 2: As soon as I picked up the phone, the other person asked to speak to me by name in such a happy sounding energetic voice I instantly knew that it was a sales call. Even the happiest of my friends doesn’t launch straight into such chirpiness before we’ve even connected properly.
电话 3:我认出了那个声音,知道是朋友。她立刻问我过得怎么样,但她声音中的热情似乎有点太轻了,缺乏实质内容。“你还好吗?” 我问。“好吧,实际上,既然你问了,不!” 她回答。声音中的热情,的确是为了掩饰她的烦恼。
Call No 3: I recognised the voice and knew it was a friend. She instantly asked how I was, yet the enthusiasm in her voice seemed fractionally too light in tone and lacking in substance. ‘Everything okay with you?’ I asked. ‘Well, actually, since you ask, no!’ she replied. The enthusiasm in the voice had indeed been put on to mask the fact that she was troubled.
和谐共舞
Dancing in Harmony
倾听和回应是相辅相成的。在谈话中,节奏和语调在人与人之间来回传递。如果你是在对着一群人讲话,回应更多的是一种沉默的能量,一种你意识到听众是否赞同你的话的感觉。即使你们不说话,能量流仍然存在。
Listening and responding go together. In conversation, the rhythm and tone pass to and fro from person to person. If you’re speaking to a group, the response is more an energy of silence, a sense you pick up that the audience is going with your words or not. Even though you don’t exchange words, the energetic flow is still there.
当您观看专业舞者时,一个动作会流入下一个动作,并且一个舞者在彼此同步移动时向另一个舞者发出动作变化的信号。你会看到对能量、速度、节奏和流动感的相互理解。
When you watch professional dancers, one movement flows into the next, and one dancer signals a change in movement to the other while they’re moving in step with each other. You see mutual understanding of energy, speed, rhythm – and a sense of flow.
当你对一个人或听众讲话时,你的影响力来自于流畅,而不是蛮力。“影响”一词的根本含义实际上是“一起流动”。即使交流很艰难,您也很可能通过灵活性获得想要的结果。将比喻从舞蹈转移到更艰难的事物,看一场拳击比赛,注意职业拳击手有多轻——甚至是重量级拳击手!– 站起来了。这也是您需要的方式,以便即时响应某人。
When you speak, to one person or an audience, your influence comes from flow, not brute strength. The root meaning of the word ‘influence’ is actually ‘flow together’. Even when the exchange is tough, you’re most likely to gain the result you want through flexibility. To shift the metaphor from dance to something tougher, watch a boxing match and notice how light professional boxers – even heavyweights! – are on their feet. This is how you need to be too in order to respond to someone instant by instant.
意识到你已经拥有的舞蹈技巧
Becoming aware of dancing skills you already have
与孩子互动时:您的声音自然地与他们的相匹配吗?
When interacting with a child: Do you naturally match your voice to theirs?
当一个朋友告诉你个人的不幸时:当你表现出同理心时,你的声音是否会降低到朋友的水平?
When a friend tells you of a personal unhappiness: Does your voice drop to the level of your friend’s as you show empathy?
当您关心的人兴奋地告诉您发生了一件美妙的事情时:您的声音是否也充满热情?
When someone you care about tells you in excitement about something wonderful that has happened: Does your voice rise in enthusiasm as well?
当另一个人正式或严肃地说话时:你是否发现你自己的回应声音更低更严肃?
When another person speaks with formality or solemnity: Do you find that you respond with a lower more serious voice yourself?
连接之舞的主要障碍是你内心的紧张。因为你的思想和身体一起工作,所以这种紧张可以是身体上的也可以是精神上的。因此,夹住你的肩膀、下巴或牙齿,或者收缩你的呼吸,就像在精神上将另一个人拒之门外一样,会阻碍你的倾听。敞开心扉让你能够接收到另一个人的潜在信息,并用你自己的整体来回应。
The main obstruction to the dance of connection is tension in you. Because your mind and body work together, this tension can be physical or mental. So clamping your shoulders, jaw or teeth, or constricting your breathing, thwarts your listening just like mentally shutting out another person. Opening up your body and mind enables you to receive another person’s underlying message and respond with the whole of yourself.
领导与被领导
Leading and being led
当你不再确定谁在领导谁被领导时,演讲者与演讲者或演讲者与听众之间的交流变成了一场舞蹈。当你调谐到别人身上并能够影响他们时,他们也会开始影响你,然后可能性就会变得令人兴奋。
The exchange between speaker and speaker, or speaker and listeners, turns into a dance at the moment when you’re no longer sure who’s leading and who’s being led. As you tune in to others and are able to influence them, so they also begin to influence you, and then the possibilities become exciting.
1.放一些你喜欢的音乐。
1. Put on some music that you like.
2. 面对面站立,双手合十,掌心向外。
2. Stand facing each other, hold up your hands, palms facing outwards and join up palms.
将右手连接到朋友的左手,将左手连接到朋友的右手。只需轻轻触摸。
Connect your right hand to your friend’s left, your left to your friend’s right. Just touch gently.
3. 开始向各个方向缓慢移动您的手和手臂,您的朋友保持双手接触,跟随这个动作。
3. Begin moving your hands and arms slowly every which way, and your friend, keeping hands touching, follows the movement.
4. 半分钟左右后,交换角色,现在您正在跟随您的朋友。
4. After half a minute or so, swap roles so that you’re now following your friend.
5. 又过了半分钟,再次换装并继续前进——但这次没有人负责。
5. After another half minute, change again and keep moving – but this time no one is in charge.
你和朋友都调到运动中。
Both you and friend tune into the movement.
6. 几分钟后,反思一下你和你朋友经历过的不同。
6. After a couple of minutes, reflect on the differences you and your friend experienced.
当两者都不是同时领先时,要特别注意感觉的质量。
Pay particular attention to the quality of the sensations when neither and both are leading at the same time.
将此概念转移到对话和与小组交谈中,从灵活性和主动性的角度思考。你既不咄咄逼人也不被动,而是你和你的朋友一起创造的“舞蹈”中灵活的平等伙伴。
Transferring this concept to conversations and speaking to groups, think in terms of flexibility with proactivity. You’re neither pushy nor passive, but a flexible equal partner in a ‘dance’ that you and your friend are creating together.
共同创作新舞蹈
Co-creating new dances
声音的工作方式与舞蹈相同。当您与他人和谐相处时,非凡的事情就会成为可能:
Sound works in the same manner as the dance. When you speak in harmony with others, extraordinary things become possible:
你可以去很棒的地方。在对话开始流畅之后——这也适用于演示,如果你与听众融洽相处的话——你的互动就会走上自己的道路。良好的谈话潮起潮落,产生新的和非凡的东西。
You can go to amazing places. After conversation begins to flow – and this applies to presentations too if you’re in harmony with your audience – your interaction takes off on a path of its own. Good conversation ebbs and flows, producing something new and extraordinary.
寻找“八哥低语”的在线剪辑。在这个惊人的现象中,成群结队的八哥——20,000 到 30,000 只鸟——在傍晚的天空中盘旋。它们在天空中形成一个巨大的黑色形状,当每只鸟轮转、转身和俯冲时,它作为一个实体移动和变化,与其他鸟和谐相处。这种变化发生得如此之快,以至于每只鸟都必须非常敏感并迅速对周围的运动做出反应。
Seek out an online clip of a ‘murmuration of starlings’. In this amazing phenomenon, great flocks of starlings – 20,000 to 30,000 birds – wheel in the evening skies. They form a single great dark shape in the sky that shifts and changes as one entity as each bird wheels, turns and swoops in harmony with the other birds. The shifting happens so fast that the individual birds have to be very sensitive and quick to respond to the movements around them.
你唤醒了自己和他人的创造力。在一起,你超越了一个人的可能。你们的互动不再只是交流,而是成为一个共同的事业。您会发现在您共同创造的流程中。对方的一句话会唤醒你的创造力,你会想到以前没有想到过的想法。在小组环境中,您会发现一个问题激发了您的创造力,并且您给出了对所有人来说都是新的答案。
You awaken creativity in yourself and others. Together, you move beyond what is possible alone. Your interaction ceases to be just an exchange and becomes a joint enterprise. You discover that within the flow you create together. A remark of the other person awakens your creativity and you think thoughts that hadn’t come to you before. In a group setting, you find that a question sparks your creativity and you give an answer that is new to all of you.
你的谈话加起来不仅仅是各部分的总和。在声音中一起跳舞,你会去你以前没有去过的地方,创造出世界前所未见的东西。这样的交流会产生意想不到的结果。首先,您会体验到交流的和谐及其轻松感。然后,当您体验到谈话的兴奋和创造力时,您会开始感受到谈话的嗡嗡声。此时,您会对出现的情况感到惊讶和高兴。
Your conversation adds up to more than the sum of the parts. In dancing together in sound, you go to places you haven’t been before and produce something the world hasn’t seen before. Such exchanges create the unexpected. First, you experience the harmony of an exchange with its sense of ease. Then you begin to feel the buzz of the conversation as you experience its excitement and creativity. At this point, you can be surprised and delighted by what emerges.
您可以在网上找到一段精彩的短片,视频中爵士乐小提琴家凯伦布里格斯 (Karen Briggs) 在雅尼 (Yanni) 在雅典卫城举行的一场音乐会上与另一位受过古典音乐训练的小提琴家即兴演奏。一开始,您会听到两种不同的技术、两种不同的传统和两种不同的性格。当他们聚在一起时,他们互相激发并开始互相模仿,以越来越多的创造力扩展模仿。到最后,他们几乎是在用越来越令人兴奋的变化来挑战对方——显然从交流中获得了巨大的兴奋和快乐。他们的“舞蹈”让每个人都竭尽全力并挖掘他们创造力的深度。听众的结果是新的和令人兴奋的。
You can find a wonderful short video available online of jazz violinist Karen Briggs improvising with another classically trained violinist during a concert by Yanni at the Acropolis. At the start you can hear two different techniques, two different traditions and two different characters. As they jam together, they spark each other off and begin to imitate each other, expanding on the imitations with more and more creativity. By the end, they’re almost challenging each other with increasingly exciting variations – and clearly deriving immense excitement and joy out of the exchange. Their ‘dance’ leads each to give of their best and to tap the depths of their creativity. The result for the listener is something new and exciting.
激励他人
Inspiring others
调谐技巧是将励志演讲者与优秀演讲者区分开来的主要区别之一。许多人通过用有力、清晰甚至优美的声音交流来学习如何说得好,但很少有人能激发灵感。
The skill of tuning in is one of the main differences that marks out inspirational speakers from merely excellent ones. Many people learn how to speak well in terms of communicating with strong, clear and even beautiful voices, but few inspire.
这种区别在许多不同的通信领域都是真实的。很多演员都演的很出色,但很少有人让你汗毛直竖。那些完全扮演他们角色的人,他们让你暂停怀疑,让你在他们的经历中前进。
This distinction is true in many different fields of communication. Many actors do an excellent job, but few make the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. Those who inhabit their role so fully that they cause you to suspend disbelief carry you along in their experience.
参加卡迪夫世界歌手国际大赛总决赛的每一位歌手都www.bbc.co.uk/cardiffsinger以其美妙的嗓音和高超的技巧在各自的艺术领域中名列前茅。但是对于著名的评委来说,声乐技巧往往是既定的;他们选择知道如何从内心表达真实事物的获胜者,并通过与观众交流,将他们带入一个神奇的世界。
Every singer in the finals of the international Cardiff Singer of the World competition (www.bbc.co.uk/cardiffsinger) is at the top of his or her art with a glorious voice and great technique. But for the celebrated judges, vocal technique tends to be a given; they choose winners who know how to express something authentic from their inner selves, and in communicating that to the audience, sweep them up into a magical world.
对你的声音技巧感到满意,这样你就可以随意改变你的声音。
Become happy with your voice technique so that you can vary your voice at will.
有话要说,而不是言语,这是一条对听众产生积极影响的信息。
Have something to say that is more than words, a message that affects your audience positively.
越来越多地关注您与听众的联系,这样您就可以感觉到您正在将他们带在身边。
Tune in more and more to your connection with the audience, so that you can feel that you’re carrying them with you.
像拉小提琴一样演奏您的观众,带领他们前往他们梦寐以求的奇妙之地!
Play your audience like a violin and lead them to wondrous places they can only dream of!
第16章
Chapter 16
培养你的专业声音
Cultivating Your Professional Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
作为鼓舞人心的领导者言出必行
Walking your talk as an inspiring leader
通过语气和坚韧影响他人
Influencing others through tone and tenacity
优化您在课堂、法庭和咨询中的声音
Optimising your voice for classrooms, courtrooms and consultations
您是律师、教师、传教士、青年领袖还是体育教练?你在销售、呼叫中心或鱼市工作吗?你教健美操、游泳或舞蹈吗?您是活动家还是演员、拍卖师、发型师或记者?可以肯定的是,他们的工作各不相同,但他们的共同点是说话;有些工作需要大量的谈话。
Are you a lawyer, a teacher, a preacher, a youth leader or a sports coach? Do you work in sales or in a call centre or a fish market? Do you teach aerobics, swimming or dance? Are you a campaigner or an actor, an auctioneer, a hair stylist or a journalist? All very different jobs to be sure, but the one thing they have in common is talking; and some jobs require a lot of talk.
如果你不得不说很多话,除了会给你的声音带来巨大的负担之外,“会说话的工作”会让你始终保持最佳状态。无论您感觉如何,您都会努力“达到标准”。因此,许多人在每次会议、课程或相遇时都人为地将声音“调高”到充满活力的音调。如果您感到放松,这种练习可能没问题;但是如果你非常紧张,这种高度紧张的状态会给你的声音带来相当大的压力。不幸的是,从事对声音要求很高的工作的人很少接受过最基本的声音训练,因此在本章中,我将介绍一些策略,让你的声音在几个职业的巅峰状态下保持。
Apart from the sheer load you put on your voice if you have to talk a lot, ‘talking jobs’ call you to always want to be at your best. However you’re feeling, you make the effort to ‘come up to the mark’. As a result many people ‘crank up’ their voices artificially to an energetic pitch for each meeting, lesson or encounter. This practice may be okay if you’re feeling relaxed; but if you’re at all tense, this heightened state puts considerable strain on your voice. Unfortunately, few people in vocally demanding jobs have more than the most elementary voice training, so in this chapter I introduce strategies to maintain your voice in the peak of condition for several professions.
但首先,我要强调每位伟大的领导者都需要具备的特质,无论您的职位或职业是什么——一种能够激励和影响他人的声音。
But first, I address an attribute that every great leader needs, whatever your position or profession – a voice that inspires and influences others.
找到你作为领导者的声音
Finding Your Voice as a Leader
您可能会听到这样的说法:“作为领导者,您需要言出必行”。无论您是领导一家公司、指挥一支医疗队、管理一支足球队还是为人父母,您都必须对他人产生声音影响,以便他们将您视为领导者。
You may hear the saying ‘you need to walk your talk as a leader’. Whether you’re leading a corporation, directing a medical team, managing a football team or being a parent, you must have vocal impact on others in order for them to see you as a leader.
在展示领导力的所有不同方式中,您的声音具有不成比例的影响。无论您拥有什么技能和品质,如果没有强有力的声音,您就不会给人留下领导者的印象。只有当你听起来像一个领导者时,其他人才可能认出你是一个领导者。您不必为了听起来令人信服而做出重大改变,但您确实需要一两个重要的新技能。
Of all the different ways that you can demonstrate leadership, your voice has a disproportionate impact. Whatever skills and qualities your possess, without a strong voice you just don’t come across as a leader. Other people are likely to recognise you as a leader only if you sound like one. You don’t have to make drastic changes to sound convincing but you do need one or two vital new skills.
你的声音够大吗?您能否在需要时引起听众的注意?请参阅第 7 章以获取有关投影的帮助。
Is your voice loud enough? Can you gain your listeners’ attention when you need to? Look at Chapter 7 for help in projection.
你的声音是不是太大了?在第 9 章中了解如何让你的推介更加庄重。
Is your voice too high? Find out how to put more gravitas into your pitch in Chapter 9.
人们有时会因为您的仓促或含糊不清而难以理解您吗?在第 11 章中找到更多关于处理喋喋不休和喃喃自语的内容。
Do people sometimes struggle to understand you because you rush or mumble? Find more about dealing with gabbling and mumbling in Chapter 11.
你的口音很难辨认吗?我在第 6 章讨论清晰度,在第 12 章讨论重音。
Is your accent hard to decipher? I talk about clarity in Chapter 6, and cover accents in Chapter 12.
成为一体
Being all of a piece
一致性——团结一心,或言出必行——是领导者声音的关键要素。如果你的声音与你的个性、动力、创造力、价值观和能量不相符,你的影响力就会微乎其微。Impact 就像飞行队形中的红箭航空队:当你的所有部分都朝着同一个方向飞行时,它就会起作用。
Congruence – being all of a piece, or walking your talk – is a crucial element of a leader’s voice. Your impact is minimal if your voice doesn’t match your personality, drive, creativity, values and energy. Impact is like the Red Arrows aeronautic team in flight formation: it works when all parts of you are travelling in the same direction.
无奈之下,马克来看我,我们努力将他的声音与他的内在能量联系起来。当他承认公司对他有多重要时,他的突破就来了。我从他的声音中听到了情绪——他极力避免在会议中表现出情绪,因为他认为这表明了软弱。但压抑的情绪让他的声音听起来不真实。下次他对他的人民讲话时,他表达了自己的一些感受,从而发挥了他的全部影响力。人们随后带着支持的信息来找他,有效地扭转了公司的局面。
In desperation, Mark came to see me, and we worked on connecting his voice to his inner energy. His breakthrough came when he confessed how much the company mattered to him. I heard emotion in his voice – emotion he fought to keep out of his meetings because he believed that it showed weakness. But suppressing emotion made his voice sound inauthentic. The next time he spoke to his people, he allowed some of his feeling to show and thus stepped into his full impact. People came to him afterwards with messages of support, effectively turning the tide for the company.
当语音和消息不匹配时,您会遇到一些荒谬的事情。一位语音教练同事跟我说,她曾经合作过的一位财务总监:每次他把团队的成果交到市里(语气压抑胆怯),公司的股价就跌了!再举一个例子,我发现自己试图通过对我的小儿子大喊“停止对你姐姐大喊大叫!”来宣传和平与平静的价值。
You meet some absurdities when voice and message don’t match. A voice coach colleague told me of a finance director she worked with: every time he delivered his group’s results to the city (in a stifled and timid sounding voice), the company’s share price went down! As another example, I found myself attempting to promote the value of peace and calm with my young son by yelling at him, ‘Stop shouting at your sister!’
有存在感的说话
Speaking with presence
在谈到成为一体时,强调的是存在这个词。你使用的词语很重要,但你用来表达它们的声音更重要,因为它反映了你的存在状态。
In speaking about being all of a piece, the emphasis is on the word being. The words you use matter, but the voice you use to convey them, as it reflects your state of being, matters even more.
1960 年约翰·F·肯尼迪 (John F Kennedy) 和理查德·尼克松 (Richard Nixon) 之间的第一场美国总统辩论展示了您的心态和您的存在如何影响您的信息。尼克松说得好听,但人们在他苍白和尴尬中看到了恐惧,并从他不顺利的表达中听到了恐惧。肯尼迪看起来和听起来都是一个领导者,他有存在感;这为他赢得了国家的支持。
The very first US presidential debate, between John F Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960, shows how your state of mind and your presence affects your message. Nixon had fine words, but people saw fear in his pallor and awkwardness and heard it in his lack of smooth delivery. Kennedy looked and sounded a leader, he had the sense of presence; that won him the country’s support.
与存在交谈是关于找到你的目标并完全进入你需要的状态,以便能够实现你的目标。(我在第 10 章讨论状态。)你内心状态的每一次转变都会在你的声音中体现出来。了解这个事实——以及如何利用它——会给你领导他人的宝贵见解。
Speaking with presence is about finding your purpose and entering fully into the state you need in order to be able to achieve your goal. (I discuss states in Chapter 10.) Every shift in your inner state shows in your voice. Knowing this fact – and how to utilise it – gives you valuable insights for leading others.
带上其他人
Bringing others along
如果你在开会时感到紧张和恐慌,你就会用你的语气将这种状态传递给房间里的其他人——不管你实际上说了什么。 如果你平静祥和,那么即使你的实际言语具有挑战性,你也会将这种状态传递给桌旁的人。
If you’re tense and panicky when you take a meeting, you transmit that state to others in the room in your tones – regardless of what you actually say. If you’re calm and peaceful, then you transmit this state to the people around the table even if your actual words are challenging.
1. 问问自己“我想从哪里发言?”
1. Ask yourself ‘Where do I wish to speak from?’
第 9 章探讨了您可以说话的各种情感和身体共鸣点,包括您胸中的自信和决心;头脑中的轻松和热情;发自内心的感受和同理心,以及发自内心的平静本能。
Chapter 9 explores the various emotional and physical places of resonance that you can speak from, including confidence and determination from your chest; lightness and enthusiasm from your head; feeling and empathy from your heart, and quiet instinct from your gut.
2. 选择一个共鸣的地方,让你的注意力集中在你身体的那个物理位置上。
2. Choose one place of resonance, and let your attention focus on that physical place in your body.
3. 吸一口气,感觉你正在呼吸到特定的物理空间,感受那个空间的独特共鸣。
3. Take a breath and sense that you’re breathing into the specific physical space and feel the unique resonance of that space.
4. 有从身体那个部位说话的感觉。
4. Have the sense of speaking from that place in your body.
例如,调整你胸中的自信和决心,或你直觉中安静的本能,然后从那里说话。
For example, tune into confidence and determination in your chest, or quiet instinct in your gut, and speak from there.
5. 对身体的四个部位重复此过程。
5. Repeat the process for each of the four places in your body.
无论你进入自己的状态是什么,你都可以在与他人建立联系后传播给其他人。如果你听起来很热情,他们就会接受并感到有动力。如果您感到尊重,他们会用您的声音与之联系并尊重您。在第 15 章中找到更多关于动机和影响的信息。
Whatever state you enter into yourself, you can spread to other people after you connect with them. If you sound enthusiastic, they pick it up and feel motivated too. If you feel respect, they connect with it in your voice and respect you. Find more about motivation and influence in Chapter 15.
改变状态
Changing state
除了用你的声音带人外,你还可以打断你创建的一种状态并移动到另一种状态。当您想打破气氛或进入演讲的新部分时,只需改变语调即可。
In addition to using your voice to carry people with you, you can interrupt one state you’ve created and move to another state. When you want to break a mood or move onto a new section of a speech, simply change your tone of voice.
1. 当你完成第一个主题时,暂停片刻。如果你愿意,你也可以从你原来的站立姿势移动一两步来强调情绪的变化。
1. When you get to the end of your first theme, pause for a moment. If you want, you can also move a step or two from your original standing position to emphasise a change in mood.
2. 当你暂停和移动时,捕捉下一个点的情绪。接下来的情绪可能是理性的,对事实有条理,对轶事充满热情,或者对重要的观点是严肃的。
2. As you pause and move, capture the mood you’re moving to for your next point. The next mood may be rational and organised for facts, enthusiastic for an anecdote, or collected and serious for an important point.
3. 深吸一口气,用不同的语调宣布下一个主题的开始,营造新的氛围。你可以用强烈自信的语气宣布一个事实部分,用热情的语气讲述一个关于你自己的轶事,用更庄严的语气介绍一些重大消息,等等。
3. Take a good breath, and announce the beginning of your next theme in a different tone of voice to establish the new mood. You may use a strong confident tone to announce a factual section, an enthusiastic tone to tell an anecdote about yourself, a more solemn tone to introduce some grave news, and so on.
无论您是否用这么多词来陈述新主题,您的语调都会引导您的听众注意到情绪的变化,并转向新部分的不同感觉。
Whether or not you state the new theme in so many words, your tone of voice guides your listeners to notice the change of mood and make a shift to the different feel of your new section.
说话强硬
Talking tough
在领导力中,有时您必须表现出韧性并达到目标,这可能具有挑战性。正如一个人在一次教练会议上对我说的那样,“我知道我注定要有侵略性、强硬和强硬,但我不是那种人——我只是听起来不强硬。 ”
In leadership, you have moments when you must show resilience and step up to the mark, which can be challenging. As one man expressed to me in a coaching session, ‘I know that I’m meant to be aggressive, hard-hitting and tough, but I’m not that sort of person – I just don’t sound tough.’
建立内部信心。建立内心的自信比发展你的喊叫技巧更重要!如果你的声音从身体低处产生共鸣(见第 9 章),即使你以正常的音量说话,它也会吸引注意力。
Build internal confidence. Building your inner confidence is more important than developing your shouting skills! If your voice resonates from that place of certainty low in the body (see Chapter 9), even if you speak at a normal volume level, it captures attention.
对自己说,‘我有话要说。我会被听到的。当一个人有内心的自信时,每个人都会感觉到,这会让人们停下来倾听。成为这些人中的一员,从现在开始。
Say to yourself, ‘I have something to say. I will be heard.’ Everyone senses when someone has inner confidence, and it makes people stop and listen. Be one of these people, starting now.
索取你的时间和空间。填满你的空间。不要急于插嘴,但要深吸一口气,调整你所说的节奏。也要填满你的身体空间,不要站着局促,耸肩,而是要高大而自由,面容和生理机能开放,能够随心所欲地移动(见第 5 章)。是否注视你的听众;知道猫可以看国王。你不是自大;您承认您有权发表意见。
Claim your time and space. Fill your space. Don’t rush in, but take a full breath and pace what you say. Fill your physical space too, not standing cramped with shoulders hunched, but tall and free with open countenance and physiology, able to move as you want (See Chapter 5). Gaze on your audience or not; know that a cat can look at a king. You’re not being arrogant; you’re acknowledging that you’ve a right to be heard.
使用强硬的语言。我不建议你发誓!但是要使用听起来很坚定的语言,不要有有时在日常演讲中出现的保留和犹豫。
Use strong language. I’m not recommending that you swear! But use language that sounds committed, without the qualifications and hesitations that sometimes pepper everyday speech.
避免所有的滴答声和标签——“erms”和“ums”,“好吗?” '你知道?' – 这让你听起来犹豫不决。避免不确定的表达,例如“我在想……”。. . ','可能','也许'和'也许'。坚定地结束你的句子,不要在最后上升,好像你犹豫不决。
Avoid all the ticks and tags – the ‘erms’ and ‘ums’, ‘okay?’ ‘you know?’ – that make you sound tentative. Avoid expressions of uncertainty such as, ‘I was thinking . . . ’, ‘possibly’, ‘perhaps’ and ‘maybe’. End your sentences firmly, not rising at the end as if you’re undecided.
保持承诺。即使你被打扰了,也要保持精力直到你的想法结束。如果你用精力和注意力推动思想向前发展,你就不太可能被打断。如果有人的评论偏离了主题,请保持你的观点,不要分心,并且在继续时不要害怕使用强烈的眼神交流。有时,您必须坚持自己的立场。
Stay committed. Keep up your energy right to the end of your thought, even if you’re interrupted. If you drive the thought forward with energy and focus, you’re less likely to be interrupted. If someone’s comment side-tracks the issue, keep to your point without being distracted, and don’t be afraid to use strong eye contact as you continue. At times, you must stand your ground.
掌握打扰的艺术。在会议中,您可能更愿意等待其他人“轮到他们”后再发言。但是会议通常不是这样进行的;大多数声音干预都是在前一位发言者结束之前进行的,因此如果你等待某人完成发言,你可能会永远等待。
Master the art of interrupting. In meetings, you may prefer to wait for other people to ‘finish their turns’ before you speak. But meetings don’t often work like that; most vocal interventions are made before the previous speaker finishes, so if you wait for someone to complete a statement, you can end up waiting for ever.
打断是为了被听到,所以一定要用清晰可听的声音打断。把你发言中最重要的部分留到下一句。第一句话引起人们的注意;第二个说明了你的观点。
Interrupting is about being heard, so do it definitely, in a clearly audible voice. Just leave the most important part of your intervention until the following sentence. The first sentence gets people’s attention; the second makes your point.
玩你自己的正宗游戏。你不必假装你不是。您不必采用严肃单调的“明智”声音。你不必假装自己是典型的领导者。
Play your own authentic game. You don’t have to pretend to be something you’re not. You don’t have to adopt a serious monotone ‘sensible’ voice. You don’t have to pretend to be the archetypal leader.
以谈话为生:你在专业场合的声音
Talking for a Living: Your Voice in Professional Situations
除了对力量和韧性的需求外,每个职业都有自己的语调和旋律。无论您是公司高管、教师、警官还是治疗师,发现什么能让您在特定工作领域发挥最大作用是有帮助的。如果您的工作要求很高,请使用以下部分中的预防措施和培训技巧。
Apart from a need for power and resilience, each profession has its own intonation and melody. Discovering what allows you to make the most of your voice in your particular area of work is helpful, whether you’re a corporate executive, teacher, police officer or therapist. Utilise the preventive measures and training techniques in the following sections if you’ve a vocally demanding job.
建立弹性
Building resilience
专业的声音需要强大——你需要知道如何用好它。运动员们知道,如果他们强迫自己的身体按照自己的意愿行事,他们很可能会受伤,因此他们会在柔韧性和弹性以及耐力方面下功夫。同样,如果您没有用力地正确使用它,您的声音就会变得更有力。
A professional voice needs to be strong – and you need to know how to use it well. Athletes know that if they force their bodies to do their will, they’re very likely going to suffer injury, so they work on flexibility and elasticity as well as stamina. Similarly, your voice grows stronger as you use it correctly without force.
通过锻炼嘴巴和下巴以及练习身体放松来让您的声音暖和起来,以确保您在大量使用它之前不会紧张(请参阅第 5 章和第 6 章)。
Warm your voice up by exercising mouth and jaw and practising body relaxation to make sure that you’re not tense before you use it heavily (see Chapters 5 and 6).
低声呼吸,用你的下部肌肉支撑你的声音,而不是你的喉咙。吸气以补充能量(参见第 4 章)。
Breathe low down and support your voice with your lower muscles, not your throat. Breathe in to recharge your energy (see Chapter 4).
松开你的喉咙、下巴和嘴巴,这样声音就不会收缩。经常放松——哪怕是片刻左右——以释放紧张情绪。经常保持身体活动有助于释放声音中的紧张感(见第 5 章)。
Release your throat, jaw and mouth so that the voice isn’t constricted. Relax often – even for a moment or so – to release tension. Keeping your body generally mobile helps you release tension in your voice (see Chapter 5).
发现你的自然音高,这样你既不会强迫自己的声音太低也不会说得太高(见第 3 章)。
Discover your natural pitch so you neither force your voice too low nor speak too high (see Chapter 3).
用不同的共鸣来传达你想表达的东西,而不是把所有的声音都从喉咙里挤出来(见第9章)。
Use different resonances to convey what you want to convey, rather than pushing all your sound from your throat (see Chapter 9).
使用多样性,这样你就不会一直用你的声音做同样的事情,而使它的一部分疲惫不堪。包括停顿和沉默以及不同的节奏(见第 8 章)。
Use variety, so that you’re not doing the same thing all the time with your voice and wearing out one part of it. Include pauses and silences and different rhythms (see Chapter 8).
意识到将您的信息传达给听众更像是一种思维挑战,而不是肢体语言挑战(参见第 10 章)。
Realise that getting across your message to listeners is more of a mind challenge than a physical voice challenge (see Chapter 10).
更频繁地关注您的声音需求,使您对声音的使用变得精明,兼顾空间和声学、房间布局和平静的环境。(我会在第 19 章向您展示更多有关如何保护您的声音的信息。)
Pay attention to the needs of your voice more frequently, so that you become canny about its use, giving consideration to space and acoustics, room layout and calm environment. (I show you more about how to look after your voice in Chapter 19.)
教导和指导他人
Teaching and instructing others
教学是对口头要求最高的工作之一。时期。在嘈杂和苛刻的环境中,教师每天可能会用他们的声音长达九个小时。一个典型的小学老师的声带每天振动大约两百万次!作为一名教师,您的声音是您的主要工具,但它很容易被过度使用,超过 50% 的教师在其工作生涯中的某个时候会出现声音障碍。
Teaching is one of the most vocally demanding jobs. Period. Teachers may use their voices vigorously for up to nine hours a day in noisy and demanding circumstances. The vocal folds of a typical primary school teacher vibrate about two million times a day! As a teacher, your voice is your main tool, but it’s vulnerable to over-use, and more than 50 per cent of teachers suffer voice disorders at some point during their working lives.
作为老师,您是专业的演讲者。您的声音是您设备的重要组成部分,因此您必须培养使用它的能力。作为老师,您需要:
As a teacher, you’re a professional speaker. Your voice is an essential part of your equipment, so you must develop your ability to use it well. As a teacher, you need:
得到良好支持的声音带有坚定的气流,使您能够以同样的强度和权威大声和安静地说话(请参阅第 4 章了解更多关于呼吸和声音支持的信息)。
A well-supported voice with a firm flow of air that allows you to speak loudly and quietly with equal intensity and authority (turn to Chapter 4 for much more on breathing and vocal support).
一种灵活的声音,可以改变速度、节奏、音量和音调,以产生各种不同的效果。
A flexible voice that varies speed, rhythm, volume and tone to create a variety of different effects.
用于表达不同情绪和变化的良好音高范围。
A good pitch range for expressing different emotions and inflections.
令人愉悦的语气吸引学生并鼓励他们集中注意力。
A pleasing tone that draws in students and encourages them to pay attention.
能够用自己的语调调谐到学生的声音以建立联系(见第 15 章)。
The ability to tune into your students’ voices with your own voice tone to create connection (see Chapter 15).
能够使您的声音适应不同的场所和环境——从嘈杂的走廊到大厅,从一对一的谈话到整个学校的集会。
The ability to adapt your voice to different venues and circumstances – from the noisy corridor to the main hall, from one-to-one conversations to the whole school assembly.
用你的声音控制
Controlling with your voice
许多教师和其他以谈话为生的人最关心的是拥有足够响亮的声音。事实上,一位老师告诉我,作为一名老师,你唯一需要的声音品质就是大声!是的,你需要被倾听,所以有时你需要一种能在噪音之上说话的方式。要了解如何有效地表达您的声音,请查看第 7 章。但是,大声说话肯定与有影响力不同——控制不仅仅是音量。
A prime concern of many teachers and other people who talk for a living is having a voice that is loud enough. Indeed, one teacher told me that the only vocal quality you need as a teacher is to be loud! Yes, you need to be heard, so at times you need a way to speak above noise. To find out how to effectively project your voice, have a look at Chapter 7. However, speaking loudly is certainly not the same thing as having impact – and control isn’t only about volume.
1. 深吸一口气,大声宣布,留下未说的内容。
1. Take a big breath and make a loud general announcement that leaves something unsaid.
例如:'我有一些东西想给你看。. . '
For example: ‘I have something I want to show you . . . ’
2. 小声说第二句话。
2. Say a second sentence getting quieter.
例如,“有一种不同的方法可以做到这一点,我认为你会发现它更容易”。. . '
For example, ‘There’s a different way to do this that I think you’ll find much easier . . . ’
3. 变得更安静,进入你想说的主题。
3. Become even quieter, getting into the main theme of what you want to say.
班级有理由想听,但必须保持安静才能听到您的声音。
The class have reason to want to listen and have to be quiet in order to hear you.
秘诀在于渐弱。您想降低房间的噪音水平。当你变得更安静时,他们也一样。但是您必须处于他们始终可以听到的水平。通过练习,它就像梦一样。. .
The secret is in the decrescendo. You want to take down the room’s noise level with you. As you get quieter, so do they. But you have to be at a level that is always audible for them. With practice, it works like a dream . . .
让他们对你的声音感兴趣
Keeping them interested with your voice
任何能让学生听得更有趣的技巧都值得考虑。你必须经常使用你的声音,但同时他们必须长时间听到相同的声音。让它成为他们的良好体验。
Any skills that make listening more interesting for the students are good to consider. You have to use your voice a lot, but at the same time they have to hear the same voice for long hours. Make it a good experience for them.
声音的基本艺术总是要被听到和清楚地理解。但除此之外,您的声音提供了一个很好的机会,可以通过不同的方式进行交流——娱乐、兴奋、安抚、同情、逗别人笑等等。
The basic art of voice is always to be heard and clearly understood. But beyond this, your voice presents a wonderful opportunity to connect in different ways – to entertain, excite, reassure, sympathise, make others laugh and more.
讲一个故事。大多数小学老师都清楚故事的力量,但高年级学生的老师有时会忘记每个人,无论年龄大小,都喜欢听好故事。故事不必很长;它可以是几句话的简单轶事:“我尝试过一次这个实验,这就是发生在我身上的事情。”
Tell a story. Most teachers in primary school are well aware of the power of stories, but teachers of older students sometimes forget that everyone, regardless of age, loves a good story. A story doesn’t have to be long; it can be a simple anecdote of a couple of sentences: ‘I tried this experiment once and this is what happened to me.’
以各种简单的方式介绍故事或小轶事:
Introduce stories or mini-anecdotes in various simple ways:
• 找一个例子。发表声明,然后举例说明您刚才所说的内容。
• Just find an example. Make a statement and follow up with an example of what you just said.
• 进行比较。例如,如果我解释说你的呼吸应该像流一样呼出,我就可以说,“这就像吹灭蛋糕上的蜡烛一样。”
• Make a comparison. For example, if I explain that your breath should come out in a stream, I can then say, ‘It’s just like blowing the candles out on a cake.’
• 使用比喻。你可以告诉学生他们有很多工作要做——或者你可以谈论火车旅行,他们有时会穿过隧道,然后当他们出来时,风景会变得不同而且更有趣。. .
• Use a metaphor. You can tell students that they’ve lots of work to do – or you can talk about a train journey, where they go through a tunnel sometimes and then when they emerge, the scenery is different and more interesting . . .
• 找一个能激发好奇心的开场白,例如“猜猜什么时候发生了什么”。. . ',或'没有多少人知道这一点,但是。. . '.
• Find an opener that engages curiosity, such as, ‘Guess what happened when . . . ’, or ‘Not many people know this but . . . ’.
故事是很好地使用您的声音的好工具。大多数人讲故事时表现力更强。你听起来更个性化,与听众的联系也更好。有关更有效的讲故事策略,请参阅第 9 章。
Stories are great devices for using your voice well. Most people are more expressive when they tell stories. You sound more personal and connect better with your audience. See Chapter 9 for more effective storytelling strategies.
改变心情。你可以仅仅通过你说话的方式来改变课堂气氛。例如,如果你想要更多的平静,可以让你的声音安静下来,让你的节奏更流畅。如果你想打破无聊,就提高音高和速度来唤醒大家。正如我在第 15 章中探讨的那样,您有无数种方法可以影响听众的情绪。
Change the mood. You can change the atmosphere in a classroom merely by how you speak. If you want more tranquillity, for example, quieten your voice and allow your rhythm to flow more. If you want to break the boredom, raise the pitch and increase the speed to waken everyone up. You have innumerable ways to influence the mood of your listeners, as I explore in Chapter 15.
在他们的法庭上见面。影响力始于加入您的听众,然后再将他们带到不同的地方。因此,请收听团队的能量并与之建立联系。不要让房间的实际气氛影响你;刚刚拿起它的能量。通过敏感地调整实际发生的事情来建立情感联系后,您就可以开始通过转移能量将人们带到您想要的地方。在第 15 章中阅读更多关于调整的信息。
Meet in their court. Influence starts with joining your listeners before leading them to some different place. So tune in to the energy of the group and connect with it. Don’t let the actual mood of the room influence you; just pick up its energy. After you connect emotionally by sensitively tuning in to what is actually going on, then you can start to take people where you want by shifting the energy. Read more about tuning in in Chapter 15.
以权威的身份发言
Speaking as an authority
拥有真实的声音来表达你是谁是一件很棒的事情。但是,某些职业,例如执法或司法部门,要求您在社会中扮演一个角色,而不是表达您的个性。例如,当乘客听他们的航空公司飞行员讲话时,他们希望对他的专业知识有信心,而不是了解他的个人特质。
Having an authentic voice that expresses who you are is a wonderful thing. However, some professions, such as law enforcement or the judiciary, require you to represent a role in society rather than express your individuality. When passengers listen to their airline pilot, for example, they want to have confidence in his professional expertise, not get to know his personal idiosyncrasies.
维持治安
Maintaining law and order
人们在与法律打交道时喜欢非个人语气。如果你站在法官面前,你不想听到反映个性、气质、生活方式、态度和个人价值观的声音。法庭上的一切都强调相反的东西:这是一个正式和官方的地方,每个法官都是正义的象征。礼仪性的语气使法庭上的每个人都对系统充满信心并尊重其代表。
People appreciate a non-personal tone when dealing with the law. If you’re up in front of a judge, you don’t want to hear a voice that reflects personality, temperament, life style, attitude and personal values. Everything in a court stresses the opposite: this is a place of formality and officialdom, and every judge is a symbol of justice. A ceremonial tone of voice gives everyone in court confidence in the system and respect for its representatives.
像法官一样,当他们的代表将个性放在一边时,大多数穿制服的职业工作得最好。例如,作为一名警官,您要提供始终如一、可靠且令人放心的官方支持。您在各种情况下与公众打交道——支持受害者、提供证据、采访嫌疑犯以及与醉酒或暴力的公众打交道。在这种潜在的紧张情况下,您希望谈话切合实际,远离情绪。目前英国街头警察的作风是低调不带感情的务实友善,这样可以缓和紧张情绪,更容易得到民众的积极响应。
Like judges, most of the uniformed professions work best when their representatives put personality aside. As a police officer, for example, you’re offering official support that is consistent, reliable and reassuring. You engage with the public in various situations – supporting victims, giving evidence, interviewing suspected criminals and dealing with drunk or violent members of the public. In such potentially intense situations, you want to keep conversations practical and away from emotion. The current style for police officer on the street in the UK is a low-key non-emotional practical bonhomie, which defuses tension and is more likely to get a positive response from the public.
那律师呢?如果您是法律剧的粉丝,您就会看到各种戏剧性和情感性的谩骂。然而,在职律师发现,对于陪审团来说,夸张的戏剧效果不如更直接的传统方法有效。
And what about lawyers? If you’re a fan of legal dramas, you’ve seen all manner of dramatic and emotional diatribes. However, working lawyers have discovered that high-flown drama isn’t as effective with a jury as more direct traditional approaches.
不偏不倚
Speaking impartially
在许多公开演讲场合,表达情感的能力是你最强大的武器,但有时你会发现恰恰相反。这项技能在法庭、法庭或谈判等正式场合特别有用。
In many public-speaking situations, your ability to convey emotion is your strongest weapon, but you’ll find times when you need the opposite. This skill is particularly useful in formal settings such as law courts, tribunals or negotiations.
1. 起立就您感兴趣的主题发表简短演讲。
1. Stand and deliver the start of a short speech on a subject you can get passionate about.
感受你说话时的能量和情感。你是否感到坚定、鼓舞、激励、安心?
Feel the energy and emotion of your words as you say them. Are you feeling determined, encouraging, motivational, reassuring?
2. 说几句话后,停顿一下,向后移动。
2. After speaking a few sentences, pause and move backwards.
继续发表同样的演讲,但想象一下你把所有的情绪都留在了你之前站的地方。你从字面上退后一步。
Continue delivering the same speech but imagine that you left all the emotion in the place where you were standing before. You literally stepped back away from it.
3. 昂首挺胸,说话时保持超脱感。
3. Stand tall with your head up and maintain a sense of detachment as you continue to speak.
注意非人称言语的特征:
Notice the characteristics of impersonal speech:
• 您的声音在音调、速度和节奏上变化较小。
• Your voice has less variation of pitch, speed and rhythm.
• 你的语言可能会变得更加没有人情味。你可能会发现自己在说,'已经确定...... . . ' 而不是,'我决定。. . '
• Your language may become more impersonal. You may find yourself saying, ‘It has been established that . . . ’ instead of, ‘I decided to . . . ’
• 你可以选择更正式的词——“结论”而不是“结束”或“能力”而不是“技能”。
• You may choose more formal words – ‘conclusion’ instead of ‘end’ or ‘competence’ instead of ‘skill’.
你听起来很客观,所以这种说话方式适用于事实和数字以及其他你想给人以中立和事实准确性印象的材料。
You sound objective, so this way of speaking serves well for facts and figures and other material where you want to give an impression of neutrality and factual accuracy.
4. 从你的公正位置说了一会儿之后,向前移动到你表达情绪的地方。
4. After speaking a while from your impartial position, move forward to the place where you expressed emotion.
恢复你的话的情感能量和激情。意识到你会根据情况的需要,时时刻刻选择热情或公正的声音。
Restore the emotional energy and passion to your words. Realise that you choose, moment by moment, to have a voice that is passionate or impartial, depending on the needs of the situation.
对帮助行业的影响
Influencing in the helping professions
您可能是众多严重依赖您的声音与客户面对面或通过电话打交道的专业人士之一。助人专业包括医生、护士和相关卫生专业的人员、宗教领袖以及许多从事社会护理或与教育相关的人员。
You may be one of many professionals who depends heavily on your voice to deal with clients face-to-face or over the phone. The helping professions include doctors, nurses and those in associated health professions, religious leaders and many in social care or connected with education.
令人惊讶的是,声音在帮助职业中所起的作用——尤其是情感的作用——研究不足。关于适当和有效沟通的旧观念在许多地方仍然存在(见边栏“情绪劳动”)。
The part played by the voice in the helping professions – particularly the role of emotion –is surprisingly under-researched. Old ideas about appropriate and effective communication persist in many places (see the sidebar ‘Emotional labour’).
当然,作为一名乐于助人的专业人士,当你在工作中受到负面情绪的攻击时,你也需要支持自己,但切断所有真实的情绪会剥夺你工作带来的积极情绪回报,也无法为你提供安全的宣泄途径。负面情绪。
Of course, as a helping professional, you also need support yourself for times when you’re assailed by negative emotions in your work, but cutting out all genuine emotion deprives you of the positive emotional rewards of your work, without providing a safe outlet for negative emotion.
关心你的声音
Caring with your voice
您有时会听到人们谈论医生或护士的“床边礼仪”,就好像它是您可以粘贴的东西一样。有影响力地使用你的声音的能力不仅仅是医学上的“可有可无”;它可以成为治疗不可或缺的一部分。
You sometimes hear people talk about a doctor or nurse’s ‘bedside manner’, as if it were something that you can paste on. The ability to use your voice influentially isn’t merely a ‘nice to have’ in medicine; it can be an integral part of healing.
你的语气是你关怀的一个组成部分。部署得当,你的语气可以创造奇迹。在关爱的情况下,如果您能够用声音表达人类的全部情感,包括同情、严谨、活力、热情、直觉以及您认为客户需要的任何其他东西,那么您就是最有影响力的。
Your tone of voice is an integral part of your caring. Appropriately deployed, your tone can achieve wonders. In caring situations, you’re most influential if you’re able to express in your voice the full range of human emotions, including sympathy, rigour, energy, enthusiasm, intuition and whatever else you feel that your client needs.
您可以通过以下方式利用声音中的情感为客户的内部资源做出积极贡献:
You can use the emotion in your voice to contribute positively to clients’ internal resources by:
建立对客户的情感信心,让他们信任你。
Building emotional confidence in clients so they trust you.
创造一种氛围,让专业人士可以最好地工作,让客户感到最舒适。
Creating an ambiance in which professionals can work best and clients feel most comfortable.
提升勇气,帮助客户克服各种挑战。
Promoting courage to help clients overcome various challenges.
提供真正温暖的人际关系,让客户知道他们得到了照顾。
Offering the genuine warmth of human connection so that clients know that they’re cared for.
安抚和安抚客户。
Reassuring and calming clients.
1. 无论对方在说什么,感觉你的脚接触地板,集中注意力,注意平静地呼吸到你的中心。
1. Whatever the person is saying, feel your feet in contact with the floor, centre yourself and be aware of breathing calmly into your centre.
2. 听到并理解对方的用词,但不要让它们成为你关注的焦点。如果此人使用一连串情绪化的词语,你可以让他们冲刷你并更多地关注词语背后更深层次的情感。
2. Hear and understand the words the other person uses, but don’t make them the focus of your attention. If the person uses a stream of emotional words, you can allow them to wash over you and focus more on the deeper emotions behind the words.
3. 尽可能消除身心的紧张,然后审视自己的身体,找出对方的声音影响到你的地方。声音通常会影响您的心脏、胃或肠道区域。
3. Eliminate as much tension from your body and mind as you can and then scan your body to discover the place where the sound of the person’s voice affects you. Often the voice affects the area of your heart, stomach or gut.
4. 轻轻调谐到身体的这个部位。
4. Tune in gently to this place in your body.
5.当你说话的时候,与你身体的这个部位保持联系,从这个地方说话。
5. When you speak, keep a connection with this part of your body and speak from this place.
指导他人
Coaching others
如果您是教练、培训师、咨询师或治疗师,出色的倾听能力也是关键。你想要一种开放的意识,国际教练联合会称之为教练临场感,或者 是全神贯注并与客户建立自发关系的能力。
Excellent listening is also key if you’re a coach, trainer, counsellor or therapist. You want to have an open awareness, which the International Coaching Federation calls coaching presence, or the ability to be fully conscious and create spontaneous relationship with a client.
你知道什么时候你是在那个存在的地方说话,因为你发现说话时没有任何努力。这些词来自你们之间分享的能量。
You know when you’re speaking from that place of presence because you find no effort in speaking. The words emerge from the energy you share between you.
诱导恍惚
Inducing trance
当您与客户共享一个完整的空间时,您可以邀请他们去对他们有帮助的地方。这种技能在催眠疗法中尤为引人注目,但也属于教练、教学和治疗领域。你的语调与客户的声音或他们的一般能量相联系,然后逐渐将能量转化为更具生成性的东西,客户可以在寻找自己的解决方案时变得更有创造力和足智多谋。
When you share a fully present space with clients, you’re able to invite them to go to places that are helpful to them. This skill is particularly noticeable in hypnotherapy but belongs too to the fields of coaching, teaching and therapy. Your voice tone connects with the voice of your client or with their general energy, and then gradually transforms the energy into something more generative, where the client can become more creative and resourceful in finding his or her own solutions.
恍惚和半恍惚是建立在你的声音技能之上的强大工具。在 Mike Bryant 和 Peter Mabbutt (Wiley) 的《傻瓜自我催眠》中找到更多关于这些有用技巧的信息。
Trance and semi-trance are powerful tools that build on your voice skills. Find more on these helpful techniques in Self-Hypnosis For Dummies by Mike Bryant and Peter Mabbutt (Wiley).
第六部分
Part VI
十的部分
The Part of Tens
在这一部分。. .
In this part . . .
深入了解著名的 For Dummies Part of Tens,了解一些听起来不错的即时方法。发现听起来更权威的秘诀,以及如何使用魅力来打动和影响您的听众。查看有关保护声音的宝贵提示。最后,我给你我最喜欢的十大伟大声音的例子来激励你。享受!
Dip into the famous For Dummies Part of Tens for some instant ways to sound good. Discover the secrets of sounding more authoritative and how to use charisma to move and influence your audience. Check out valuable tips for looking after your voice. Finally, I give you my top ten favourite examples of great voices to inspire you. Enjoy!
第17章
Chapter 17
听起来更权威的十种方法
Ten Ways to Sound More Authoritative
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
寻找更深沉的音调
Finding deeper tones
慢慢来
Taking your time
顺其自然
Going with the flow and following through
当有人来找我进行语音指导时,最常见的问题是如何听起来更有权威。当你听起来更有权威时,人们会倾听你所说的话,并发现你更有力量和影响力。当您听到某人以权威的方式讲话时,此人演讲的力量可能会给您这样的印象,即只有非凡的人才能达到这样的影响力。然而,培养权威的声音比你想象的要容易。
When someone comes to me for voice coaching, the most frequent question is how to sound more authoritative. When you sound more authoritative, people listen to what you have to say and find you more powerful and influential. When you hear someone speak with authority, the power of that person’s delivery may give you the impression that only someone exceptional can achieve such an impact. Yet cultivating an authoritative voice is easier than you may think.
自信地站着
Stand Confidently
如果你看起来很自信,你会立即看起来像一个不可忽视的人,人们会注意。当你站得很好时,你看起来很自信。您还为产生良好的声音创造了最佳条件。
If you look confident, you instantly seem like someone to be reckoned with, and people pay heed. You look confident when you stand well. You also create the best conditions for producing a good sound.
将体重均匀分布在双脚之间,找到平衡点。注意你的重心在你肚脐下方的身体下部,而不是在你的胸部和肩膀上。
Find your balance with your weight evenly distributed between both feet. Notice your centre of gravity in the lower part of your body just below your navel, not up in your chest and shoulders.
站得高。让你的头带领你的身体向天空。这样做可以毫不费力地使您的身高增加几厘米。
Stand tall. Allow your head to lead your body up towards the sky. Doing so adds a couple of centimetres to your height without effort.
同时,放松。放松你的脸和下巴,你的脖子和肩膀。通过柔软的膝盖到脚和脚趾,释放整个脊柱的紧张感。
At the same time, relax. Release your face and jaw, your neck and shoulders. Let go of tension all down your spine through soft knees to your feet and toes.
吸一口气,感受空气扩张你的整个身体。扫描你的身体,看看没有什么是僵硬的。一切都是灵活的、移动的和扩展的。呼气并自信地放松。
Take a breath and feel the air expand your whole body. Scan your body to see that nothing is rigid. Everything is flexible, mobile and expanding. Breathe out and feel confidently at ease.
第 5 章充满了放松技巧,因此您可以自信地展示自己。
Chapter 5 is brimming with techniques for relaxing so you can present yourself confidently.
说清楚
Speak Clearly
如果你的声音清晰可听,你听起来就好像你说的是真的;没有什么比知道人们真的在听你说话更能自我肯定了。这些知识对您的自尊和自信都有奇效。喃喃自语让你听起来好像你自己 不觉得你有发言权——那么为什么其他人应该感兴趣呢?正如我在第 6 章中概述的那样,清晰表达的关键很简单:
If you’re clear and audible, you sound as if you mean what you say; and nothing is as self-affirming as knowing that people are really listening to you. This knowledge does wonders for both your self-esteem and confidence. Mumbling makes you sound as if you yourself don’t feel you have the authority to speak – so why on earth should anyone else be interested? As I outline in Chapter 6, the keys to speaking clearly are simple:
说话的时候张开嘴。即使 一开始你觉得这样做有点不自然,但实际上张嘴对其他人来说更自然。
Open your mouth when you speak. Even if doing so feels a bit unnatural to you at first, opening your mouth actually comes across as more natural to other people.
让您的元音听起来很容易区分。再次,张开嘴有帮助!喃喃自语的人将每个元音缩减为“er”的一个版本。
Make your vowel sounds easily distinguishable. Again, opening your mouth helps! People who mumble reduce every vowel to a version of ‘er’.
让你的辅音更清晰。特别注意听起来很像的辅音,例如“cut”和“gut”、“pet”和“bet”以及“zip”和“sip”。
Make your consonants clearer. Pay special attention to consonants that sound rather like each other, like ‘cut’ and ‘gut’, ‘pet’ and ‘bet’, and ‘zip’ and ‘sip’.
投射你的声音
Project Your Voice
如果您的声音足够大以产生影响,人们很可能会认真对待您。你的听众,而不是你,是那个的法官。您无需为了让其他人听到您的声音而强迫自己的声音——只需注意两个关键因素:
People are most likely to take you seriously if your voice is sufficiently loud to create an impact. Your audience, not you, is the judge of that. You don’t need to force your voice in order for others to hear you – simply pay attention to two crucial factors:
放松。放松你的肩膀、脖子和下巴。摇晃你的整个身体。
Loosen up. Release your shoulders, neck and jaw. Shake your whole body out.
深吸一口气。想象一下你大喊“目标!”时那种充满活力的呼吸。例如,为你最喜欢的足球运动员加油——然后让自己从充满活力的呼吸中直接开始说话(见第 5 章)。
Take a good breath. Imagine the kind of energetic breath you take to shout ‘goal!’ to cheer your favourite footballer for instance – and launch yourself straight from that dynamic breath into speaking (see Chapter 5).
如果你的声带处于正常的良好状态,并且你的身体没有紧张并且呼吸良好,你的声音就会响起。如果你真的放手,你的声音很大。秘诀是释放,而不是推动——体力消耗越大,效果就越差。
Provided your vocal cords are in normal good order and you use a good breath with your body free of tension, your voice will ring out. If you really let go, you sound loud. The secret is releasing, not pushing – the more you strain with physical effort, the less effective you are.
让你的声音庄严
Give Your Voice Gravitas
更深沉的声音总是听起来更有说服力。发出较低音调的秘诀是让您的声音在您的身体中产生共鸣。在胸部和太阳神经丛中产生共鸣的声音听起来是有目的的;人们信任它。执行以下所有操作以帮助您说出更多的心声:
A deeper voice always sounds more convincing. The secret of bringing out your lower tones is to allow your voice to resonate in your body. A voice that resonates in the chest and solar plexus sounds purposeful; people trust it. Do all the following to help you to speak more from your chest:
找到你天生的低音。轻轻哼一声“生日快乐”;现在用同样的音高说话。将那个音调用于您的正常演讲。
Find your natural low pitch. Just hum ‘Happy Birthday’ quietly; now speak at the same pitch. Use that pitch for your normal speaking.
低呼吸。当你吸气时,让自己充满自信的能量。当你说话时,让你的呼吸顺畅地流出。
Breathe low down. As you breathe in, fill yourself with confident energy. As you speak, allow your breath to flow out smoothly.
专注于你的胸部。想象一下,你是在用身体而不是头脑说话。放松,让你的整个身体成为动作的一部分。
Focus on your chest. Imagine that you’re speaking from your body rather than from your head. Relax, and allow your whole body to be part of the action.
想象一下在你说话之前打哈欠。打哈欠的感觉打开了你更深层次的共鸣。
Imagine yawning before you speak. The feeling of yawning opens up your deeper resonances.
强烈强调
Emphasise Strongly
证明你的意思是你所说的最好的方法之一是使用强调来表达你的观点。许多人听起来很沉闷,因为他们对每个词都给予同等的重视,而他们平淡的语气很快就会让听众昏昏欲睡。权威演讲者强烈强调,在您仔细聆听之前,您可能不会意识到。
One of the best ways to demonstrate that you mean what you say is to use emphasis to make your point. Many people sound dreary because they put equal weight on each word, and the flatness in their tone soon sends listeners to sleep. Authoritative speakers emphasise strongly, more than you may be aware of until you listen out for it.
如果你想成为权威,你可能需要比你现在做的更强烈地强调你最重要的内容词。你需要足够的呼吸才能在句子的结尾和开头一样强烈地强调单词。记录并聆听自己的声音,以判断您的感受有多强烈。
You probably need to stress your most important content words much stronger than you’re currently doing if you want to be authoritative. You need plenty of breath to be able to emphasise words as strongly at the end as at the beginning of a sentence. Record and listen to yourself in order to judge how strongly you come across.
慢慢来
Take Your Time
速度对您给人的印象有重大影响。在电影中,场景有时会加速以产生喜剧效果或放慢速度以产生强大的影响。当他的最佳时刻以慢动作展开时,您会感受到电影英雄史诗般的胜利。放慢语速也有类似的效果。想一想温斯顿丘吉尔对英国议会说的话:“在人类冲突领域,从来没有这么多人欠这么少人这么多。”
Speed has a major effect on the impression you make. In films, a scene is sometimes speeded up for comic effect or slowed down to create a powerful impact. You sense the epic triumph of a film hero as his best moment unfurls in slow motion. Slowing your words has a similar effect. Think of Winston Churchill saying to the British Parliament: ‘Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.’
所以,为了听起来权威,放慢速度。但是不要停下来!你的演讲仍然需要有节奏感。这是一个大思想的问题:大呼吸,大空间感和光荣宽敞的共鸣!
So, to sound authoritative, slow down. But don’t grind to a halt! Your speech still needs to flow with a sense of rhythm. It’s a matter of thinking big: big breath, big sense of space and glorious spacious resonant speech!
强烈完成
Finish Strongly
如果您想听起来权威,请以低音坚定地结束每个完整的陈述。你可能正在做的是在句子结束时让你的声音变小或提高你的语调,所以你的陈述听起来像问题。在任何一种情况下,您听起来都对自己不确定,或者好像您在寻求保证。
If you want to sound authoritative, end each complete statement firmly on a low pitch. What you may be doing instead is either letting your voice tail off or raising your intonation at the end of a sentence, so your statements sounds like questions. In either case, you sound uncertain of yourself or as if you’re seeking reassurance.
这种强力收尾的技巧非常简单,但却对你的影响力产生了巨大的影响。当然,问题确实以高结束,你需要在其他地方有不同的音高,这样你才能保持兴趣。但最后的低音以政治家般的终结性脱颖而出。事实上,人们对语调模式的反应比对单词实际含义的反应更多。
This technique of finishing strongly is so simple yet makes an enormous difference to your impact. Of course, questions do end high, and you need a variety of pitch elsewhere, so that you remain interesting. But the low note at the end stands out with statesmanlike finality. The truth is that people respond more to intonation patterns than to the actual meaning of words.
总是先深呼吸,这样你就有足够的空气有力地完成你的陈述。
Always take a good breath first so that you have sufficient air to finish your statement strongly.
避免口头标签和限定词
Avoid Verbal Tags and Qualifiers
是的,看,你知道我们中的一些人,坦率地说 - 比如 - 在我们的句子中添加东西好吗?- 你知道我的意思?– 实际上 – 你知道吗?– 有点像,你正在尝试的方式 - 你知道 - 说什么?
Yeah, look, you know how some of us, frankly – like – add stuff to our sentences okay? – you know what I mean? – that actually – you know? – kind of get in the, like, way of what you’re trying to – you know – say?
如果你在你说的话上加上弱标签,你听起来没有效果并牺牲了你的权威。所以要避免所有那些打断句子的阴险的小短语,比如“你知道”、“实际上”、“好吗?” 或“喜欢”。
If you add weak tags to what you say, you sound ineffectual and sacrifice your authority. So avoid all those insidious little phrases that break up sentences, such as ‘you know’, ‘actually’, ‘okay?’ or ‘like’.
也避免那些毫无意义的简短问题和修改,并降低你的陈述的力量:
Avoid too those short questions and modifications that are meaningless and reduce the power of your statement:
让我们按照那个计划去做,好吗?
Let’s go with that plan, shall we?
我想它会解决的,不是吗?
I guess it’ll work out, won’t it?
我只是觉得这是个好主意。
I just thought it was a good idea.
很好,如果你明白我的意思的话。
It’s good, if you know what I mean.
使用沉默
Employ Silence
沉默是权威演讲者使用的强大工具之一——但许多人不使用它,而且确实害怕它。当你在公共场合讲话时,时间会对你玩奇怪的把戏。几秒钟的沉默看起来就像几分钟——甚至一两个小时!你可能会觉得有一种冲动,甚至在你形成一个想法之前就开始投入文字,然后一直一头冲到最后——为了避免沉默而做任何事情。
Silence is one of the powerful tools employed by authoritative speakers –yet many people don’t use it and are indeed scared of it. When you speak in public, time can play strange tricks on you. A couple of seconds of silence can seem like a few minutes – or even an hour or two! You may feel a compulsion to plunge into words before you’ve even formulated an idea, and then keep rushing headlong to the end – anything to avoid a silence.
您不必用声音填充每个停顿。事实上,如果你不时保持沉默,你会显得更能控制自己。演员拉尔夫·理查森 (Ralph Richardson) 是停顿的大师,他断言表演在于停顿。
You don’t have to fill every pause with sound. In fact, you appear more in command of yourself if you employ silence from time to time. The actor Ralph Richardson, master of the pregnant pause, asserted that acting lay in pauses.
开始之前先深呼吸。说得慢一点,这样你的呼吸停顿时间就可以更长,而不会显得尴尬。并且,在停顿期间花点时间想想你接下来要说什么,这样你就会显得自信和自然。如果一开始您觉得保持沉默很困难,请尝试在不同点之间移动——例如,从您的起始位置走几步——让自己有事可做。
Take a good breath before you begin. Speak slower, so that your breathing pauses can be longer without seeming awkward. And, during the pauses take the time to think about what you’re going to say next so that you appear confident and natural. If you find silence difficult at first, try moving between points – for example, take a couple of steps from your starting position – to give yourself something to do.
流利地说
Speak Fluently
听起来权威的人的演讲流淌。您会听到源源不断的声音,而不是夹杂着犹豫的短促声音。这种节奏使他们听起来思路清晰、自信。正如我在第 13 章中更详细地研究的那样,流利的说话部分与呼吸有关,部分与思考有关——两者相辅相成。
The speech of people who sound authoritative flows. You hear a steady stream of sound, not short bursts interspersed with hesitations. This rhythm makes them sound clear-thinking and confident. As I examine in greater detail in Chapter 13, speaking fluently is partly about breathing and partly about thinking – the two go together.
如果你想听起来有权威,你需要能够说长句和短句。说话要有节奏。一开始您可能会发现有些呼吸很长,但随着练习会变得更容易。当你能流畅地把长句说到最后时,你就具备了应对所有场合的能力。
If you want to sound authoritative, you need to be able to speak long phrases as well as short ones. Speak at a measured pace. You may find some breaths long at first but with practice it gets easier. When you can speak long sentences smoothly right to the end, you are equipped for all occasions.
第18话
Chapter 18
用魅力说话的十种方式
Ten Ways to Speak with Charisma
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
找到你的轻松感
Finding your sense of ease
感动和鼓舞你的听众
Moving and inspiring your audience
传达你更深层次的目的
Communicating your deeper purpose
哪些扬声器让您起鸡皮疙瘩?有魅力的人会让你觉得自己是世界上最重要的人,并真正激励你。
Which speakers give you goose bumps? Someone with charisma can make you feel as if you’re the most important person in the world and truly inspire you.
有魅力的演讲者是一体的(见第 16 章),对自己的皮肤感到快乐,并且知道如何与人联系(第 15 章),以便其他人与他们融为一体。您还会感受到他们充满活力的内在能量——他们的“生命力”——在他们说话时影响着你,无论他们是充满活力还是平静。顺便说一下,魅力这个词实际上意味着“优雅”——这是一个很好的提醒,真正的魅力会激发灵感,但绝不会压倒一切。以下是发现您的魅力并利用它吸引听众并进行更深层次交流的十种方法。
Charismatic speakers are all of a piece (see Chapter 16), happy in their own skin, and know how to connect with people (Chapter 15) so that others feel at one with them. You also sense their vibrant internal energy – their ‘life force’ – which affects you as they speak, whether they’re dynamic or calm. By the way, the word charisma actually means ‘grace’ – a good reminder that real charisma inspires but never overwhelms. Following are ten ways to find your charisma, and use it to engage your listeners and communicate on a deeper level.
找到你的平静中心
Find Your Calm Centre
您在具有魅力的人身上所欣赏的轻松感源于他们平静的中心。您可以自己找到这个空间。
The sense of ease that you admire in people with charisma has its root in their calm centre. You can find this space for yourself.
1. 平息你身心中的所有混乱。承认并放下所有恐惧或脆弱的感觉,或任何让你难为情和不安的内心批评。找到你内心那个安静的地方,在那里你可以培养和平与平静。
1. Quieten all the chaos in your mind and body. Acknowledge and then let go of all feelings of fear or vulnerability, or any inner criticism that makes you self-conscious and ill at ease. Find that quiet place inside you where you can nurture peace and calm.
2. 专注于你的呼吸,轻轻地吸气和呼气。当你吸气时,感受空气充满你身体的每一个部分,并意识到你平静的自我和你强大的能量,就像你内心的一道亮光。每次呼气时,注意越来越放松。调入一种静止和活力的感觉。
2. Focus on your breathing, by simply breathing gently in and out. As you breathe in, feel the air fill every part of your body, and be aware of your calm centred self and your powerhouse of energy, like a bright light inside you. Each time you breathe out, be aware of relaxing more and more. Tune into a sense of stillness and aliveness.
3. 专注于当下的呼吸。让过去的灾难或成功的念头飘散;对未来的胜利或潜在的失败的想法做同样的事情。待在当下,时时刻刻。
3. Keep focusing on your breathing in the present moment. Let any thoughts of past disasters or successes float away; do the same for thoughts about future triumphs or potential failures. Stay in the present, moment by moment by moment.
有意识地呼吸
Breathe with Intention
呼吸是你交流背后的生命——也是魅力的重要秘密。如果你很高兴见到某人,你会感觉到它在你的身体里。这种情绪提供了将思想波转化为声波所需的重要能量。
Breath is the very life behind your communication – and a vital secret of charisma. If you’re delighted to see someone, you feel it in your body. That emotion provides the vital energy you need to turn thought waves into sound waves.
每种情绪都会产生自己特殊的振动,与特定的活力产生共鸣。每一种能量都会产生不同的气息和不同的声音,无论是喜悦、愤怒、热情、决心还是平静。愉悦营造愉悦的气息——您听起来也很愉悦。
Each emotion creates its own special vibrations, which resonate with particular vitality. Each energy produces a different breath and different sound, whether it’s joy, anger, enthusiasm, determination or calm. Delight creates a delighted breath – and you sound delighted.
让你的情感能量和声音之间的联系,你的语调符合你的意图,你内在的生活触动了你的听众:
Allow the connection between your emotional energy and sound, and your voice tone matches your intention and the life in you touches your listeners:
1. 感受说话欲望的火花,随着呼吸而升起的情感能量。那种特殊的呼吸会产生它自己独特的振动,它们会在你的身体中找到它们特殊的共鸣位置。有关共振的更多信息,请参见第 9 章。
1. Feel the spark of desire to speak, the emotional energy that arises with the breath. That particular breath create its own unique vibrations, which find their special places of resonance in your body. See Chapter 9 for much more on resonance.
2. 让能量和振动产生它们独特的声音,准确地传达你的情感能量的意义。你的声音表达你,人们直接听到你。当您从这个地方讲话时,其他人会发现您很有魅力和魅力。
2. Allow the energy and vibrations to create their unique sound, which accurately conveys the meaning of your emotional energy. Your voice expresses you, and people hear you directly. When you speak from this place, others find you attractive and charismatic.
使用你的整个乐器
Use Your Whole Instrument
如果你连接到你内心的情感能量,你的声音自然就会充满变化,有时会充满热情,有时会深沉地思考,有时会充满活力,有时会慢下来表达特别的观点,有时会热情地表达关怀等等。让您的整个声音发挥作用。您有很多变数;和他们一起玩得开心!
If you connect to the emotional energy inside you, your voice is naturally full of variety, at moments high with enthusiasm, deep for reflection, fast for energy, slow to make a special point, warm to show caring and so on. Allow your whole voice to come into play. You have many variables at your disposal; have fun with them all!
语气:使你的声音粗糙或光滑,粗糙或柔软。
Tone: Make yours rough or smooth, harsh or velvety.
元音:拉长或缩短这些声音,用它们来表达感情。
Vowels: Elongate or shorten these sounds, use them to express feelings.
辅音:猛烈地或爱抚地敲打它们;使您的演讲更加清晰。
Consonants: Hit them sharply or caressingly; add clarity to your speech.
音调:将您的声音调高或调低——或介于两者之间。
Pitch: Take your voice high or deep – or anywhere in between.
音量:大声或小声说话;让声音在短语或句子中增强或减弱。
Volume: Speak loudly or softly; let the sound grow or diminish within a phrase or sentence.
节奏:快慢取句;变得更快或更慢。
Tempo: Take a sentence fast and slow; get faster or slower.
强调:强调特定的 单词或短语;现在,听听这个,这很重要。
Emphasis: Stress a specific word or phrase; now, hear this, it’s important.
共鸣:让您的声音在您的头部、胸部、心脏和肠道中振动;传达兴奋、自信、温暖和深刻的本能。
Resonance: Let your sound vibrate in your head, chest, heart and gut; convey excitement, confidence, warmth and deep instinct.
使用节奏和修辞
Use Rhythm and Rhetoric
伟大的演讲者会通过改变节奏和重点来影响他们的听众,并将他们引向演讲的重要部分。将精彩的演讲想象成诗歌,并享受创造自己的节奏的乐趣。查看第 8 章以获得大量想法,或者开始使用以下简单而高效的技术:
Great speakers vary rhythm and emphasis to influence their listeners and lead them towards significant portions of their speech. Think of a fine speech as poetry, and have fun creating your own rhythms. Look at Chapter 8 for a host of ideas, or get going with the following easy and highly effective techniques:
头韵(重复的辅音): “引领我们热爱的土地”。
Alliteration (repeated consonants): ‘Lead the land we love’.
重复主题:路德金重复“我有一个梦想”或巴拉克奥巴马的“是的,我们可以”。
Repeated motif: Luther King’s repeated ‘I have a dream’ or Barack Obama’s ‘Yes, we can.’
重复一个想法,只是用不同的词:想想 Monty Python 的鹦鹉:'他已经过世了!这只鹦鹉没有了!他已经不复存在了!他已经过期了,要去见他的制造者了!
Repetition of an idea, just in different words: Think of Monty Python’s parrot: ‘He’s passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! He’s expired and gone to meet his maker!’
不需要回答的反问句:莎士比亚的夏洛克——“如果你刺我们,我们不会流血吗?如果你挠我们痒,我们不会笑吗?” 如果你给我们下毒,我们不会死吗?
Rhetorical questions that don’t require an answer: Shakespeare’s Shylock – ‘If you prick us, do we not bleed, if you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?’
对比(不是这个而是那个): JF 肯尼迪的“不要问你的国家能为你做什么;问问你能为你的国家做些什么。
Contrast (not this but that): JF Kennedy’s ‘Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.’
沉默:在一个重要的短语之后惊人的停顿,或者说出你最重要的词之前的停顿。
Silence: That amazing pause after a significant phrase, or the pause before uttering your most important words.
在精神上填补空间
Fill the Space Mentally
1. 站直,平静地呼吸。随着每一次稳定的吸气,想象你内心有一盏灯,变得越来越亮。呼气,想象光扩展到你的身体之外,像光环一样充满整个房间。
1. Stand tall and breathe calmly. With each steady in-breath, imagine a light inside you, getting brighter and brighter. Breathe out and imagine the light expanding beyond your body and filling the room like an aura.
2. 向内心的自己微笑,感受你的笑容在你的身体里成长并蔓延到你的胸膛。享受充满活力并为任何事情做好准备的感觉。
2. Smile to yourself inside and feel the smile in your body grow and spread right across your chest. Enjoy the sensation of being fully alive and ready for anything.
3. 举起双臂,想象强大的光束从每只手射出。想象一下,您的光束可以触及空间每一侧的墙壁。当每只手臂移动时,感觉你可以触摸到你空间的边界。感觉你拥有这个空间。
3. Raise your arms and imagine that powerful beams of light are shooting out from each hand. Imagine your beams of light can touch the walls of your space on each side. As each arm moves, sense that you can touch the boundaries of your space. Feel that you own the space.
4. 不要伪装成你不是的样子,感受走进一个更大的你。空间越大,你需要的内在能量就越多,所以记住你自己最活跃、最快乐和最放松的时候——这就是我所说的你!现在就是那个人。你比你想象的要大。
4. Without pretending to be something you’re not, get the sense of stepping into a larger you. The bigger the space, the more inner energy you need, so remember yourself at your most intensely alive, happy and relaxed – that’s the you I’m talking about! Be that person right now. You’re bigger than you think.
随时使用此练习来打造一个更大、更有活力的你。在你发表演讲之前,或者在任何具有挑战性的遭遇之前,进入这个更大的你。在您发表演讲之前,第 14 章有更多有用的事情要做。
Use this practice at any time to build the sense of a larger, more dynamic you. Step into this larger you before you give a speech, or before any challenging encounter. Chapter 14 has more helpful things to do before you give a speech.
与你的目标联系起来
Connect with Your Purpose
魅力就像一座冰山;表面之下发生的事情比人们意识到的要多得多。有魅力的人深知他们说话的原因。 他们的轻松感和自信感是他们对自己内心的信仰、价值观和态度充满信心的结果。当他们说话时,他们会连接到他们更深层次的目的。这种内在的自信根本不需要严肃——它 肯定会 让人充满力量。
Charisma is like an iceberg; much more is going on beneath the surface than people are aware of. People with charisma know underneath why they’re speaking. Their sense of ease and confidence is the result of their complete confidence in their beliefs, values and attitudes inside. They connect to their deeper purpose when they speak. This inner confidence doesn’t have to be solemn at all – it’s certainly empowering.
进入你自己的内心片刻,并与你更深层次的目标联系起来。问你自己:
Go inside yourself for a moment and connect with your deeper purpose. Ask yourself:
我这次演讲、这次演讲、这次讨论的目的是什么?我为什么要说话?
What is my purpose in this talk, this presentation, this discussion? Why am I speaking?
在这种情况下,什么对我最有价值?什么对我重要?
What is most valuable to me in this context? What matters to me?
我希望我的听众得到什么?我给他们的礼物是什么?
What do I want for my listeners? What is my gift to them?
我的使命是什么?为什么我在这里?我相信什么?
What is my mission? Why am I here? What do I believe in?
你不需要马上得到答案。当你问这些问题时,只要注意任何浮现在你面前的词。相信你的直觉。当你深入自己的内心寻找这些问题的答案时,你就会开始阐明你的目的并围绕你的目的建立你的能量。当您将这种有目的的能量释放到您的话语中时,其他人就会连接到您的能量并被您所说的话所感动。
You don’t need to have answers straightaway. As you ask these questions, just be aware of any words that float up to you. Trust your instinct. As you go deep inside yourself for answers to these questions, you begin to clarify your purpose and build your energy around your purpose. When you release this purposeful energy into your words, other people connect to your energy and are moved by what you say.
进入区域
Enter the Zone
你有没有听过一位似乎充满内在能量的演讲者?当你拥有这种“开启”的能量时,人们就会完全被你迷住。你处于心流状态。心流中的人通常无法描述他们是如何到达那里的,但某些因素可以帮助您达到这种状态:
Have you ever listened to a speaker who seemed to glow with inner energy? When you possess this ‘switched-on’ energy, people become completely captivated by you. You’re in a state of flow. People in flow often can’t describe how they got there, but certain factors help you reach this state:
实践!在完全熟悉和掌握材料后,您就进入了这个区域,此时您可以自由地完全专注于手头的任务而无需有意识的努力。您既放松又充满活力。
Practice! You enter the zone after you’ve gained complete familiarity and competence with your material, when you’re free to focus fully on the task in hand without conscious effort. You’re relaxed and energised at the same time.
放弃强迫或坚持。停止努力表现良好。放下对特定结果的执着。
Let go of compulsion or insistence. Stop trying hard to perform well. Let go of your attachment to a particular outcome.
玩的开心。与人交谈更像是玩耍而不是努力工作。
Enjoy yourself. Speaking to people is more like play than hard work.
动用你的想象力。创造你想要的样子。就好像它已经实现了一样。玩得开心。
Use your imagination. Create how you’d like things to be. Act as if it has already come true. Have fun with it.
使用你的全部。调动您的思想、声音、身体、心灵和灵魂——您的全部生命力。
Use the whole of you. Engage your mind, voice, body, heart and soul – your whole life force.
当你放手让自己流动时,你的内在创造力和外在表达就会对齐,你的注意力就会集中。活力和影响力的增加是惊人的。
When you let go and allow yourself to flow, your inner creativity and outer expression become aligned and your concentration becomes focused. The increase in vitality and influence is phenomenal.
以你的感受为主导
Lead with Your Feelings
一些有演讲经验的专业人士表示,感情在商业演讲中没有立足之地,或者在公开场合表露太危险了。不要相信这个。情感是人们记住的东西,也是影响他们的东西。所以找到你的激情。如果你的主题让你兴奋,那就兴奋起来;如果你感动了,就让人们听到你感动了。当你的感情和激情表现出来时,听众会立即注意到你的活力。他们看到你眼中的光芒,他们听到你声音中的能量,他们被你迷住了。
Some professionals with presenting experience say that feelings have no place in business presentations or are too dangerous to reveal in public. Don’t believe this. Emotion is what people remember and what influences them. So find your passion. If your subject excites you, get excited; if you’re moved, let people hear that you’re moved. Listeners notice an immediate difference in how alive you are when your feelings and passions show. They see light in your eyes, they hear energy in your voice and they become entranced by you.
用你的声音建立融洽关系
Create Rapport with Your Voice
魅力四射的演讲者让您感觉与他们有特别的联系。您如何适应其他人并与他们建立联系?你通过寻找相似之处来做到这一点。就是这样:
Charismatic speakers make you feel specially connected to them. How do you tune into other people and connect with them? You do it by finding similarities. Here’s how:
1. 真正注意你的听众。花时间去看看他们,听听他们的声音和他们沉默的声音,感受他们的情绪和能量。比喻地站在他们的立场上,从他们的角度感受事物的样子。
1. Really notice your audience. Take time to see them, listen to their voices and the sound of their silence, and sense their mood and energy. Step metaphorically into their shoes and get the feeling of how things look from their point of view.
2. 调整您的沟通方式,以同理心适应您所发现的内容。如果您的听众精力不足,请先安静而缓慢地讲话。如果您感觉到普遍的兴奋,请从明亮、充满活力的声音开始。当你从你的观众已经情绪化的地方开始时,人们会感到与你和谐并愿意与你互动。
2. Adjust your communication to fit in empathetically with what you find. If your audience’s energy is low, start by speaking quietly and slowly. If you sense a general excitement, start with a bright, energetic voice. When you start where your audience already is emotionally, people feel harmony with you and engage willingly with you.
3. 匹配他们的能量后,逐渐走向不同的情绪能量。例如,将精力转移到热情或决心上,然后看着你的听众跟着你走。你变得像哈梅林魅力四射的魔笛手,你的听众心甘情愿地追随你!
3. After matching their energy, move gradually towards a different emotional energy. Shift the energy towards enthusiasm or determination, for instance, and watch your audience follow your lead. You become like the charismatic Pied Piper of Hamelin and your audience willingly follows you anywhere!
有关创建连接的更多信息,请参阅第 15 章。
See Chapter 15 for more about creating connection.
说话一致
Speak Congruently
大多数人有时会有所作为。也许你感到生气但装出悦耳的声音,或者当你内心真正感到不安时你会热情地说话。
Most people act a bit at times. Perhaps you feel angry but put on a pleasant voice, or you speak enthusiastically when you’re actually feeling upset inside.
有魅力的演讲者既不自觉也不扮演角色。他们的语调与他们内心的想法和情感相匹配。他们很高兴做自己,这种快乐通过他们的声音和肢体语言传达出来,让听众也感到舒服。
Charismatic speakers are neither self-conscious nor acting a role. Their tone of voice matches their inner thoughts and emotions. They’re just happy to be themselves, and this happiness communicates itself in their voice and body language and makes listeners feel comfortable too.
如果您不自信,您说话时的第一直觉可能是通过装模作样来掩饰您的不安全感。然而,如果你过于隐藏真实的自己,你就没有任何东西可以给你的听众。相反,让自己感到有点脆弱,并尽可能自然地行动。您可能认为那会让自己失望;但其他人会感觉更能与您建立联系,并发现您更有吸引力——他们会捕捉到您的魅力。
If you don’t feel confident, your first instinct when you speak may be to hide your insecurity by acting up. However, if you hide away your real self too much, you haven’t anything of you to give your listeners. Instead, permit yourself to feel a bit vulnerable, and as far as possible act naturally. You may think that’s letting yourself down; but other people will feel more able to connect with you, and find you more engaging – they’ll catch your charisma.
第19话
Chapter 19
保护声音的十种方法
Ten Ways to Take Care of Your Voice
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
轻松呼吸
Breathing with ease
放松——找到你的力量
Relaxing – to find your power
休息
Taking breaks
我问过的大多数人都承认,他们花在护发素、润肤露或剃须用品上的时间和金钱比花在嗓子上的要多。你也一样吗?只有当你的声音出现问题时,你才会意识到你有多重视它。想象一下没有你声音的生活!
Most people I ask confess that they spend more time and money on hair lotions, skin potions or shaving accessories than they spend on their voices. Is it the same for you? Only when something goes wrong with your voice do you realise just how much you value it. Imagine life without your voice!
保护您的声音真的很值得。不仅仅是因为您不想失去它,还因为健康的声音是您与他人交流、影响和联系的惊人天赋。以下是为您指明正确方向的十大策略。
Looking after your voice is truly worthwhile. Not just because you don’t want to lose it, but because a healthy voice is your amazing gift for communicating, influencing and connecting with others. Following are ten top strategies to point you in the right direction.
别紧张
Take It Easy
当您的身体放松时,您的声音会愉快地振动并且运作良好。所以冷静下来!如果您经常使用声音或经常在公共场合讲话,请执行以下操作:
When your body is relaxed, your voice can happily vibrate and work well. So chill out! If you use your voice a lot or frequently speak in public, do the following:
时不时地检查一下你的身体是否有身体紧张。检查你的脖子、肩膀、下巴和舌头,还有你的脊柱和膝盖。让任何紧张感消失。有关放松的更多信息,请参见第 5 章。
Scan your body every now and then for physical tension. Check your neck, shoulders, jaw and tongue, and your spine and knees. Allow any tension to melt away. See Chapter 5 for more on relaxation.
做一些温和的身体伸展运动来热身你的肌肉。放松你的肩膀,活动你的脖子,伸展和弯曲你的脊柱,并放松你的膝盖。
Do a bit of gentle physical stretching to warm up your muscles. Ease out your shoulders, move your neck, stretch and bend your spine, and loosen your knees.
轻松让您的声音变暖。在不同的元音上从低到高的声音轻轻滑动,并用你的嘴唇或舌头颤音。有关更多声乐热身活动,请参阅第 6 章。
Warm up your voice easily. Glide gently from low to high sounds on different vowels and trill with your lips or tongue. See Chapter 6 for more vocal warm-up activities.
你的思想和身体一起工作,所以当你的思想也放松时,前面所有的活动都会更有效。如果您感到有压力,那正是检查紧张和放松身体的好时机。
Your mind and body work together, so all the preceding activities are more effective when your mind is at ease as well. If you’re feeling stressed, that is the very time to check for tension and ease out your body.
如果您在夜间外出或剧烈运动后感觉有点僵硬,或者您感觉低于标准,请善待您的声音。让自己轻松一天(请参阅后面的“有时享受沉默”部分)并避免让您的声音承受太大压力。
Be kind to your voice if you’re feeling a bit stiff after a night out or a strenuous sporting session, or if you’re feeling under par. Allow yourself an easier day (see the later section ‘Enjoy Silence Sometimes’) and avoid putting your voice under too much pressure.
用呼吸支持你的声音
Support Your Voice with the Breath
呼吸是保护声音的关键因素。正如我在第 4 章中讨论的那样,用你的呼吸来增强你的声音,而不是用你的喉咙发力。这种方法可以让您的声音听起来很棒并保持强劲。
Breath is a crucial element in looking after your voice. As I discuss in Chapter 4, use your breath to power your voice instead of pushing from your throat. This approach allows your voice to sound great and stay strong.
不要忘记如何让空气充满肺部:尽可能地用力呼气,并持续呼气,直到你不得不吸气为止。然后释放身体中的任何紧张感,注意空气是如何涌入的。你会感觉到身体下方的空气涌动。这口气真好!
Don’t forget how to fill your lungs with air: breathe out strongly as far as you possibly can and keep breathing out until you absolutely have to take in air. Then release any tension in your body and notice how the air rushes in. You feel the rush of air low in your body. That’s a good breath!
顺利开始你的声音
Start Your Voice Smoothly
一种发声习惯对您的声音来说比任何事情都更糟糕——那就是撞击声带。有时您会听到有人以这种方式攻击单词时发出的硬声门声。可怜的褶皱!
One vocal habit is worse for your voice than anything – and that’s banging against the vocal folds. You sometimes hear the hard glottal sound of someone attacking words in this way. Poor folds!
您的声带很小,但它们可以帮助您发出强劲的声音,并让您每天都保持活力。如果你的呼吸懒惰并且你坚持大声说话,你喉咙和下巴周围的所有肌肉都会用太大的压力将声音推出,而不是你强壮的下半身肌肉提供支撑 - 这是一种让你的声带变硬的必经之路时间。
Your vocal folds are tiny, and yet they serve you to make robust sounds and to keep going all day, every day. If your breath is lazy and you persist in speaking loudly, all the muscles around you throat and jaw push the sound out with too much pressure instead of your strong lower body muscles providing support – a sure-fire way to give your vocal folds a hard time.
以舒适的音调说话
Speak at a Comfortable Pitch Level
每个人都想要浑厚的低音,例如肖恩·康纳利或劳伦·白考尔。较低的声音听起来更有权威和自信,在媒体中更受欢迎。
Everyone wants a rich low voice, like Sean Connery or Lauren Bacall. Lower voices sound more authoritative and confident and are favoured in the media.
声音的深浅主要取决于声带的长度和粗细,对此您无能为力。如果你用喉咙的下部发声,你可能会觉得自己有权威和力量,但用这种方式发出低沉的声音是没有力量的,而且人们常常听不懂你的意思。此外,以这种方式说话会给您的声带造成严重的压力,并可能损害您的声音。
The deepness of your voice depends mainly on the length and thickness of your vocal cords, and you can’t easily do anything about that. If you force your voice from the lower part of your throat, you may feel authoritative and powerful to you, but producing low sounds this way has no power, and frequently people can’t understand you. Moreover, speaking this way inflicts serious strain on your vocal cords and can damage your voice.
找到适合您的音高。当你用“嗯”或“啊哈”的声音同意某人时,你通常是在使用你的自然音高。下次您使用这样的声音来同意某人时,请继续以相同的音高说出的话。
Find the pitch that is comfortable for you. When you agree with someone with the sound ‘mmm’ or ‘aha,’ you’re usually using your natural pitch. The next time you use such sounds to agree with someone, follow up with words spoken at the same pitch.
想象一下你的声音听起来很低。低呼吸,让你的声音在你的身体中产生共鸣,听起来很强大和自信。第 9 章有关于共振的所有细节。
Imagine that your voice sounds low. Breathe low and allow your voice to resonate in your body where it sounds strong and confident. Chapter 9 has all the details on resonance.
改变你的音高,让人们听到你声音的对比。不要无情地坚持同样的低音。Gravitas 不必沉闷!在第 8 章中寻找改变声音的方法。
Vary your pitch so that people hear the contrasts in your voice. Don’t stick relentlessly to the same low pitch. Gravitas doesn’t have to be dull! Look for ways to vary your voice in Chapter 8.
遵循这些准则,您的声音就会显得权威——而且您还能保护自己的声音。
Follow these guidelines and you’ll sound authoritative – plus you’ll protect your voice.
提高你的音量 - 没有压力
Raise Your Volume – Without Strain
如有疑问,请不要大喊大叫。在足球场上大声喊叫,在嘈杂的夜总会里大喊大叫,在现场音乐会上尖叫——这些都对你的声音不利。当您第二天早上醒来声音嘶哑或喉咙痛时,您就会意识到这个事实!是的,这些事情偶尔会发生,但是当它们发生时,第二天让你的声音好好休息一下。
When in doubt, don’t shout. Yelling at the top of your voice on the football pitch, shouting in a noisy nightclub, screaming at a live concert – these things just aren’t good for your voice. You realise this fact when you wake up next morning hoarse or with a sore throat! Yes, these things happen occasionally, but when they do, give your voice a good rest the next day.
当你提高嗓门时,用力地深吸一口气,这样你就不必从喉咙里挤出来了。
Take a big energetic breath low down when you raise your voice, so that you don’t have to push from your throat.
放松!您越是放松颈部、肩部、下巴和舌头,您的声音就会越自由和饱满。
Relax! The more you release your neck, shoulders, jaw and tongue, the freer and fuller your sound.
意识到被倾听主要是被理解,所以要清楚地表达你的话(见第 6 章)。
Realise that being heard is largely about being understood, so articulate your words clearly (see Chapter 6).
使用强大的精神能量进行交流;你渴望被倾听的愿望是你身体声音背后的力量(见第 10 章)。
Use strong mental energy to communicate; your desire to be heard is the power behind your physical sound (see Chapter 10).
改变你声音的音调。一直从同一个地方发出声音会使你的声音紧张。
Vary the pitch of your voice. You strain your voice by producing the sound from the same place the whole time.
慢慢来
Take Your Time
真正让你的声音疲惫不堪的是不停地敲字,特别是如果你一直用相同的音调和语调说话,这会给你声音的同一部分带来压力。最累人的讲话是连续不断的,就像赛马电台解说员在赛马时的报告,或者在漫长的竞价过程中对拍卖师的喊话。
Something that really tires out your voice is pounding out the words without pause, especially if you talk with the same pitch and tone all the time, which puts strain on the same part of your voice. The most tiring kind of speaking is continuous, like the report of a horse racing radio commentator during the race or the calling of an auctioneer during a long bidding period.
让你的声音休息一下!即使是一两秒的停顿也能让声带恢复到静止位置,从而产生不同的效果。想想像网球这样的体育运动;你有一段时间的高活动,然后是击球之间以及比赛和比赛之间的停顿。大多数运动都是以这种方式进行的。
Give your voice a break! Even a pause of a second or two allows vocal cords to return to rest position and can make all the difference. Think of a physical pursuit such as tennis; you have periods of high activity followed by pauses between shots and between sets and games. Most sports work in this way.
照顾您的整体健康
Look After Your General Health
您的声音会受到您的健康状况的影响。当你感觉良好时,你的声音通常也会感觉良好。留意您的声音是否有任何不适的迹象,包括声音嘶哑、喉咙发炎、说话时感到紧张和吃力、失去较高的声音以及有人问您是否感冒了。
Your voice is affected by your health. When you feel good, your voice generally feels good too. Look out for signs that all isn’t well with your voice, including hoarseness, a raw throat, feelings of strain and effort when you talk, loss of higher sounds and people asking whether you have a cold.
您可以通过遵循这些基本的“注意事项”和“注意事项”轻松维护您的声音健康:
You can easily look after the health of your voice by following these basic ‘do’s’ and ‘don’ts’:
如果你咳嗽、感冒或喉咙痛,不要说太多;在你以任何程度使用你的声音之前,给自己时间恢复健康。
Don’t talk too much if you have a cough, a cold or a sore throat; and give yourself time to get well again before you use your voice to any extent.
当您感到疲倦或身体不适,或感到情绪紧张时,请勿强声喧哗。
Don’t push your voice when you’re tired or unwell, or feeling emotionally stressed.
一定要考虑到生活中的变化,例如改变饮食、减肥、换房子或工作或任何个人创伤。认识到你的声音和你其他人一样受到影响。
Do make allowances for changes in your life, such as changing your diet, losing weight, changing house or job or any personal trauma. Recognise that your voice is as affected as the rest of you.
当您想要去除粘液时,请尝试通过任何不适轻轻地说话,而不是咳嗽或清嗓子。您可能也想避免产生粘液的乳制品。
Do try talking gently through any discomfort, instead of coughing or clearing your throat, when you want to get rid of mucous. You may want to avoid milky foods that create mucus too.
有时享受沉默
Enjoy Silence Sometimes
如果你喜欢你的声音,请注意噪音!当背景声音非常响亮时继续对话对您的声音来说很困难。是的,这确实包括您最喜欢的各种场所!但你不需要完全避开它们,当你在那里时,只要想一想你的声音:
If you love your voice, beware of noise! Keeping up a conversation when background sounds are really loud is hard on your voice. Yes, this does include various venues that may be your favourites! But you don’t need to avoid them entirely, just think a bit about your voice when you’re there:
如果您在过大的场地或嘈杂的环境中讲话,请坚持使用麦克风。
If you speak in an over-large venue or noisy environment, insist on a microphone.
如果您必须在嘈杂的环境中或长时间讲话,请确保您知道如何有效地发声(请参阅第 4 章和第 5 章)。
If you must speak in noisy situations or for prolonged periods, make sure that you know how to produce your voice efficiently (see Chapters 4 and 5).
找一个安静的地方一对一交谈;如果你必须在嘈杂的地方说话,面对面,口齿清晰,注意他或她的嘴唇。
Find somewhere quieter to converse one-to-one; if you must talk in a noisy space, face each other, articulate well and watch his or her lips.
寻找沉默的时间——偶尔几个小时或一整天。每个人都会时不时地享受一下休息——您的声音也是如此。
Find times for silence – even a few hours or a whole day occasionally. Everyone enjoys a rest from time to time – and so does your voice.
如果您的工作涉及大量谈话,请确保您接受专业培训并获得声音方面的支持。有关寻找语音教练的更多信息,请参阅附录。
If your job involves a lot of talking, make sure that you receive professional training and support for your voice. See the Appendix for more on finding a voice coach.
保持良好的润滑
Stay Well-Lubricated
您的声音需要良好的润滑以避免刺激或真正的伤害,而现代生活中存在许多会使您的声音变干的危险。然而,保持适当的水分不仅仅是喝大量的水。查看以下列表,看看您可以减轻哪些因素。以下所有内容都会使您的喉咙干燥:
Your voice needs good lubrication to avoid irritation or real damage and modern life contains many hazards that dry out your voice. Staying properly hydrated, however, is about more than drinking lots of water. Look at the following list and see what factors you can mitigate. All the following can dry out your throat:
药物:青霉素以及大多数抗过敏、抗焦虑和降胆固醇药物;含有薄荷醇或桉树的咳嗽和感冒药物,旨在使粘液变干;一些维生素补充剂,包括维生素 C。
Medicines: Penicillin as well as most allergy, anti-anxiety and cholesterol medications; medications for coughs and colds that contain menthol or eucalyptus designed to dry up mucus; some vitamin supplements that include vitamin C.
大气:您家中或汽车中中央供暖或空调的干燥效果;空中旅行期间的再循环空气。
Atmosphere: The drying effects of central heating or air conditioning, in your home or your car; recirculated air during air travel.
环境:被灰尘、烟雾或烟雾甚至除臭剂和强力家用清洁剂污染的空间。
Environments: Spaces polluted by dust, smoke or fumes or even deodorants and strong household cleaners.
含咖啡因的饮料:加速粘液的产生并让你产生过多的痰。
Caffeinated beverages: Speed up mucous production and give you too much phlegm.
吸烟、酗酒和吸毒:干燥和损害您的声音质量,还会刺激和损害您的鼻子和喉咙的内壁。
Smoking, alcohol and drugs: Dry and damage the quality of your voice, and also irritate and damage the linings of your nose and throat.
慢性紧张:释放肾上腺素,使您的喉咙更加干燥!
Chronic tension: Releases adrenalin, which further dries your throat!
在需要时获得帮助
Get Help When You Need It
你的声音非常强硬,正如我在本章中强调的那样,你可以通过明智地保护你的声音来从大多数过度使用中恢复过来。
Your voice is pretty tough, and you can recover from most over-use by acting sensibly to look after your voice as I highlight in this chapter.
然而,有时最好的做法是咨询医生、喉科医生或耳鼻喉科顾问。以下是寻求进一步帮助的关键时刻:
Sometimes, however, the best course of action is to consult a doctor or a laryngologist or an ear, nose and throat consultant. Following are the crucial times to seek further help:
如果您失声,尤其是经常发生这种情况。
If you lose your voice, especially if it happens regularly.
如果您的声音变得嘶哑或沙哑,尤其是在几天内。
If your voice becomes hoarse or croaky, especially over several days.
如果您的声音听起来微弱并且您无法发出声音。
If your voice sounds weak and you’re unable to project it.
如果您的声音比以前更容易疲劳。
If your voice is getting tired more quickly than before.
如果您的声音或喉咙持续感到疼痛,如果您的喉咙有肿块,或者如果您发现说话或吞咽疼痛。
If your voice or throat feels constantly painful, if you’ve a lump in your throat, or if you find speaking or swallowing painful.
如果您经常且经常需要清嗓子。
If you constantly and regularly need to clear your throat.
如果您的声音变得不可靠——改变音高、突然突然俯冲或卡在一种音调中。
If your voice becomes unreliable – changing pitch, swooping unexpectedly or getting stuck in one tone.
及时获得帮助通常是挽回声音的方法,非常值得!
Getting help in time is often the way to save your voice and is well worth it!
第20话
Chapter 20
十个鼓舞人心的声音
Ten Inspiring Voices
在这一章当中
In This Chapter
发现听众喜欢的音质
Discovering the vocal qualities that listeners prefer
看看是什么造就了出色的演讲者
Looking at what makes a great speaker
欣赏吸引注意力的关键时刻
Appreciating key moments that capture attention
谁的声音最受喜爱?对英语世界不同地区偏好声音的调查得出了某些共同因素。他们一致认为,最好的声音都具有与自信和信任相关的特征,包括:
Whose voices are the best loved? Surveys investigating preferred voices in different parts of the English-speaking world arrived at certain common factors. They agree that the best voices all share characteristics associated with confidence and trust, including:
对男性和女性来说都是相当低的音调
A fairly low pitch for both men and women
悠扬饱满的品质;换句话说,丰富的声音
A melodious and full quality; in other words, a rich sound
没有高频噪音, 例如刺耳 的声音
An absence of high frequency noise such as screechy sounds
有节制的步伐,不时有短暂的停顿
A measured pace with brief pauses now and then
句子最后下降而不是上升,这让说话者听起来很自信
Sentences that fall at the end, rather than rise, which make the speaker sound confident
此列表是一个好的开始,但还不够。悦耳低沉的嗓音本身并不能使你脖子后面的汗毛竖起来。为此,您需要一种能与您身体的每一个细胞交流的声音——通过它的能量和它的感觉、想象力或智力的力量。然后声音变得真正令人兴奋。
This list is a good start but isn’t sufficient. A melodious low voice on its own doesn’t make the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. For that, you need a voice that communicates to every cell of your body – by its energy and the power of its feeling, imagination or intellect. Then a voice becomes truly exciting.
震撼全国的声音——温斯顿·丘吉尔
A Voice That Stirred a Nation – Winston Churchill
温斯顿丘吉尔的声音出现在世界历史的关键时刻。他鼓励他那一代人,并从那以后继续激励着人们。丘吉尔的声音让你脊背发凉是怎么回事?在某些方面,他是一个不寻常的选择,因为他不喜欢公开演讲。但他了解强大交付的秘密:
Winston Churchill’s voice emerged at a critical time in world history. He encouraged his generation and has gone on to inspire people ever since. What is it about Churchill’s voice that just sends shivers down your spine? In some ways, he’s an unusual choice because he didn’t love public speaking. But he understood the secrets of powerful delivery:
他的庄严感和庄严感赋予了他声音的深度和节奏。他的低结局(见第 16 章)如此低下,如此最终,你知道他将使他的国家度过可能遭受的最糟糕的时期。他的步伐很慢,但他用语调的强度将每一个长句子都传达了意义。
His sense of solemnity and grandeur gave depth and pace to his voice. His low endings (see Chapter 16) are so low, so final, that you know he’s going to get his nation through the worst that can be thrown at it. His pace is slow, but he carries the sense through each long sentence with the intensity of his tone.
他精心制作了他的演讲。他是语言和修辞的大师,你可以从他的话语中听到美妙的音乐。没有人能在英勇的节奏方面与丘吉尔相提并论。
He crafted his speeches beautifully. He was the master of language and rhetoric, and you hear fine music in his words. No one quite matched Churchill for the heroic cadence.
他充满激情地写下演讲稿,也充满激情地阅读它们。许多领导人都说了很多好话,但丘吉尔使他的语言栩栩如生。听听他在 1940 年 6 月在议会发表的演讲。他最后的措辞和热情——“如果大英帝国及其联邦 持续一千年,人们仍会说,这是他们最辉煌的时刻”——是一个完美的词语匹配和声音。
He wrote his speeches with passion and read them with passion too. Many leaders have had fine words, but Churchill brought his language to life. Listen to his speech to Parliament in June 1940. His phrasing and passion at the end – ‘If the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour’ – are a perfect match of words and voice.
开千船之声——劳伦·白考尔
A Voice to Launch a Thousand Ships – Lauren Bacall
时不时地,一个特定的女人的声音有某种让听众内心激动的东西。通常这样的声音与美丽的形象有着千丝万缕的联系,但有时声音本身就足够了。这种声音既不甜美也不可爱,通常很低沉,带有一丝沙哑和美妙的时机感。一些最优秀的演员都有这种“X 因素”:例如凯瑟琳·特纳、乌比·戈德堡和芭芭拉·史翠珊;朱莉娅罗伯茨和海伦米伦也有。
Every so often, a particular woman’s voice has that certain something that thrills listeners to the core. Often such a voice is inextricably linked with a beautiful image, but sometimes the voice on its own is enough. Rather than sweet or cute, this voice is typically low, with just a suggestion of huskiness and a beautiful sense of timing. Some of the best actors have had this ‘X factor’: Kathleen Turner, Whoopi Goldberg and Barbra Streisand for example; Julia Roberts and Helen Mirren have it too.
我的选择是劳伦·白考尔 (Lauren Bacall),她的声音深沉而沙哑,即使轻声说话也有一种威严的力量。从她的职业生涯开始,她的声音就在那里;在她的第一部电影To Have and Have Not中聆听其引人入胜的品质。
My choice is Lauren Bacall, whose voice has depth and huskiness, and a commanding intensity even when she speaks softly. Her voice is there from the beginning of her career; listen to its riveting quality in her very first film, To Have and Have Not.
震撼观众的浑厚嗓音——艾伦·里克曼
A Rich Voice that Thrills Audiences – Alan Rickman
当你让人们想到一个伟大的声音时,他们通常会描述男性演员的成熟声音。人们称理查德·伯顿 (Richard Burton) 有一副“浑厚的棕色嗓音”。每个人都有自己的最爱,无论是肖恩·康纳利 (Sean Connery) 饰演的詹姆斯·邦德 (James Bond)、杰瑞米·艾恩斯 (Jeremy Irons) 美妙的沙砾音色,还是詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯 (James Earl Jones) 独特的低音。这些演员都具有深沉的音调、略显粗犷的气质和稳重的节奏,这让他们听起来很有男子气概,值得信赖。
When you ask people to think of a great voice, they often describe the mature voice of a male actor. People said of Richard Burton that he had a ‘rich brown voice’. Everyone has their favourite, be it Sean Connery as James Bond, the wonderful gravelly tones of Jeremy Irons or the distinctive bass of James Earl Jones. These actors all share depth of tone, a slightly rough quality and a measured pace that makes them sound manly and trustworthy.
艾伦·里克曼 (Alan Rickman) 拥有丰富的所有这些品质,并且拥有业内最受赞赏的声音之一。无论他是扮演反派还是英雄,他的声音都以其优美深沉的音调和他的时机的悬念让你着迷。大多数人认出他的声音是哈利波特电影中复杂的角色斯内普,但请留意他朗读莎士比亚的录音,寻找一种不同的魔法。在他说话的同时,你走进了他的私人世界,在那里他用深沉的语气说出这些话,仿佛只为他自己。
Alan Rickman possesses all these qualities in abundance and has one of the most admired voices in the profession. Whether he is playing a villain or a hero, his voice mesmerises you with its beautiful deep tone and the suspense of his timing. Most people recognise his voice as the complex character Snape in the Harry Potter films, but look out for a recording of him reading Shakespeare for a different kind of magic. As he speaks, you step into his private world, where he speaks the words with deep intensity as if for himself alone.
温暖人心的声音——黛安·索耶
A Voice to Warm People’s Hearts – Diane Sawyer
有些人的声音听起来就像温暖的沙发和熊熊炉火旁的一杯红酒一样舒适;你会从这样一种吸引你的声音中听到美妙的温暖。这不仅仅是声音深度和质量的问题;语气讲述了经验和敏感性,让你像信任私人朋友一样信任演讲者,即使是在向数百万听众讲话时也是如此。我选择了 ABC 的美国广播员黛安·索耶 (Diane Sawyer) 来体现这些品质,尽管我本可以选择同样来自 ABC 的凯蒂·库里克 (Katie Couric) 或英国广播公司 (BBC) 的苏·麦格雷戈 (Sue McGregor)。
Some voices seem as comfortable as a warm sofa and a glass of red wine by a blazing fire; you hear a wonderful warmth in such a voice that draws you in. It’s not just a matter of the depth and quality of the voice; the tone speaks of experience and sensibility and makes you trust the speaker like a personal friend, even when addressing an audience of millions. I selected American broadcaster Diane Sawyer of ABC to exemplify these qualities, though I could have chosen Katie Couric, also of ABC, or Sue McGregor of the BBC.
黛安·索耶 (Diane Sawyer) 拥有圆润成熟的嗓音。她说话真情实感,与听众产生强烈的共鸣。在这个口齿伶俐的时代,她的声音吸引你进入她的世界,促进信任和友谊。
Diane Sawyer has a rounded mature voice. She speaks with genuine feeling, which connects powerfully with listeners. In this age of the sound-bite and clever repartee, her voice attracts you into her world and promotes trust and friendship.
给予勇气的声音——小马丁路德金
A Voice that Gave Courage – Martin Luther King Jr
小马丁·路德·金的演讲风格在很大程度上归功于教会的布道传统。当金谈到对他来说很重要的问题时,他会深入挖掘自己,并发出纯洁心灵的声音。他说话的方式比我能想到的任何人都更接近音乐。没有人拥有更长的元音或更流畅的短语。的确,当他讲话时,歌唱和讲话合而为一。
Martin Luther King Jr had an oratorical style that owed much to the church preaching tradition. When King spoke on issues that mattered to him, he dug deep into himself and out came a voice of pure heart and soul. His manner of speaking was nearer to music than anyone I can think of. No one had longer vowels or smoother phrases. Indeed, when he spoke, singing and speaking became one.
优秀讲故事者的心声——史蒂芬·弗莱
The Voice of an Excellent Storyteller – Stephen Fry
斯蒂芬·弗莱 (Stephen Fry) 的英国口音在英国以外的地方广为人知。他在 QI 等冗长的问答节目中以他自己的身份出现,但他的声音同样被听他在有声读物中的一系列角色的孩子们所熟知。他显然热爱文字和语言,并且渴望你分享他对两者的热情。
Stephen Fry’s English accent is well known far beyond the shores of the United Kingdom. He appears as himself on wordy quiz shows such as QI, but his voice is equally well known by children listening to his array of characters in audio books. He clearly loves words and loves language and is eager for you to share his enthusiasm for both.
弗莱带有受过良好教育的英语口音的声音丰富而深沉,他的时机把握得很好。他的词汇量很大,用词也很精确。当斯蒂芬说“荒谬”这样的词时,听起来完全荒谬,你可以看出他喜欢这个词的发音。Fry 可以用看似无限的单词和短语来创造类似的体验。此外,他的能力似乎是取之不尽用之不竭。
Fry’s voice with its educated English accent is rich and deep, and his timing exquisite. His vocabulary is enormous, his choice of words precise. When Stephen says a word like ‘preposterous’, it sounds utterly preposterous, and you can tell that he adores the very sound of the word. Fry can create similar experiences with a seemingly unlimited palette of words and phrases. Moreover, his ability to take on any voice he wishes is seemingly inexhaustible.
批评者有时称他轻率和过于“文雅”,但我也听到他的表达和语言中的微妙之处,属于阿利斯泰尔库克、大卫阿滕伯勒和其他聪明的讲故事者的最佳英国口语传统。
Critics have sometimes called him facile and too ‘urbane’, but I also hear a subtlety in his expression and language that belongs to the best British speaking tradition of Alistair Cooke, David Attenborough and other intelligent raconteurs.
希望之声——Wangari Maathai
A Voice of Hope – Wangari Maathai
2004 年,肯尼亚环境和政治活动家旺加里·马塔伊 (Wangari Maathai) 因其对可持续发展、民主与和平的贡献而获得诺贝尔和平奖。对于处于负责地位的女性来说,在她的沟通方式中表现出男性特征总是很诱人。Wangari Maathai 没有那样做;她是一位找到自己真实沟通方式的女性,她的声音融合了强大的智慧、坚定的信念和乐趣。
In 2004, the Kenyan environmental and political activist Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. It is always tempting for a woman in a position of responsibility to assume male attributes in the way she communicates. Wangari Maathai didn’t do that; she was a woman who found her own authentic way to communicate, and her voice is a mix of powerful intelligence, strong belief and fun.
她有一个连接的声音。她所有的承诺和深沉的感情,她的热情、决心、快乐和轻松都在她的声音中——并赋予它很大的音域。她经历了生活的起起落落,并不害怕做自己。她的声音是透明声音的一个很好的例子——当她说出自己的真相时,她忠实地描绘了她是谁,而不害怕表现出强烈的情感。
She has a voice that connects. All her commitment and depth of feeling, her passion, determination, joy and lightness are in her voice – and give it a great range. She experienced the ups and downs of life and wasn’t afraid to be herself. Hers is an wonderful example of a transparent voice – one that faithfully portrays who she is as she speaks her truth without being afraid to show strong emotion.
连接的声音——比尔·克林顿
A Voice that Connects – Bill Clinton
许多政客的声音都很好,说话很有权力和权威。比尔·克林顿 (Bill Clinton) 不仅如此。克林顿的力量不在于语气——他的声音一年比一年粗。
Many politicians have fine voices and speak with power and authority. Bill Clinton has something more than that. Clinton’s power isn’t the quality of tone – his voice gets rougher by the year.
克林顿拥有许多其他政治家所缺乏的,那就是能够以令人惊讶的个人方式与人交流。他说话的时候,你没有任何人在讲话的印象;你会感觉到他是在直接和你说话,用普通的口语简单而有力地强调日常用语。你觉得他就在当下,他正在思考他当时所说的话——他的话听起来从来没有照本宣科。他对数千人的演讲感觉就像一对一的对话。听听他在 1992 年与乔治·布什的总统辩论,听听两人在方法上的差异。
What Clinton has that many other politicians lack is the ability to connect with people in a surprisingly personal way. When he speaks, you don’t have the impression of someone giving a speech; you get the sense that he is talking directly to you, simply and powerfully in normal colloquial language with the strong emphasis of everyday speech. You feel that he is there in the present moment and that he is thinking about what he is saying there and then – his words never sound scripted. His speeches to thousands feel like one-to-one conversation. Listen to his 1992 presidential debate against George Bush to hear the difference in approach between the two men.
国宝之声——朱迪·丹奇
The Voice of a National Treasure – Judi Dench
与梅丽尔·斯特里普不同,她以不同的语调和口音说话的惊人能力,无论朱迪·丹奇夫人扮演什么角色,观众都能认出她的声音。但是那个声音!她用声音表达最困难的情绪并将你打动到最深层次的能力是少数演员所拥有的。
Unlike Meryl Streep, with her amazing ability to speak in different tones and accents, whatever role Dame Judi Dench plays, audiences recognise her voice. But that voice! Her ability to express in sound the most difficult emotions and move you to the deepest level is shared by few actors.
她的秘诀是感性(见第 15 章)。她摸索着进入每个角色,然后角色的情感就像在她体内闪耀的一道光,完全真实且令人信服。情绪在她的声音中是透明的,因此听众可以直接感受到它们。
Her secret is sensibility (see Chapter 15). She feels her way into each character and then the character’s emotions are like a light shining within her, utterly genuine and convincing. The emotions are transparent in her voice, and as a result audiences feel them directly.
丹奇 (Dench) 是一个很好的例子,它说明了一个伟大的声音如何永远不仅仅是一个美丽的声音。她的声音非常沙哑(她的传记名为“声音中有裂痕”),但能够表达出最微妙的细微差别。
Dench is a magnificent example of how a great voice is always much more than a beautiful sound. Her voice is quite husky (her biography is called With a Crack in Her Voice), yet capable of the most subtle nuances of expression.
与她一起工作的演员莱昂纳多迪卡普里奥说,'你听到那个声音,它很有力量...... . . 她有一种在房间里指挥场景的方式,这真是令人震惊。其他演员喜欢她——她的公众也喜欢她。
The actor Leonardo Di Caprio, working with her, said, ‘You hear that voice, it’s powerful . . . She has a way of commanding a scene in a room, and it’s just astounding.’ Other actors love her – and so does her public.
创意演讲者的声音——肯·罗宾逊
The Voice of a Creative Speaker – Ken Robinson
每个行业的某些演讲者都有能力以不同的方式吸引听众。我以肯·罗宾逊为例,许多演讲者都具有新鲜感、独创性和真实性,并将这些品质与幽默、惊喜和多样性结合起来。
Certain speakers from every profession have the power to rivet listeners in different ways. I’ve taken Ken Robinson as an example of the many speakers who have freshness, originality and authenticity and combine these qualities with humour, surprise and variety.
肯·罗宾逊爵士 (Sir Ken Robinson) 是一位大学教育学教授,他在教育和创造力方面的工作赢得了国际认可。他与各国政府、国际机构以及世界上最大的公司和组织合作,向全世界的观众讲述当今的创意挑战。
Sir Ken Robinson is a university professor of education who has won international recognition for his work in education and creativity. He works with governments, international agencies and the world’s largest companies and organisations, speaking to worldwide audiences about today’s creative challenges.
附录 A
Appendix A
进一步发展你的声音的资源
Resources for Further Developing Your Voice
以下是关于语音开发的其他领域和想法的一些建议。该列表远非详尽无遗,但我希望它能为您提供有用的探索途径,以获取有关语音训练、保护您的声音和其他主题的更多信息。
Here are some suggestions of additional areas and ideas for voice development. The list is far from exhaustive, but I hope it gives you useful avenues of exploration for more information on voice coaching, looking after your voice and other topics.
联系作者
Contacting the Author
Judy Apps:影响力之声,www.voiceofinfluence.co.uk
Judy Apps: Voice of Influence, www.voiceofinfluence.co.uk
我的网站上有我在伦敦的定期语音、演示和神经语言编程 (NLP) 研讨会的最新信息和预订详情;加上许多免费下载的好东西,包括我的时事通讯、文章和关于语音的电子课程,处理表现焦虑,提高你的形象和相关主题。通过电子邮件与我联系,info@voiceofinfluence.co.uk以便亲自或通过 Skype 或电话与我进行一对一的指导。
My website has current information and booking details for my regular voice, presentation, and neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) workshops in London; plus a host of goodies to freely download including my newsletter, articles and e-courses on voice, dealing with performance anxiety, raising your profile and related topics. Contact me by email at info@voiceofinfluence.co.uk for one-to-one coaching with me in person or via Skype or phone.
语音辅导
Voice Coaching
语音辅导包括广泛的活动,从业者具有各种资格和技能。
Voice coaching includes a broad spectrum of activities, and practitioners come with a variety of qualifications and skills.
具有表演背景的优秀教练具有许多技能,可以帮助您很好地发展自己的声音并在观众中产生影响。如果你想要一个有影响力的声音,确保你也发现了如何做真实的人并与人建立牢固的联系,而不仅仅是如何清晰地表达和表达你的声音。
A good coach with an acting background has many skills to help you develop your voice well and create an impact with an audience. If you want an influential voice, make sure that you’re also discovering how to be authentic and connect strongly with people, not just how to articulate clearly and project your voice.
一个有歌唱背景的好声乐教练,对声音的控制很熟练,知道扩大声音使用的健康方法,并且有很好的声音护理技巧。确保您的教练也能听懂说话的声音,因为并不是所有的事情都能从唱歌转化为演讲。
A good voice coach with a singing background is skilful in voice control, knows healthy ways to expand the use of your voice and has good techniques for caring for your voice. Make sure that your coach understands the spoken voice as well because not everything translates from singing to speech.
演讲老师或演讲教练可以帮助您提高演讲的清晰度和表现力,并在需要时减少地方口音。发音通常是主要焦点。
An elocution teacher or elocution coach can help you with speech clarity and expressiveness and reducing a regional accent if required. Pronunciation is often the main focus.
经验丰富的 NLP 专业人员可以通过识别和解决语音困难的心理或根本原因来帮助您处理语音障碍。在英国,一个不错的起点是 Association of NLP (
www.anlp.org)。如果可以的话,找一位也有语音经验的 NLP Practitioner。
An experienced NLP professional can help you to deal with vocal blocks through identifying and working through the psychological or root causes of voice difficulties. In the UK, a good place to start is the Association of NLP (www.anlp.org). If you can, find an NLP Practitioner with voice experience as well.
具有处理口吃经验的 NLP 专业人员可以帮助您变得更加流利。通过 联系 Bob Bodenhamer
www.masteringstuttering.com。您可以从以下网站找到其他有关口吃的帮助:
An NLP professional with experience of working with stuttering can help you become more fluent in your speech. Contact Bob Bodenhamer at www.masteringstuttering.com. You can find other help with stuttering from:
• 英国口吃协会 (BSA): www.stammering.org
• British Stammering Association (BSA): www.stammering.org
• 明尼苏达州立大学,口吃主页: www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster
• Minnesota State University, The Stuttering Home Page: www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster
• 全国口吃协会 (NSA): www.nsastutter.org
• National Stuttering Association (NSA): www.nsastutter.org
寻找语音教练或口语教练的最佳方式是通过个人推荐。想一想您到底需要什么以及您更喜欢接受指导的方式——面对面、Skype 或电话、定期会议或一次性会议,以准备特定的演讲或演示。然后与您的教练候选人一起试水。他们带来了什么经验?他们言出必行吗?在继续进行一系列课程之前,安排与教练的初步面对面课程。你可以在这里找到教练名单:
The best way to find a voice coach or speaking coach is through personal recommendation. Think about what exactly you need and how you prefer being coached – face-to-face, Skype or phone, regular sessions or a one-off meeting to prepare for a particular speech or presentation. Then test the waters with your coach candidates. What experience do they bring? Do they walk their talk? Schedule an initial face-to-face session with a coach before going ahead with a series of sessions. You can find lists of coaches here:
自然语音从业者网络:
www.naturalvoice.net/index.asp
Natural Voice Practitioners Network: www.naturalvoice.net/index.asp
语音和演讲培训师协会 (VASTA):
www.vasta.org
Voice and Speech Trainers Association (VASTA): www.vasta.org
语音来源:
www.voicesource.co.uk/teachers
Voicesource: www.voicesource.co.uk/teachers
书籍和音频
Books and Audio
这里有几本我最喜欢的关于声音、公开演讲和演示的书,它们是根据可读性和作者的实用方法而选择的。
Here are a few of my favourite books on voice, public speaking and presentations, selected for readability and the authors’ practical approach.
嗓音
Voice
演员说话: Patsy Rodenburg (Methuen) 的声音和表演者
The Actor Speaks: Voice and the Performer by Patsy Rodenburg (Methuen)
克里斯汀·林克莱特 (Kristin Linklater)释放自然之声(戏剧)
Freeing the Natural Voice by Kristin Linklater (Drama)
人声:安妮·卡普夫 (Bloomsbury) 着的杰出人才的故事
The Human Voice: The Story of a Remarkable Talent by Anne Karpf (Bloomsbury)
我有发言权: Bobby G. Bodenhamer (Crown House)如何停止口吃
I Have a Voice: How to Stop Stuttering by Bobby G. Bodenhamer (Crown House)
影响力之声: Judy Apps(Crown House)如何让人们喜欢听你说话
Voice of Influence: How to Get People to Love to Listen to You by Judy Apps (Crown House)
公开演讲和演示
Public speaking and presentations
蝴蝶和汗湿的手掌:25 种自信的说话和呈现方式Judy Apps(Crown House)
Butterflies and Sweaty Palms: 25 Sure-fire Ways to Speak and Present with Confidence by Judy Apps (Crown House)
走向公众:培养个人魅力的实用指南,作者:Hal Milton (HCI)
Going Public: Practical Guide to Developing Personal Charisma by Hal Milton (HCI)
我与 Kumi 的教训:我如何学会在生活和工作中充满信心地执行Michael Colgrass (Grinder DeLozier Associates)
My Lessons With Kumi: How I Learned to Perform with Confidence in Life and Work by Michael Colgrass (Grinder DeLozier Associates)
最佳表现演示:理查德·奥利维尔 (Richard Olivier) 和尼古拉斯·詹尼 (Nicholas Janni) 的《如何充满激情和目标地进行演示》(Articulate Press)
Peak Performance Presentations: How to Present with Passion and Purpose by Richard Olivier and Nicholas Janni (Articulate Press)
Rob Yeung 和 Malcolm Kushner (Wiley) 的傻瓜公开演讲和演讲
Public Speaking and Presentations For Dummies by Rob Yeung and Malcolm Kushner (Wiley)
语音相关科目
Voice-related subjects
以下列表包括我在书中涉及的主题:
The following list includes subjects I touch upon in the book:
Alexander 技巧:FM Alexander(Orion)对自我的使用
Alexander Technique: Use Of The Self by F. M. Alexander (Orion)
Feldenkrais:通过运动提高意识:通过简单易行的健康练习来改善您的姿势、视力、想象力和个人意识,作者 Moshe Feldenkrais (Harper Collins)
Feldenkrais: Awareness through Movement: Easy-to-Do Health Exercises to Improve Your Posture, Vision, Imagination, and Personal Awareness by Moshe Feldenkrais (Harper Collins)
肢体语言: Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley) 的《傻瓜肢体语言》
Body Language: Body Language For Dummies by Elizabeth Kuhnke (Wiley)
自信: Kate Burton 和 Brinley Platts (Wiley) 的《傻瓜自信》
Self-Confidence: Confidence For Dummies by Kate Burton and Brinley Platts (Wiley)
存在:当下的力量: Eckhart Tolle (Hodder & Stoughton) 的精神启蒙指南
Presence: The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment by Eckhart Tolle (Hodder & Stoughton)
放松: Shamash Alidina (Wiley) 的《傻瓜放松》
Relaxation: Relaxation For Dummies by Shamash Alidina (Wiley)
声音的
Audio
YouTube 是聆听演讲者和我在本书中提到的特定演讲的绝佳来源( www.youtube.com)。
YouTube is an excellent source for hearing speakers and particular speeches that I mention in this book (www.youtube.com).
口音和方言
Accents and dialects
British Library Sounds ( sounds.bl.uk) 提供了大量来自英国各地的不同口音的短音频剪辑。
British Library Sounds (sounds.bl.uk) offers a huge range of short audio clips of different accents from across the UK.
The Speech Accent Archive ( http://accent.gmu.edu) 提供来自北美不同口音的音频剪辑。
The Speech Accent Archive (http://accent.gmu.edu) offers audio clips of different accents from across North America.
历史记录
Historical recordings
American Rhetoric ( www.americanrhetoric.com/speechbank.htm) 提供 100 位美国顶级政治家和公众人物的音频剪辑和演讲稿。
American Rhetoric (www.americanrhetoric.com/speechbank.htm) offers audio clips and transcripts of speeches by 100 top American politicians and public figures.
密歇根大学( www.lib.msu.edu/cs/branches/vvl/presidents) 存档了 20 多位美国总统的录音。
Michigan University (www.lib.msu.edu/cs/branches/vvl/presidents) archives sound recordings of more than 20 US presidents.
米勒中心( millercenter.org) 收录了大量美国历史唱片。
Miller Centre (millercenter.org) includes a large collection of American historical recordings.
对演讲者有用的身心活动
Useful Mind-Body Activities for Speakers
你的声音会受到你头脑中正在发生的事情以及你身体的平衡和自由度的影响。出于这个原因,许多练习发声的人也参加了伸展和放松身心的活动。我在本书中提到了这些活动:
Your voice is affected by what’s going on in your mind and by the balance and freedom of your body. For this reason, many people who work on their voices also take part in activities that stretch and relax their bodies and minds. I mention these activities in this book:
亚历山大技术: www.alexandertechnique.com亚历山大技术可帮助您发现您可能因紧张和过度用力的习惯而失去的自然身体平衡和平衡。
Alexander Technique: www.alexandertechnique.com The Alexander Technique helps you discover your natural body balance and poise that you may have lost through habits of tension and excessive effort.
Feldenkrais:通过 Feldenkrais 方法,您可以提高对身体的认识并重新发现身体运动的舒适度。www.feldenkrais.com
Feldenkrais: www.feldenkrais.com Through the Feldenkrais Method, you increase awareness of your body and rediscover comfort in your body movements.
合气道:合气道的武术,“与自然和谐之道”,利用平衡和放松的警觉性,以适时的、流畅的、循环的运动来重新引导攻击者的力量。该练习为您提供平衡、自信和流畅的演讲者。www.aikidoyuishinkai.com
Aikido: www.aikidoyuishinkai.com The martial art of Aikido, ‘the way of harmony with nature’, uses balance and relaxed alertness to redirect an aggressor’s force with well-timed, flowing, circular movements. The practice offers you balance, confidence and flow as a speaker.
语音护理
Voice Care
以下是专业语音机构和语音协会的简短列表,它们的网站是语音信息的良好来源。我还提供了一份资源清单,可在您第一次咨询医生后为您的声音获得医疗和治疗帮助。
Here’s a short list of professional voice bodies and voice associations whose websites are good sources of information on voice. I also include a list of resources for getting medical and therapeutic help for your voice – after you’ve first consulted your doctor.
英国语音协会: www.british-voice-association.com/archive.htm
British Voice Association: www.british-voice-association.com/archive.htm
英国语音护理网络: www.voicecare.org.uk
Voice Care Network UK: www.voicecare.org.uk
语音 基金会: www.voicefoundation.org
The Voice Foundation: www.voicefoundation.org
教师语音护理: www.education.vic.gov.au/hr/ohs/hazards/voice.htm
Voice Care for Teachers: www.education.vic.gov.au/hr/ohs/hazards/voice.htm
美国语言听力协会: www.asha.org
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association: www.asha.org
独立实践中的言语和语言治疗师协会: www.helpwithtalking.com
The Association of Speech and Language Therapists in Independent Practice: www.helpwithtalking.com
皇家言语和语言治疗师学院:www.rcslt.org
The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists: www.rcslt.org
英国语音协会列出了英国的语音诊所:www.british- voice-association.com/voice_clinics.htm
The British Voice Association lists voice clinics in the UK: www.british- voice-association.com/voice_clinics.htm
附录 B
Appendix B
音轨
Audio Tracks
Voice and Speaking Skills For Dummies附带大量有用的音轨——在章节中用“播放这个”图标表示。
Voice and Speaking Skills For Dummies comes with plenty of helpful audio tracks – indicated in the chapters by the ‘Play This’ icon.
在本附录中,我提供了完整的曲目列表。
In this appendix, I provide a complete track listing.
发现音轨上的内容
Discovering What’s On the Audio Tracks
表 B-1 列出了所有曲目及其描述,因此您可以快速查找任何练习。
Table B-1 lists all the tracks along with a description, so you can quickly look up any exercise.
表 B-1 假人音轨的声音和口语技巧
Table B-1 Voice and Speaking Skills For Dummies Audio Tracks
|
追踪 Track |
描述 Description |
|
1个 1 |
介绍。 Introduction. |
|
2个 2 |
以不同的方式与人会面(第 3 章)。 Meeting people in different ways (Chapter 3). |
|
3个 3 |
自然呼吸(第 4 章)。 Breathing naturally (Chapter 4). |
|
4个 4 |
使用隔膜呼吸(第 4 章)。 Breathing using your diaphragm (Chapter 4). |
|
5个 5 |
窃窃私语(第 4 章)。 Whispering (Chapter 4). |
|
6个 6 |
将呼吸转化为声音和文字(第 4 章)。 Turning breath into sounds and words (Chapter 4). |
|
7 7 |
长而流畅的短语(第 4 章)。 Long, flowing phrases (Chapter 4). |
|
8个 8 |
向上漂浮练习(第 5 章)。 The floating upwards exercise (Chapter 5). |
|
9 9 |
移动和说话(第 5 章)。 Moving and speaking (Chapter 5). |
|
10 10 |
辅音练习(第 6 章)。 Consonant workout (Chapter 6). |
|
11 11 |
谈到空气的流动(第 6 章)。 Speaking on the flow of air (Chapter 6). |
|
12 12 |
演示元音发音(第 6 章)。 Demonstrating vowel sounds (Chapter 6). |
|
13 13 |
描述性元音(第 6 章)。 Descriptive vowel sounds (Chapter 6). |
|
14 14 |
长辅音(第 6 章)。 Long consonants (Chapter 6). |
|
15 15 |
带有辅音的表达性文字游戏(第 6 章)。 Expressive word games with consonants (Chapter 6). |
|
16 16 |
短辅音(第 6 章)。 Short consonants (Chapter 6). |
|
17 17 |
投射你的声音(第 7 章)。 Projecting your voice (Chapter 7). |
|
18 18 |
用音量改变你的意思(第 7 章)。 Changing your meaning with volume (Chapter 7). |
|
19 19 |
渐强和渐弱(第 7 章)。 Crescendo and decrescendo (Chapter 7). |
|
20 20 |
慢慢说(第 7 章)。 Speaking slowly (Chapter 7). |
|
21 21 |
重点练习(第 8 章)。 Emphasis exercise (Chapter 8). |
|
22 22 |
重点和意义(第 8 章)。 Emphasis and meaning (Chapter 8). |
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23 23 |
节奏和影响(第 8 章)。 Rhythm and impact (Chapter 8). |
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24 24 |
改变节奏(第 8 章)。 Varying the rhythm (Chapter 8). |
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25 25 |
音高变化(第 8 章)。 Pitch variations (Chapter 8). |
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26 26 |
三的修辞规则(第 8 章)。 The rhetorical rule of three (Chapter 8). |
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27 27 |
头韵(第 8 章)。 Alliteration (Chapter 8). |
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28 28 |
找到你的高音和低音(第 9 章)。 Finding your high voice and your low voice (Chapter 9). |
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29 29 |
胸音(第 9 章)。 Chest voice (Chapter 9). |
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30 30 |
头声(第 9 章)。 Head voice (Chapter 9). |
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31 31 |
心声(第9章)。 Heart voice (Chapter 9). |
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32 32 |
直觉声音(第 9 章)。 Gut voice (Chapter 9). |
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33 33 |
展示不同的共振(第 9 章)。 Demonstrating different resonances (Chapter 9). |
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34 34 |
机械地说(第 10 章)。 Speaking mechanically (Chapter 10). |
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35 35 |
Prima donna 的声音(第 10 章)。 Prima donna voices (Chapter 10). |
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36 36 |
在问题中建立融洽关系(第 14 章)。 Creating rapport in questions (Chapter 14). |
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37 37 |
不同音调的影响(第 15 章)。 The effect of different tones (Chapter 15). |
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38 38 |
引起一群人的注意(第 16 章)。 Catching the attention of a group (Chapter 16). |
|
39 39 |
走进和走出当下(第 16 章)。 Stepping in and out of the moment (Chapter 16). |
要访问本书的备忘单,请访问www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/voiceandspeakingskillsuk。
To access the cheat sheet specifically for this book, go to www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/voiceandspeakingskillsuk.
在Dummies.com上找出“方法”
Find out "HOW" at Dummies.com